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60-442: Mesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties: Gelet Mesopotamian Arabic and Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic. Their names derive from the form of the word for "I said" in each variety. Gelet Arabic is a Bedouin variety spoken by Muslims (both sedentary and non-sedentary) in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq. Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non-Muslims of central and southern Iraq (including Baghdad) and by

120-536: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Turkey -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic , also known as Iraqi Arabic , Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic , or simply Mesopotamian Arabic is one of the two main varieties of Mesopotamian Arabic , together with North Mesopotamian Arabic . Mesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties: Gelet Mesopotamian Arabic and Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic . Their names derive from

180-678: A "local official language" if the majority of the region or province's residents agree to this in a general referendum. Some have also complained that adults have to join the KDP party in the KDP-majority areas of Iraqi Kurdistan in order to be granted employment and that KDP representatives are allowed to settle in Assyrian villages. Some interviewed Christian IDPs had told that the Arabs, Kurds and Islamists are fully aware that Assyrians have no means of protection in

240-512: A Syriac Catholic church in Baghdad during Sunday evening Mass, on 31 October 2010 killing more than 60 and wounding 78 Iraqi Christians. In 2011, Sunni extremists assassinated a Christian randomly using sniper rifles. Two months before the incident, 2 Christians had been shot for unknown reasons in Baghdad and 2 other Christians had been shot by a Sunni jihadist in Mosul. On 30 May 2011, a Christian man

300-462: A campaign of looting against Assyrian settlements. The Assyrians fled to Simele, where they were also persecuted. According to some studies, there were many accounts by witnesses of numerous atrocities perpetrated by Arabs and Kurds on Assyrian women. In 1987, the last Iraqi census counted 1.4 million Christians. They were tolerated under the secular regime of Saddam Hussein , who even made one of them, Tariq Aziz , his deputy. As of 21 June 2007,

360-516: A rich and vital contribution to Christian history, and after Israel , Iraq has the most biblical history of any other country in the world. The patriarch Abraham was from Ur , in southern Iraq, modern day Nasiriya, and Rebecca was from northwestern Iraq, in Assyria . Additionally, Daniel lived in Iraq most of his life. The prophet Ezekiel was from southern Iraq and his shrine is located there. Shrines of

420-452: A series of car bomb attacks took place during the Sunday evening Mass in churches of two Iraqi cities, Baghdad and Mosul, killing and wounding a large number of Christians. Jordanian-Iraqi Sunni Arab Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was blamed for the attacks. In 2006, an Orthodox priest, Boulos Iskander, was snatched off the streets of Sunni city of Mosul by a Sunni group that demanded a ransom. His body

480-622: A very small minority of Kurdish , Shabaks and Iraqi Turkmen Christians. Most present-day Iraqi Christians are ethnically, linguistically, historically and genetically distinct from Kurds, Arabs, Iranians, Turks and Turkmens (as well as from fellow Syriac Christians in Western Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and South Western Turkey). Regardless of religious affiliation ( Assyrian Church of the East , Chaldean Catholic Church , Syriac Orthodox Church , Syriac Catholic Church , Assyrian Pentecostal Church , etc.)

540-449: Is a hybrid of different varieties and languages, including Levantine Arabic and Greek . This article related to the Arabic language is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Iraq -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Iran -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Syria -related article is

600-610: Is said to be at around 500,000, according to the EU Research Services on minorities in Iraq , although numbers vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place more than 30 years ago. A census is scheduled to take place in 2020 in which the numbers of Christians in Iraq will be clarified. Christianity was brought to Iraq in the 1st century by Thomas the Apostle and Mar Addai ( Addai of Edessa ) and his pupils Aggai and Mari . Thomas and Addai belonged to

660-457: The 2003 invasion of Iraq , violence against Christians rose, with reports of abduction, torture, bombings, and killings. Some Christians were pressured to convert to Islam under threat of death or expulsion, and women were ordered to wear Islamic dress. In August 2004, International Christian Concern protested an attack by Islamists on Iraqi Christian churches that killed 11 people. In 2006, an Orthodox Christian priest, Boulos Iskander ,

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720-644: The Al-Dora area of the Al-Rashid district . First, a bomb was deonated in the mainly Christian Athorien (Hay Al-Athoriyeen) neighborhood market, killing at least eleven and injuring 40. Then a bomb was detonated outside the St. John's Roman Catholic Church targeting Christmas service worshippers, killing 27 and injuring 56. In 2014, during the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive , the Islamic State of Iraq (ISIS) ordered all Christians in

780-641: The Arabian Peninsula ), except urban Non-Muslims who continue to speak pre-1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all, Muslims and Non-Muslims alike. Qeltu dialects include: The peripheral Anatolian Arabic varieties in Siirt , Muş and Batman are quite divergent. Cypriot Arabic shares a number of common features with North Mesopotamian Arabic, and one of its pre-Cypriot medieval antecedents has been deduced as belonging to this dialect area. However, its current form

840-572: The Arabic language is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Iraq -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Iran -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Syria -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Turkey -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Christianity in Iraq The Christians of Iraq are considered to be one of

900-525: The Arabic letter ن ( nūn ) for Nassarah (an Arabic word that means "Christian") and a declaration that they are the property of the Islamic State. On 18 July, the Jihadists seemed to have changed their minds and announced that all Christians would need to leave or be killed. Most of those who left had their valuable possessions stolen. According to Chaldean Catholic Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako , there were no Christians remaining in Mosul in 2015, for

960-644: The Islamic State of Iraq , stated that Iraq's indigenous Christians were a "legitimate target." In November, a series of bombings and mortar attacks targeted Christian Assyrian-majority areas of Baghdad. During the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive , the Islamic State issued a decree in July that all Christians in the area of its control must pay a special tax of approximately $ 470 per family, convert to Islam, or die. Many of them took refuge in nearby Kurdish -controlled regions of Iraq. Christian homes have been painted with

1020-604: The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) reported that more than 40,000 Christians had moved from Baghdad, Basra and Mosul to the Iraqi Kurdistan cities. The reports also stated that a number of Christians families who are moving to the Iraqi Kurdistan is growing and they were providing support and financial assistance for 11,000 of those families, and some are employed by the KRG. In 2010, Sunni Islamist groups attacked

1080-528: The Seljuks invaded Mesopotamia with the support of Kurdish chieftains and tribes. They "destroyed whatever they encountered" and captured and enslaved women . The historian Ibn Khaldun wrote that 'the Kurds spoiled and spread horror everywhere'. In time, Armenia and Assyria became "Kurdistan". The Assyrian Church of the East has its origin in what is now southeastern Turkey and Asoristan (Sasanian Assyria ). By

1140-550: The Siege of Baghdad (1258), the Mongols killed all Muslims. However, sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched. In southern Iraq, sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by Bedouins from the countryside. This explains the current dialect distribution: in the south, everyone speaks Bedouin varieties close to Gulf Arabic (continuation of the Bedouin dialects of

1200-547: The UK , led by Archbishop Athanasios Dawood , who has called on the government to accept more refugees. Apart from emigration , the Iraqi Christian share of the population is also declining due to lower rates of birth and higher death rates than its Muslim compatriots. Also since the invasion of Iraq, Assyrians and Armenians have been targeted by Islamist extremist organisations. Pope Francis paid Iraq an apostolic visit between

1260-504: The UNHCR estimated that 2.2 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries and 2 million were displaced internally, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month. Some of those refugees and IDPs were Christians. A 25 May 2007 article noted that in the previous seven months only 69 people from Iraq had been granted refugee status in the United States . After

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1320-652: The 17th century when Emir Afrasiyab of Basra allowed the Portuguese to build a church outside of the city. During World War I , the Assyrians of northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northeastern Syria and northwestern Iran suffered the Assyrian genocide , which accounted for the deaths of up to 65% of the entire Assyrian population. In the year of Iraq's formal independence, 1933, the Iraqi military carried out large-scale massacres against

1380-482: The 1940s–1950s . Geographically, the gelet–qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively Upper Mesopotamia and Lower Mesopotamia . The isogloss is between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates , around Fallujah and Samarra . During the Siege of Baghdad (1258), the Mongols killed all Muslims. However, sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched. In southern Iraq, sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by Bedouins from

1440-542: The 1987 census numbers. The Ba’athist rule under Saddam Hussein kept anti-Christian violence under control but subjected some to "relocation programmes". Under this regime, the predominantly ethnically and linguistically distinct Assyrian people were pressured to identify as Arabs . The Christian population fell to an estimated 800,000 during the 2003 Iraq War . During the 2013–2017 Iraq War , with ISIS rapidly sweeping through Iraq's western lands , Christian Assyrians and Armenians fled as they feared persecution by

1500-632: The 2003 Iraq War, Iraqi Christians have fled from the country and their population has collapsed under the democratic government. Majority of Christians have either fled to Iraqi Kurdistan or abroad. A population project by the Shlama Foundation has estimated that there are about 150,000 Christian Assyrians remaining in Iraq as of July 2020. This is down from about 1,500,000 in the year 2003. In 2003, Iraqi Christians were primary target of extremist Sunni Islamists. Many kidnapped Christians were forced to leave Christianity or tortured. On August 1, 2004,

1560-457: The 5–8 March 2021, during which he visited the cities Najaf , Baghdad , Ur , Mosul , Qaraqosh and Erbil . From the late 13th century through to the present time, Christian Assyrians have suffered both religious and ethnic persecution, including a number of massacres and genocides. Former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz 's death sentence was not signed by the Iraqi president in 2010 because

1620-553: The Assyrians ( Simele massacre ) which had supported the British colonial administration before. In the early 1930s, the Iraqi Arab ministries disseminated leaflets among the Kurds calling them to join them to massacre Assyrians. This call appealed to Islamic convictions and united Arabs and Kurds against the infidel Christians. Shortly before the August 11 Simele massacre in 1933, Kurds began

1680-503: The Assyrians, until the latter began to die out during the 4th century. In the early centuries after the Arab Islamic conquest of the 7th century, Assyria (also known as Athura and Asoristan ) was dissolved by the Arabs as a geopolitical entity, however the indigenous Assyrians (known as Ashuriyun by the Arabs) scholars and doctors played an influential role in Iraq. In the period prior to

1740-523: The Eastern Aramaic speaking Christians of Iraq and its surroundings are one genetically homogeneous people. They identify themselves as being a separate people, of different origins and with a distinct history of their own harking back to ancient Assyria and Mesopotamia (see Assyrian continuity and History of the Assyrians ). Christian Assyrians also have communities in northeastern Syria , southeastern Turkey , and northwestern Iran as well as in

1800-528: The Iraqi Kurdistan Region use both languages. The Constitution also stipulates that Turkmen and Syriac are official languages in the administrative units where native speakers of these languages comprise a significant proportion of the population (a law has also included the Armenian language alongside Turkmen and Syriac). The Constitution notes that any region or province can adopt an additional language as

1860-451: The Kurdish tribe of Mokri". According to Aboona, "many regions with numerous Assyrian and Armenian monuments and monasteries became completely populated by the Kurds after Chaldiran ," and Kurdish historians wrote that "the land was cleared at this time, its indigenous inhabitants driven out by force". The Kurdish historian Ali al Qurani affirmed that Sarsing had "been an Assyrian town and that

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1920-643: The Kurdistan Regional Government has hindered international aid from reaching Christian Assyrians and at times attempted to prevent Assyrian Aramaic schools. However, the annual report by the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) states that the KRG has rebuilt and renovated over 20 Christian churches in the region and reconstructed more than 105 Christian villages. Additionally, several reports have been written about those Christians who do not get "political" representation and therefore do not succeed in expanding their schools, and are shut out from all but

1980-410: The Kurds who settled there were immigrants from Persian Azerbaijan ." Phebe Marr noted that 'in the north too, many of the Kurdish tribes of Persia migrated to Iraq'. British traveler James Rich observed in northern Iraq the "rapid influx of Kurds from Persia... and that their advance never ceased". He noted that "some ten thousand families, comprising seventy thousand souls, were constantly moving across

2040-600: The Shia-majority city of Najaf which housed thousands of Christians in holy Islamic shrines once they fled from ISIS, which sought to exterminate them. A large population have also returned to their homes en masse following the defeat of ISIS and were able to celebrate Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter in safety with the protection of the Assyrian Nineveh Plain Protection Units and its allies. The current number of Christians of Iraq

2100-672: The ancient city of Mosul. Ganni was driving with his three deacons when they were stopped and demanded to convert to Islam, when they refused they were shot. Ganni was the pastor of the Chaldean Church of the Holy Spirit in Mosul and a graduate from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum in Rome in 2003 with a licentiate in ecumenical theology . Six months later, the body of Paulos Faraj Rahho , archbishop of Mosul,

2160-579: The area of its control, where the Iraqi Army collapsed, to pay a special tax of approximately $ 470 per family, convert to Sunni Islam, or die. Many of them took refuge in nearby Kurdish and Shia controlled regions of Iraq. Many Assyrians activists claim they have suffered not only from Arabization , but also Kurdification in Iraqi Kurdistan , mainly in KDP -controlled areas. Assyrian activists have claimed that

2220-506: The border". Southgate also observed the "rapid advance and settlement of the Kurds from Persia into northern Iraq" around that time. Dr. Grant gave an eyewitness account, he stated: "Beth Garrnae (the region of Arbil-Kirkuk) once contained a large population of Nestorian Christians, they are now reduced to a few scattered villages... Within the last six years the Koords of Ravandoos and Amadia have successively swept over it.." A new epoch began in

2280-414: The central Iraqi government. Some cases of illegal land and property seizures of Christian Assyrian lands by KDP members were also claimed. Michael Youash, an Assyrian expert, had stated in his report that the Iraqi Kurdistan government was unable to provide safe haven for all Christians. He explained this by saying that the KDP publicizes that tens of thousands of Christian Assyrian families are coming to

2340-438: The countryside. This explains the current dialect distribution: in the south, everyone speaks Bedouin varieties close to Gulf Arabic (continuation of the Bedouin dialects of the Arabian Peninsula ), except urban Non-Muslims who continue to speak pre-1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all, Muslims and Non-Muslims alike. Gelet dialects include: This article related to

2400-424: The end of the 13th century, there were twelve Nestorian dioceses in a strip from Beijing to Samarkand . Northern Iraq remained predominantly Assyrian , Eastern Aramaic speaking and Christian until the destructions of the 14th-century Muslim warlord of Turco-Mongol descent, Timur (Tamerlane) , who conquered Persia , Mesopotamia and Syria ; the civilian population was decimated, and the ancient city of Assur

2460-483: The establishment of Abbasid rule in AD 750, pastoral Kurds moved into upper Mesopotamia from Persian Azerbaijan , taking advantage of an unstable situation. Cities in northern and northeastern Assyria were raided and attacked by the Kurds of Persian Azerbaijan, "who killed, looted, and enslaved the indigenous population", and the Kurds were moving into various regions in east of Assyria . The chronicler Ibn Hawqal spoke about

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2520-670: The face of attacks. In 2005, the Department of State's 2005 Human Rights Country Report for Iraq stated in the January elections, there have been reports that many of the mostly non-Muslim residents of the Nineveh Plains were unable to vote and incidents of voter fraud and intimidation occurred during the Iraq War . It was reported that Kurdish security forces also prevented ballot boxes to pass to some Christian villages fearing that they will support

2580-579: The first time in the nation's history. But after Mosul's liberation in 2017, Christian families began to return. After the invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies , many Iraqi Christians fled from Baghdad and other areas to the Kurdistan region. Most of them have arrived as internally displaced people . Christians who are too poor or unwilling to leave their ancient homeland have fled mainly to Erbil , particularly to its Christian suburb of Ankawa . 10,000 mainly Assyrian Iraqi Christians live in

2640-493: The form of the word for "I said" in each variety. Gelet Arabic is a Bedouin variety spoken by Muslims (both sedentary and non-sedentary) in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq. Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non-Muslims of central and southern Iraq (including Baghdad) and by the sedentary population (both Muslims and Non-Muslims) of the rest of the country. Non-Muslims include Christians , Yazidis , and Jews , until most Iraqi Jews left Iraq in

2700-405: The most basic funding. This has been denied by Kurdish authorities. There are currently 5 Christians seated in the parliament of Iraqi Kurdistan. Assyrians who have arrived as internally displaced persons to the Iraqi Kurdistan have demanded more rights from the KRG and this has led to the serious disputes. In 2014, Assyrians International News Agency stated: Institutions and government agencies in

2760-557: The number of Christians live in Iraqi Kurdistan has declined. It is known that the Iraqi Kurdistan have accepted more than 200,000 Christians refugees and IDPs who had fled from other areas in Iraq between 2012 and 2016. It is also known that security officers and authorities who work for the Barzani tribe and his political party, the KDP, have frequently abused some local Christians and IDPs for not being loyal "enough" to them. There have also been claims levied by Assyrian organizations that

2820-577: The oldest continuous Christian communities in the world. The vast majority of Iraqi Christians are indigenous Eastern Aramaic -speaking ethnic Assyrians who descend from ancient Assyria , and follow the Syriac Christian tradition. Some are also known by the name of their religious denomination as well as their ethnic identity, such as Chaldo-Assyrians , Chaldean Catholics or Syriacs (see Terms for Syriac Christians ). Non-Assyrian Iraqi Christians are largely Arab Christians and Armenians , and

2880-494: The president "sympathise[d] with Tariq Aziz because he is an Iraqi Christian." This also came after appeals from the Holy See not to carry out the sentence. He died on 5 June 2015 in al-Hussein hospital after suffering from depression, diabetes, heart disease, and ulcers. Iraqi Christians have been victim of executions, forced displacement campaigns, torture, violence and target of Sunni Islamist groups like al-Qaeda and ISIS. Since

2940-495: The prophet Jonah and Saint George are also located there, and various other biblical prophets and saints are said to have been originally from there as well. Adam and Eve are also widely thought to have hailed from Iraq, as the biblical Garden of Eden is largely attributed to have been located in southern Iraq. Prior to the Gulf War in 1991, Christians numbered one million in Iraq. This may be an undercount by half as seen in

3000-425: The sedentary population (both Muslims and Non-Muslims) of the rest of the country. Non-Muslims include Christians , Yazidis , and Jews , until most Iraqi Jews left Iraq in the 1940s–1950s . Geographically, the gelet–qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively Upper Mesopotamia and Lower Mesopotamia . The isogloss is between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates , around Fallujah and Samarra . During

3060-457: The state to which the region of Shahrazoor had been reduced, describing it as a “town, which was overpowered by the Kurds, and whose environs as far as Iraq had been enjoying prosperity”. Another contemporary source described the region of Adiabene thus: '[T]he plain of Hadyab was entirely inhabited by the Nestorians but the Kurds have occupied it and depopulated it of its inhabitants'. Later,

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3120-400: The terrorist organisation, as they were to ‘execute’ any person who did not believe in their Sunni sect. Thousands of Iraqi Christians fled to Baghdad , the nation's capital, where they found refuge and adequate housing, some of whom have chosen to make Baghdad their new permanent home following the full defeat of ISIS in Iraq. Thousands have also fled to other parts of southern Iraq, such as

3180-472: The twelve Apostles. Iraq's Eastern Aramaic -speaking Assyrian communities are believed to be among the oldest in the world. The Assyrian people adopted Christianity in the 1st century and Assyria in northern Iraq became the centre of Eastern Rite Christianity and Syriac literature from the 1st century until the Middle Ages. Christianity initially lived alongside the ancient Mesopotamian religion among

3240-608: The wider worldwide Assyrian diaspora . Syriac Christianity was first established in Mesopotamia, and certain subsets of that tradition (namely the Church of the East and its successor churches) were established in northern and central-southern Iraq, and would eventually spread to becoming one of the most popular Christian churches in the Middle East and Fertile Crescent Region, and would spread as far as India and China . Iraq plays

3300-530: Was beheaded and mutilated despite payment of a ransom, and in 2008, the Assyrian clergyman Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho of the Chaldean Catholic Church in Mosul was killed after being abducted. In January 2008, bombs exploded outside nine churches. In 2007, Chaldean Catholic priest Fr. Ragheed Aziz Ganni and subdeacons Basman Yousef Daud, Wahid Hanna Isho, and Gassan Isam Bidawed were killed in

3360-555: Was beheaded by a Sunni man in Mosul. On 2 August 2011, a Catholic church was bombed by Sunni extremists in Turkmen area of Kirkuk , wounding more than 23 Christians. On 15 August 2011, a church was bombed by al-Qaeda in Kirkuk center. On November 24, 2013, in Mosul, a Christian journalist was gunned down in a targeted attack. On 25 December, 2013, in Baghdad, Sunni extremists detonated two bombs targeting Christians observing Christmas in

3420-703: Was finally abandoned by the Assyrians after a 4000-year history. Timur had 70,000 Christian Assyrians beheaded in Tikrit , and 90,000 more in Baghdad . Timur rewarded the Kurds for their support by "settling them in the devastated regions, which until then had been inhabited by the followers of the Church of the East ." In the 16th century, the Ottomans reinforced their eastern frontier with what they considered loyal Sunni Kurd tribes. They settled Kurdish tribes in these regions and in 1583, Sultan Murad III "gave huge provinces to

3480-491: Was found buried near Mosul . He was kidnapped on 29 February 2008 when his bodyguards and driver were killed. In 2010, reports emerged in Mosul of people being stopped in the streets, asked for their identity cards, and shot if they had a first or last name indicating Assyrian or Christian origin. On 31 October 2010, 58 people, including 41 hostages and priests, were killed after an attack on an Assyrian Syriac Catholic church in Baghdad. A group affiliated to Al-Qaeda ,

3540-511: Was later found, the priest's arms and legs had also been cut off. In 2007, there were reports of a push to drive Christians out of the historically Christian suburb of Dora in southern Baghdad, with some Muslim Arabs accusing the Christians of being allies of the Americans. A total number of 239 similar cases were registered by police between 2007 and 2009. In 2008, a priest named Ragheed Ganni ,

3600-424: Was shot dead in his church along with three of his companions. At the same year, there were reports that Christian students are harassed. In 2008, the charity Barnabas conducted research into 250 Iraqi Christian IDPs who had fled to the north of the country (Iraqi Kurdistan) to seek refugee status and found nearly half had witnessed attacks on churches or Christians, or been personally targeted by violence. In 2009,

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