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61-474: The North Mole Lighthouse began operation in 1906 at the entrance to Fremantle Harbour , in Western Australia . The occulting red light, emitted from a fixed lightsource at a focal plane height of 15 metres (49 ft) above sea level, is visible for 11 miles (18 km) and indicates the westernmost point of the harbour and its entrance. The lighthouse established permanent service from 1906; after

122-455: A waterside clash between police and workers on Bloody Sunday, 4 May 1919, lumper Tom Edwards was struck on the head with a police baton. He died three days later, leaving a wife and three children. A memorial fountain by Pietro Porcelli was erected in Edwards' memory that year, and was moved to Fremantle's Kings Square in 1968. The Fremantle Passenger Terminal was constructed in time for

183-488: A United Nations agency, and the Nautical Institute seek improved international standards for mariners. One's service aboard ships typically extends for months at a time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years. In rare cases, veteran mariners choose never to go ashore when in port. Further, the quick turnaround of many modern ships, spending only

244-628: A cargo ship is a chief steward , a chief cook and a steward's assistant . All three positions are typically filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Galley's roles may include baking. A chief steward's duties may overlap with those of

305-558: A ceremony in which the Governor's wife, Lady Robinson, tilted the first truck load of rubble for the North Mole. Blasting and dredging the rocky bar created a channel, dredging deepened the river basin, and two moles were built to protect the harbour entrance. Land was reclaimed so quays and warehouses could be built. The inner harbour was opened on 4 May 1897 when the steamer Sultan drawing just one foot of water with Lady Forrest at

366-630: A chance to see the world also appeal to many seafarers. Whatever the calling, those who live and work at sea invariably confront social isolation. Findings by the Seafarer's International Research Center indicate a leading cause of mariners leaving the industry is "almost invariably because they want to be with their families". U.S. merchant ships typically do not allow family members to accompany seafarers on voyages. Industry experts increasingly recognize isolation, stress, and fatigue as occupational hazards. Advocacy groups such as International Labor Organization,

427-568: A deep water channel north of Gage Roads, and some seven named channels south. Cockburn Sound is an inlet that extends from the south of the mouth of the Swan River for about 25 km to Cape Peron near Rockingham . The total area of the sound is about 100 km . It is bounded on the east by the mainland suburbs of Cockburn and Kwinana , on the west by Garden Island and Carnac Island , and includes several rocky outcrops and reefs. The Fremantle Outer Harbour consist of, from north to south,

488-406: A fuel-supply barge in port. When underway at sea, the second and third engineers will often be occupied with oil transfers from storage tanks, to active working tanks. Cleaning of oil purifiers is another regular task. Engineering staff is required to have training in firefighting and first aid. Additional duties include maintaining the ship's boats and performing other nautical tasks. Engineers play

549-443: A key role in cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers. A common engineering crew for a ship includes: American ships also carry a qualified member of the engine department . Other possible positions include motorman, machinist , electrician , refrigeration engineer and tankerman. A typical steward's department for

610-864: A large volume of sea containers, vehicle imports and livestock exports , cruise shipping and naval visits, and operates 24 hours a day. It is located adjacent to the city of Fremantle , in the Perth metropolitan region . Fremantle Harbour consists of the Inner Harbour, which is situated on the mouth of the Swan River ; the Outer Harbour , which is 20 km (12 mi) south at Kwinana in Cockburn Sound and handles bulk cargo ports, grain, petroleum, liquefied petroleum gas , alumina, mineral sands, fertilisers, sulphur and other bulk commodities; and Gage Roads , which

671-608: A lifeboat and later went on to write the James Bond movies Never Say Never Again and Thunderball . Members of the American Beat Movement Allen Ginsberg , Jack Kerouac , Bob Kaufman , and Herbert Huncke were all Merchant Mariners. It is perhaps not surprising that the writers of Moby Dick , The American Practical Navigator , and Two Years Before the Mast were Merchant Mariners. It might be surprising that

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732-410: A mariner's off-duty time at sea is largely a solitary affair, pursuing hobbies, reading, writing letters, and sleeping. Internet accessibility is fast coming to the sea with the advent of cheap satellite communication, mainly from Inmarsat . The availability of affordable roaming SIM cards with online top-up facilities have also contributed to improved connection with friends and family at home. Erik

793-485: A matter of hours in port, limits a seafarer's free-time ashore. Moreover, some seafarers entering U.S. ports from a watch list of 25 countries deemed high-risk face restrictions on shore leave due to security concerns in a post 9/11 environment. However, shore leave restrictions while in U.S. ports impact American seamen as well. For example, the International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots notes

854-413: A much safer position. Most newer vessels are air conditioned, soundproofed from noisy machinery, and equipped with comfortable living quarters. These amenities have helped ease the sometimes difficult circumstances of long periods away from home. Also, modern communications such as email, instant messaging and social media platforms link modern mariners to their families. Nevertheless, some mariners dislike

915-531: A port in the river mouth as he believed it would continually silt up due to lateral sand drift. In 1887 the Fremantle Chamber of Commerce pushed hard for the southern scheme to be chosen, but the Colony could not raise the estimated cost of £500,000. By 1891 Forrest was examining another proposal: an offshore facility at Owen Anchorage south of Fremantle. But by then Charles Yelverton O'Connor had been appointed

976-412: A trend of U.S. shipping terminal operators restricting seamen from traveling from the ship to the terminal gate. Further, in cases where transit is allowed, special "security fees" are at times assessed. Such restrictions on shore leave coupled with reduced time in port by many ships translate into longer periods at sea. Mariners report that extended periods at sea living and working with shipmates who for

1037-454: Is a well used recreational fishing spot and a vantage point for ocean yacht racing or birdwatching . In June in 1927 and July 1935, severe storms were recorded affecting the Moles but not seriously damaging the lighthouses. Fremantle Harbour Fremantle Harbour is Western Australia 's largest and busiest general cargo port and an important historical site. The inner harbour handles

1098-545: Is the anchorage between Rottnest Island and the mainland. The Inner Harbour includes northern and southern wharves named North Quay and Victoria Quay respectively. All of this area is managed by the Fremantle Port Authority , a government trading enterprise, under the registered business name Fremantle Ports. Fremantle 's port role began immediately after the Swan River Colony was founded in 1829, but

1159-460: The 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games . North Quay is the portion of Fremantle Harbour on the northern banks of the Swan River, built in the late 1890s this area is now primarily used for container shipping. On the western edges is Rous Head a smaller harbour used for vessel maintenance which also includes one of several Rottnest Island ferry terminals. Gage Roads serve as a shipping lane and anchorage for sea traffic heading towards

1220-618: The Register of the National Estate and is a well-known landmark to seamen visiting the port. It was designed by Charles Yelverton O'Connor , an engineer responsible for the construction of Fremantle Harbour and who advanced the proposal of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme . The 15 m tower is made of cast iron , painted red and features classical decorations. It is located at the end of North Mole Drive. The position

1281-469: The deck department include but are not limited to: master and his chief , second and third officers. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the deck department are able seaman and ordinary seaman . With some variation, the chief mate is most often charged with the duties of cargo mate. Second Mates are charged with being the medical officer in case of a medical emergency. All three mates each do four-hour morning and afternoon shifts on

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1342-402: The mole 's foundations had settled a temporary lighting arrangement there was discharged. The light originally planned for the house was found to be too powerful and was sent to Broome for the steel lighthouse at Gantheume Point . The lighthouse and its technically identical yet green coloured partner on the south mole are the last remaining of their type. It has an 'indicative place' status of

1403-627: The steward's assistant , the chief cook , and other Steward's department crewmembers. A person in the United States Merchant Marine has to have a Merchant Mariner's Document issued by the United States Coast Guard in order to serve as a chief steward. All chief cooks who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries because of international conventions and agreements. The only time that steward department staff are charged with duties outside

1464-527: The 1890s from the southern point of the Swan River mouth is a breakwater to ensure a safe anchorage for vessels in the Inner Harbour. A light house was added in 1903, initially shining white it conflicted with the Woodman point light house, leading to the South Mole light to change to a green beacon. Built in the 1890s the North Mole was extended almost immediately after completion and on a number of occasions since,

1525-836: The Alcoa Jetty, the Kwinana Bulk Terminal, the BP Oil Refinery Jetty, the Kwinana Bulk Jetty and the CBH Grain Jetty . Of these, the Kwinana Bulk Terminal and the Kwinana Bulk Jetty are operated by Fremantle Ports and serve for the import and export of bulk cargoes and liquids, among them iron ore, coal, cement clink, gypsum, liquefied natural gas , petroleum and fertiliser. The other three facilities are privately operated. The Outer Harbour deepwater bulk facilities in at Kwinana were first developed in 1955, to service

1586-519: The Colony's Engineer-in-Chief, and decided the best option was an inner harbour built in the mouth of the Swan River. The discovery of gold in Western Australia meant a working port was urgently needed, Parliament finally accepted O'Connor's plan after much political haggling, the capital was raised in London and preliminary work commenced late in 1892. The first stage of the harbour works began with

1647-533: The Kwinana industrial area, and saw rapid expansion in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1928 the Signal Station at Fremantle was moved from Arthur Head to a site on Cantonment Hill . This building was replaced in 1956 by a new structure, whose functions were superseded in 1964 by the opening of a signal station on the new Port Authority administration building, which was opened by Premier David Brand on 5 March. Built in

1708-776: The Red and his son Leif Erikson were the first notable mariners known to sail in a primitive, partly man powered vessel across the Arctic and the North Atlantic Ocean. Barbarossa Hayrettin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa or Hızır Hayrettin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kaptan-ı Derya (Fleet Admiral) of the Ottoman Navy) (c. 1478 – 4 July 1546)

1769-536: The United States Coast Guard. Pilots are also merchant marine officers and are licensed by the Coast Guard. Mariners spend extended periods at sea. Most deep-sea mariners are hired for one or more voyages that last for several months. There is no job security after that. The length of time between voyages varies by job availability and personal preference. The rate of unionization for these workers in

1830-517: The United States is about 36 percent, much higher than the average for all occupations. Consequently, merchant marine officers and seamen, both veterans and beginners, are hired for voyages through union hiring halls or directly by shipping companies. Hiring halls fill jobs by the length of time the person has been registered at the hall and by their union seniority. Hiring halls typically are found in major seaports. At sea, on larger vessels members of

1891-570: The Up-River Extensions Scheme, and included new berths at the container terminal. The ship would then proceed to Sydney to unload and uplift more containers before proceeding to Melbourne . By 1970, Fremantle Port had moved 50,000 containers. A statue honouring C. Y. O'Connor was erected on Victoria Quay on 23 June 1911. It now stands near the entrance to the Fremantle Ports administration building on Cliff Street. During

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1952-759: The Victoria Cross and the Medal of Honor . American merchant seamen have won the Medal of Honor in the Korean War and Vietnam War , and one went on to become the "Father of the American Navy." One does not have to look far to find merchant seamen who became war heroes in Scotland , France , New Zealand , Peru , or Denmark . Since World War II, a number of merchant seamen have become notorious criminals. American William Colepaugh

2013-427: The bridge, when underway at sea. A common deck crew for a ship includes: A ship's engineering department consists of the members of a ship's crew that operates and maintains the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel. Marine engineering staff also deal with the "hotel" facilities on board, notably the sewage , lighting, air conditioning and water systems. Engineering staff manages bulk fuel transfers, from

2074-728: The city of Sydney, Australia . Merchant mariner Douglass North went from seaman to navigator to winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economics. Jimmy Carter went on to become the 39th president of the United States after service in the US Navy. Members of the British Merchant Navy have won the Distinguished Service Cross and have had careers taking them from 'Deck Boy Peter' to Air Marshal Sir Beresford Peter Torrington Horsley KCB, CBE, LVO, AFC . Canadian merchant seamen have won

2135-776: The deck department usually stand watch for four hours and are off for eight hours, seven days a week. Mariners work in all weather conditions. Working in damp and cold conditions often is inevitable, although ships try to avoid severe storms while at sea. It is uncommon for modern vessels to suffer disasters such as fire, explosion, or a sinking. Yet workers face the possibility of having to abandon ship on short notice if it collides with other vessels or runs aground. Mariners also risk injury or death from falling overboard and from hazards associated with working with machinery, heavy loads, and dangerous cargo. However, modern safety management procedures, advanced emergency communications, and effective international rescue systems place modern mariners in

2196-541: The entrance to the Swan River estuary was blocked by a rocky bar, which made the mouth of the river virtually impassable for seagoing vessels. The first steamship to enter the port was HMS Driver on 4 December 1845. Fremantle shipping was served by the Long Jetty that extended into the open sea, where Bathers Beach is today. Cargo was offloaded onto the jetty and then taken down Cliff Street in Fremantle's West End. It

2257-626: The entrance to the harbour where the Western Australian Maritime Museum is now located was also an important part of the wartime role of the harbour. On 28 March 1969, the first container ship to arrive in Australia, Encounter Bay from the United Kingdom docked at Fremantle's new container terminal. The terminal itself was officially opened the following day by WA Premier Sir David Brand. The expansion scheme began in 1965 as

2318-421: The first time in total tonnage of ships and the following year in the number of ships when it cleared 410 ships (1,045,170 tons) to Albany's 248 ships (540,910 tons). The railway from the harbour was constructed in the 1880s, and continued to be developed with railway workshops (later moved to Midland Junction ), railway sheds, railway marshalling yards, locomotive depots, and in 1907 Fremantle railway station

2379-424: The long periods away from home and the confinement aboard ship. They consequently leave the profession. Professional mariners live on the margins of society, with much of their life spent beyond the reach of land. They face cramped, stark, noisy, and dangerous conditions at sea. Yet men and women still go to sea. For some, the attraction is a life unencumbered with the restraints of life ashore. Seagoing adventure and

2440-504: The losses of battleships HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse on 10 December 1941 and the fall of Singapore in March 1942, many ships sought refuge at Fremantle; at times 30 were at anchor in Gage Roads. "In the inner harbour, it was ... a common sight to see up to as many as four vessels of substantial size lying in tier, and it was due solely to the circumstances forced upon the port and

2501-456: The most part are strangers takes getting used to. At the same time, there is an opportunity to meet people from a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Recreational opportunities have improved aboard some U.S. ships, which may feature gyms and day rooms for watching movies, swapping sea stories , and other activities. And in some cases, especially tankers, it is made possible for a mariner to be accompanied by members of his family. However,

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2562-646: The most recent being in the late 1980s, to allow for the addition of an entrance into the Rous Head harbour that was being constructed. Situated on the western end of the mole is a light house . Initially this shone with green light but was changed to red after it became necessary to alter the white light on the south mole to green. The harbour is listed as a National Engineering Landmark by Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program . [REDACTED] Media related to Fremantle Harbour at Wikimedia Commons Sailor The profession of

2623-447: The navy even if they are based on land; while seaman may refer to a specific enlisted rank . Seafarers hold a variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the successful operation of an ocean-going vessel. A ship's crew can generally be divided into four main categories: the deck department, the engineering department, the steward's department, and others. Officer positions in

2684-416: The port for some weeks." Fremantle Submarine Base was the largest submarine base in the southern hemisphere during World War II. The first United States submarines arrived at Fremantle in 1942, the US Navy built a submarine repair facility on North Quay the next year, and until 1945 the port accommodated more than 170 submarines from the U.S., British and Dutch navies. The slipway on the south side of

2745-521: The port of Fremantle. The area is the most northern of one of four coastal basins formed from the flooding of a depression between Pleistocene aeolianite ridges running north–south, and the subsequent deposition of east–west Holocene banks. The seabed of Gage Roads is covered by seagrass . The limits of the Inner and Outer Harbour go north beyond Gage Roads and Rottnest to a line west of Trigg , and south into most of Cockburn Sound. The outer harbour has

2806-400: The prevailing weather conditions that such a state of affairs could be permitted. Altogether, some 75 vessels were using the inner and outer harbours at one and the same time, and in the fortnight ending 20 March, a total of 103 vessels, Naval and merchant, and mainly seeking refuge, arrived at the port. Until these vessels could be ordered to some other destination, acute conditions persisted at

2867-840: The proposed federation of Australian colonies unless they agreed. On 3 August 1900, Forrest won when the Postmaster-General in London informed the Post Master-General in Perth that Fremantle would be substituted for Albany as the port of call for Mail Packets. Ten days later the Orient Steam Navigation Company 's RMS Ormuz , homeward bound from Sydney to London, was the first British mail carrier to enter and berth in Fremantle Harbour. In 1901 Fremantle surpassed Albany for

2928-610: The red-painted North Mole Lighthouse , which commenced operation in 1906, located at the end of the westernmost point of the harbour. As the port neared completion, Forrest lobbied the British to have Fremantle as the port of call for the Mail Packets. Victoria and New South Wales fought for the retention of Albany as the Mail Packet port, as they were fearful they would lose business. Forrest threatened Western Australia may stay out of

2989-456: The sailor is old, and the term sailor has its etymological roots in a time when sailing ships were the main mode of transport at sea, but it now refers to the personnel of all watercraft regardless of the mode of transport, and encompasses people who operate ships professionally, be it for a military navy or civilian merchant navy , as a sport or recreationally. In a navy , there may be further distinctions: sailor may refer to any member of

3050-597: The ships have to lay and discharge at the wharf or pay lighterage.... It is blowing a gale from the SW ... and takes all our time to hold her.... She had done considerable damage to herself.... It is certainly the worst place I or anyone else ever saw. No place to send a ship of this size.... Any man who would come or send a ship a second time is a damned ass." British marine engineer John Coode advised John Forrest an outer harbour near Rous Head, or one that would stretch south from Arthur's Head, could be built. Coode ruled out building

3111-496: The steward department is during the execution of the fire and boat drill. Various types of staff officer positions may exist on board a ship, including junior assistant purser, senior assistant purser, purser , chief purser, medical doctor , professional nurse , marine physician assistant, and hospital corpsman . In the USA these jobs are considered administrative positions and are therefore regulated by Certificates of Registry issued by

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3172-497: The visual arts. French pilot's assistant Paul Gauguin later became a leading post-impressionist painter and pioneered modern art's synthetist style. American seaman Haskell Wexler later won two Academy Awards , the latter for a biography of his shipmate Woody Guthrie . British Merchant Navy member Ken Russell later directed films such as Tommy , Altered States and The Lair of the White Worm . Merchant seaman Johnny Craig

3233-456: The wheel was the first ship to enter the partly built port. "While the harbour has been deepened, and facilities extended and modernised over the years, the basic structure of the Inner Harbour remains essentially unchanged to this day, testament to the boldness, brilliance and foresight of its designer." There are two lighthouses on either side of the entrance to the harbour, the green-coloured South Mole Lighthouse, in operation since 1903, and

3294-540: The writers of Borat , A Hard Day's Night , and Cool Hand Luke were. A number of U.S. Merchant Mariners from World War II later played well known television characters. The list includes Milburn Drysdale on The Beverly Hillbillies , Archie Bunker on All in the Family , Peter Falk on Columbo , Jim Rockford on The Rockford Files , Steve McGarret on Hawaii Five-O , Uncle Jesse Duke on The Dukes of Hazzard and Cheyenne Bodie on Cheyenne . An ancient term,

3355-533: Was Muhammad Ali's assistant trainer and cornerman, and Joe Gold went on to make his fortune as the bodybuilding and fitness guru of Gold's Gym . Other sporting notables include Dutchman Henk de Velde known for sailing solo around the world, and Briton Matthew Webb who was the first person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aid. Irish Merchant Navy member Kevin McClory spent 14 days in

3416-735: Was able to take up an inner harbour berth, and instead anchored in Gage Roads . Other well-known ships to visit included RMS Strathaird , RMS Strathnaver , RMS Orion and RMS Otranto . In 1940 boom defences were installed in the harbour as a security measure and anti-aircraft installations were built. By January 1941 an anti-submarine indicator loop was installed between Swanbourne and Rottnest to warn of any ships passing over it. Outer harbour defences included an anti-submarine net spanning 9370 metres of seabed from Woodman Point to Garden Island along Parmelia Bank , as well as another indicator loop 183 metres further north. Following

3477-664: Was already a working comic book artist before he joined up, but Ernie Schroeder would not start drawing comics until after returning home from World War II. Merchant sailors have also made a splash in the world of sport. In football, with Fred Blackburn in England and the likes of Dan Devine and Heisman Trophy winner Frank Sinkwich in the U.S. In track and field, American seamen Cornelius Johnson and Jim Thorpe both won Olympic medals, though Thorpe did not get his until 30 years after his death. Seamen Jim Bagby Jr. and Charlie Keller went on to Major League Baseball. Drew Bundini Brown

3538-659: Was an Ottoman admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for decades. He was born on the island of Lesbos/ Mytilini and died in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. Merchant seamen have gone on to make their mark on the world in a number of interesting ways. Traian Băsescu , who started his career as a third mate in 1976 was the president of Romania from 2004 to 2014. Arthur Phillip joined the Merchant Navy in 1751 and 37 years later founded

3599-606: Was convicted as a Nazi spy in World War II and Fritz Sauckel was convicted as a Nazi war criminal. Briton Duncan Scott-Ford was hanged for treachery in World War II. George Hennard was an American mass murderer who claimed 23 victims on a rampage at Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas . And Perry Smith's own murderous rampage was made famous in Truman Capote 's non-fiction novel In Cold Blood . Mariners are well represented in

3660-537: Was loaded onto barges that sailed up the river on the westerly sea breeze and back to Fremantle on easterly winds. Later it was transported by rail. Sailors disliked the Long Jetty: in 1892 Captain D.B. Shaw of the American barque Saranac described it as "terrible": "... entered and fought against putting the vessel alongside jetty to discharge. It is a terrible place. No place to put a vessel. No shelter whatever. All

3721-421: Was opened. During World War II, the harbour accommodated scores of Allied naval vessels on active service. Battleships, troop transports, hospital ships and support vessels, including many passenger ships , were seconded into the war effort. Visitors to Fremantle during the conflict included passenger liners and converted troop carriers RMS Queen Elizabeth and RMS Queen Mary . Because of their size neither

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