98-873: North Lynn is an urban residential area of King's Lynn , in the King's Lynn and West Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk , England. There are three main parks in North Lynn: Peck's field (named after the previous owner of the land before the North Lynn estate was created), The Rec (RECreation Ground) and Colombia Park. North Lynn has one junior school , one primary school and one infant school , respectively: St Edmund's Junior School, St Edmund's (Foundation Community) Primary School, and Highgate Infant School. Some children go to Eastgate Primary instead of St Edmond's (Foundation Community). North Lynn also has two large ponds popular with anglers . These are collectively known as
196-584: A Christian Bible . Special weight was attributed to a Jewish person's oath , which was valid against that of 12 Christians , because they represented the king of England in financial matters. The sixth clause of the charter was especially important: it granted Jews the right of movement throughout the kingdom, as if they were the king's own property ( sicut res propriæ nostræ ). Jews did not settle outside of London before 1135. Christian-Jewish relations in England were disturbed under King Stephen who burned down
294-490: A grammar school was founded; four years later Henry VIII closed the Benedictine priory and the three friaries. A piped water supply was created in the 16th century, although many could not afford to connect to the elm pipes carrying water under the streets. Lynn suffered from outbreaks of plague , notably in 1516, 1587, 1597, 1636 and finally in 1665. Fire was another hazard – in 1572 thatched roofs were banned to reduce
392-452: A municipal borough in 1883. The present Borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk was an amalgamation of the Borough of King's Lynn, the urban districts of Downham Market and Hunstanton , and the rural districts of Docking , Downham , Freebridge Lynn , and Marshland . The shield in the coat of arms of King's Lynn and West Norfolk is that of the ancient Borough of Lynn, recorded at
490-641: A Jew could release the creditor from his indebtedness. This "Ordinance of the Jewry" was, in practice, the beginning of the office of Exchequer of the Jews , which made all the transactions of the English Jewry liable to taxation by the King of England, who thus became a sleeping partner in all the transactions of Jewish money lending. The king besides demanded two bezants in the pound, that is, 10 per cent, of all sums recovered by
588-403: A centre for fishing and seafood (especially inshore prawns, shrimps and cockles). There have also been glass-making and small-scale engineering works – many fairground and steam engines were built here. It still contains much farm-related industry, including food processing. There are several chemical factories and the town retains a role as an import centre. In general, it is a regional centre for
686-539: A certain day, God granted both him and me greater leisure than usual, and soon we began questioning as usual. And as his objections were consequent and logical, and as he explained with equal consequence his former objections, while our reply met his objections foot to foot and by his own confession seemed equally supported by the testimony of the Scriptures, some of the bystanders requested me to preserve our disputes as likely to be of use to others in future. This disputation
784-455: A crowd of bystanders. The rumour spread from Westminster to London that the king had ordered a massacre of the Jews; and a mob in the Old Jewry , after vainly attacking the strong stone houses of the Jews throughout the day, set them on fire at night, killing those within who attempted to escape. The king was enraged at this insult to his royal dignity, but was unable to punish more than a few of
882-451: A more average year the warmest day will only reach 29.4 °C (84.9 °F), with 13.8 days in total attaining a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or more. Typically all these figures are marginally lower than those for the southern half of the Fens due to the presence of onshore sea breezes, and occasional haar (cold sea fog), especially in early summer and late spring. However, with
980-475: A new spirit seems to have come over the attitude of John to his Jews. In the height of his triumph over the pope, he demanded the sum of no less than £100,000 from the religious houses of England, and 66,000 marks from the Jews (1210). One of the latter, Abraham of Bristol, who refused to pay his quota of 10,000 marks, had, by order of the king, seven of his teeth extracted, one a day, until he was willing to disgorge. Though John squeezed as much as he could out of
1078-487: A period of rising persecution, all Jews were expelled from England after the Edict of Expulsion in 1290. In some accounts, the later half of the period is contrasted with the earlier half, in terms of rising persecution and violence, but evidence of tolerance between people living close to each other continues to be found throughout. Persecution and violence appear to have been imposed and incited by people with power, whether from
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#17330927996641176-554: A rule, however, Henry II does not appear to have limited in any way the financial activity of Jews. The favourable position of the English Jews was shown, among other things, by the visit of Abraham ibn Ezra in 1158, by that of Isaac of Chernigov in 1181, and by the resort to England of the Jews who were exiled from France by Philip Augustus in 1182, among them probably being Judah Sir Leon of Paris . In 1168, when concluding an alliance with Frederick Barbarossa , Henry II seized
1274-411: A show of forbearance. He confirmed the charter of Rabbi Josce and his sons, and made it apply to all the Jews of England; he wrote a sharp remonstrance to the mayor of London against the attacks that were continually being made upon the Jews of that city, alone of all the cities of England. He reappointed one Jacob archpriest of all the English Jews (12 July 1199). But with the loss of Normandy in 1205
1372-724: A stained-glass window on the front of the building.) The town council began a programme of regeneration in the 1930s. During the First World War , King's Lynn was one of the UK's first towns to suffer aerial bombing, on the night of 19 January 1915 by a naval Zeppelin , L4 (LZ 27), commanded by Captain Lieutenant Magnus von Platen-Hallermund. Eleven bombs were dropped, both incendiary and high explosive, doing much damage, killing two people in Bentinck Street and injuring several more. When
1470-508: A station at South Lynn (now dismantled), which was also its operational control centre. It relocated to Melton Constable . The M&GN lines across Norfolk closed to passengers in February 1959. The town's amenities continued to improve in the 20th century. A museum opened in 1904 and a public library in 1905. The first cinema, the Majestic , officially opened on 23 May 1928. (The year is marked in
1568-543: A still sparsely populated part of England. King's Lynn was the fastest growing port in Great Britain in 2008. Department for Transport figures show that through-put increased by 33 per cent. In 2008, the German Palm Group began to erect one of the world's largest paper machines, constructed by Voith Paper . With a web speed of up to 2000 metres a minute and a web width of 10.63 metres, it can produce 400,000 tons
1666-619: A strong enough offshore breeze, the area can be notably warm. Terrington (along with Cambridge Botanical Gardens) achieved the national highest temperature of 2007, 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) The absolute minimum at Terrington is −15.4 °C (4.3 °F), set in January 1979. A total of 41.6 nights will report an air frost at Terrington and 51.9 nights at Marham. Annual rainfall totals 621 mm (24 in) at Marham, and 599 mm (24 in) at Terrington, with 1 mm or more falling on 115 and 113 days, respectively. All averages refer to
1764-448: A transport to Normandy. In this era, Jews lived on good terms with their non-Jewish neighbours, including the clergy; they entered churches freely, and took refuge in the abbeys in times of commotion. Some Jews lived in opulent houses, and helped to build a large number of abbeys and monasteries . However, by the end of Henry's reign they had incurred the ill will of the upper classes, and anti-Jewish sentiment spread further throughout
1862-586: A year of newsprint paper, based on 100-per-cent recycled paper. The start-up was on 21 August 2009. History of the Jews in England (1066%E2%80%931290) The first Jews in England arrived after the Norman Conquest of the country by William the Conqueror (the future William I ) in 1066, and the first written record of Jewish settlement in England dates from 1070. Jews suffered massacres in 1189–90, and after
1960-451: A year, Henry thus receiving no income from it except in the case of executions. The story was referred to in later English literature including Chaucer and Marlowe, and entered popular folk culture through a contemporary ballad . It was quoted as fact by Thomas Fuller in his posthumous 1662 book Worthies of England . Henry III passed the Statute of Jewry in 1253, which attempted to stop
2058-448: Is frequently exemplified in the pipe rolls. Jews were allowed to have their own jurisdiction , and there is evidence of their having a beth din with three judges . Reference is made to the parnas (president) and gabbai (treasurer), of the congregation, and to scribes and chirographers. A complete system of education seems to have been in vogue. At the head of the Jewish community
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#17330927996642156-479: Is plausibly of Anglo-Saxon origin, from lean meaning a tenure in fee or farm. As the 1086 Domesday Book mentions saltings at Lena (Lynn), an area of partitioned pools may have existed there at the time. Other places with Lynn in the name include Dublin, Ireland, with An Dubh Linn meaning “the Black Pool.” The presence of salt, which was relatively rare and expensive in the early medieval period, may have added to
2254-571: Is said that as she was burning her heart burst from her body and struck the wall. Other sources put forward Mary Smith, hanged in 1616, as the witch. In 1683, the architect Henry Bell , once the town's mayor, designed the Custom House . He also designed the Duke's Head Inn , North Runcton Church and Stanhoe Hall, having gained ideas while on travel in Europe as a young man. In the 16th and 17th centuries,
2352-560: The Bishop of Elmham and the Archbishop of Canterbury . The town is generally known locally as Lynn . The city of Lynn, Massachusetts , north of Boston , was named in 1637 in honour of its first official minister of religion, Reverend Samuel Whiting Sr, who arrived there from Lynn, Norfolk. Lynn originated on a constricted site south of where the River Great Ouse now discharges into
2450-451: The College of Arms in 1563. It shows the legend of Margaret of Antioch , who has appeared on Lynn shields since the 13th century, and to whom the parish church is dedicated. The per chevron division and addition of a bordure serve to distinguish the shield from its predecessor, while retaining its medieval simplicity. The bordure also suggests the wider bounds of the new authority, with
2548-679: The North Sea , which contributed to Lynn's development. The Borough Council commissioned and accepted a 2008 report by DTZ that dubbed King's Lynn's workforce as "low-value" with a "low skills base" and the town as having a "poor lifestyle offer". The quality of services and amenities was "unattractive to higher-value inward investors and professional employees with higher disposable incomes". Average earnings were well below regional and national levels, and many jobs in tourism, leisure and hotels were subject to seasonal fluctuations and likewise poorly paid. Education and workforce skills were described as below
2646-490: The Second World War began in 1939, it was assumed that King's Lynn would be safe from bombing and many evacuees were sent from London, but the town suffered several raids. The local breweries had closed by the 1950s, but new industries included food canning in the 1930s and soup-making in the 1950s . In the 1960s, the council sought to encourage development by adding an industrial estate at Hardwick. In 1962, King's Lynn
2744-579: The Wash , a fourfold estuary subject to dangerous tides and shifting sandbanks, on the north-west margin of East Anglia . King's Lynn has an area of 11 square miles (28 km ). The Great Ouse at Lynn is about 200 metres (660 ft) wide and the outfall for much of the Fens ' drainage system. The much smaller Gaywood River also flows through the town, joining the Great Ouse at the southern end of South Quay, close to
2842-508: The castle . Isolated attacks on Jews also occurred at Colchester , Thetford , and Ospringe . A significant loss of life occurred at York on the night of 16 March ( Shabbat HaGadol , the Shabbat before Passover ) and 17 March 1190. As crusaders prepared to leave on the Third Crusade , religious fervour resulted in several incidents of anti-Jewish violence. Josce of York , the leader of
2940-619: The "earliest and most elaborate" devotional artworks to do so, at Lincoln Cathedral and the Cloisters Cross , for example, or, more recently identified, the Hereford Mappa Mundi . Edward I is also identified as internationally significant, as the first monarch to attempt state-sponsored conversions, to permanently exclude Jews from his kingdom, and the first English monarch to use anti-Semitism as an instrument of state policy. The Expulsion and its surrounding events also led to
3038-423: The "long ponds", and were created as reserves of fresh water in case of emergency. In 1931 the parish had a population of 91. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished to form Kings Lynn. This Norfolk location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . King%27s Lynn King's Lynn , known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn , is a port and market town in
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3136-581: The 30-year observation period 1971–2000. The largest of the town's several public parks are the Walks , a historic 17-hectare urban park in the centre of King's Lynn. They are the only town walk in Norfolk to survive from the 18th century. The Heritage Lottery Fund donated £4.3 million towards restoring them and adding modern amenities. They also include the Red Mount, a Grade II -listed 15th-century chapel . In 1998,
3234-557: The Church was followed by similar opposition on the part of the English boroughs. Petitions were accordingly sent to the king in many instances to remove his Jews from the boroughs, and they were expelled from Bury St. Edmunds in 1190, Newcastle in 1234, Wycombe in 1235, Southampton in 1236, Berkhamsted in 1242, Newbury in 1244. Simon de Montfort issued an edict to expel the Jewish population from Leicester in 1231, "in my time or in
3332-495: The Church, crown or aristocracy. Plenty of evidence for peaceful coexistence of the different religious populations exists from the thirteenth century, such as mentions of gentile attendance at Jewish weddings. Ultimately, as Jewish people were dependent on the Crown for their presence and protection as non-Christians, the attitude and response of the English crown was decisive for their safety or lack of it. The experience of English Jewry
3430-519: The Confessor". However, during Henry's reign (1100–1135) a royal charter was granted to Joseph, the chief rabbi of London , and all his followers. Under this charter, Jews were permitted to move about the country without paying tolls , to buy and sell goods and property, to sell their pledges after holding them a year and a day , to be tried by their peers , and to be sworn on the Torah rather than on
3528-546: The Guild of The Holy Trinity. It had been incorporated in 1453 under a petition of its alderman, chaplain, four brethren and four sisters, who were licensed to found a chantry of chaplains for the altar of Holy Trinity in Wisbech . Lands were granted in mortmain . Lynn acquired a mayor and corporation in 1524. In 1537 the king took over the town from the bishop. In the same century the town's two annual fairs were reduced to one. In 1534
3626-489: The Jewish chroniclers, prevented by King Stephen. With the restoration of order under Henry II , Jews renewed their activity. Within five years of his accession, Jews are found at London , Oxford , Cambridge , Norwich , Thetford , Bungay , Canterbury , Winchester , Newport , Stafford , Windsor , and Reading . However, they were not permitted to bury their dead elsewhere than in London until 1177. Their spread throughout
3724-439: The Jewish community to the royal treasury had become considerably lessened during the 13th century through two circumstances: the king's income from other sources had continually increased, and the contributions of the Jews had decreased both absolutely and relatively. Besides this, the king had found other sources from which to obtain loans. Italian merchants, "pope's usurers" as they were called, supplied him with money, at times on
3822-468: The Jewish community, they were an important element on his side in the triangular struggle between king, barons, and municipalities which makes up the constitutional history of England during his reign and that of his son. Even in the Magna Carta , clauses were inserted preventing the king or his Jewish subjects from obtaining interest during the minority of an heir. With the accession of Henry III (1216)
3920-538: The Jews , as the English legal system admitted the validity of Jewish law in its proper sphere as much as it did that of the canon law . Six presbyters are known in the 13th century: Jacob of London , reappointed 1200; Josce of London , 1207; Aaron of York , 1237; Elyas of London , 1243; Hagin fil Cresse , 1257; and Cresse fil Mosse . As early as 1198 Pope Innocent III had written to all Christian princes, including Richard of England , calling upon them to compel
4018-466: The Jews from his town of Leicester, when at the height of his power after the battle of Lewes cancelled the debts and interest owed to Jews of around 60 men, including those held by his baronial supporters. Montfort had been accused of sharing the plunder but issued edicts for their protection after the battle. Nevertheless, his closest allies including two of his sons had led the violence and killing, so it seems implausible to regard him as ignorant of
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4116-523: The Jews in York, asked the warden of York Castle to receive them with their wives and children, and they were accepted into Clifford's Tower. However, the tower was besieged by the mob of crusaders, demanding that the Jews convert to Christianity and be baptized . Trapped in the castle, the Jews were advised by their religious leader, Rabbi Yomtov of Joigny , to kill themselves rather than convert; Josce began by slaying his wife Anna and his two children, and then
4214-466: The Jews with the aid of his courts. At this point in time Jews had many of the same rights as gentile citizens. However, their loans could be recovered at law, whereas the Christian money lender could not recover more than his original loan. They were in direct relation to the king and his courts; but this did not imply any arbitrary power of the king to tax them or to take their money without repayment, as
4312-535: The Vancouver Quarter) was refurbished in 2005 under the scheme, but was expected to last only 25 years, according to the construction firm, even with a planned extension. An award-winning £6 million multi-storey car park was built. To the south of the town, residential housing appeared on a large area of brownfield land . Plans for another housing estate alongside the River Nar were opposed locally and halted by
4410-437: The Walks were designated by English Heritage as a Grade II national historic park . The Walks as a whole had a different, earlier origin, conceived of not as a municipal park, as one understands the term today, but as a promenade for citizens, away from the smell, grime and bustle of the town centre. Harding's Pits form another public park, to the south of the town. This informal area of open space with large public sculptures
4508-505: The Wash . Development began in the early 10th century, but the place was not recorded until the early 11th century. Until the early 13th century, the Great Ouse emptied via the Wellstream at Wisbech . After its redirection, Lynn and its port gained significance and prosperity. In 1101, Bishop Herbert de Losinga of Thetford began to build the first medieval town between the rivers Purfleet to
4606-450: The borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk , England. It is 36 miles (58 km) north-east of Peterborough , 44 miles (71 km) north-north-east of Cambridge and 44 miles (71 km) west of Norwich . The etymology of King's Lynn is uncertain. The name Lynn may signify a body of water near the town – the Welsh word llyn means a lake; but the name
4704-491: The borough's badge, but here it is surrounded by a garland of oak leaves as a reference to the rural nature of much of the district. Oak leaves also appear in the coronet in the crest of the former Downham Market Urban District Council. King's Lynn is twinned with: King's Lynn is the northernmost settlement on the River Great Ouse , lying 97 miles (156 km) north of London and 44 miles (71 km) west of Norwich . The town lies about 5 miles (8 km) south of
4802-419: The chief representatives of the Jews and sent them to Normandy , while tallaging the rest 5,000 marks ). When, however, he asked the rest of the country to pay a tithe for the crusade against Saladin in 1186, he demanded a quarter of the Jewish chattels . The tithe was reckoned at £70,000, the quarter at £60,000. It is improbable, however, that the whole amount was paid at once, as for many years after
4900-563: The coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 0 to 1 °C (32.0 to 33.8 °F). July and August are the warmest, with mean daily maximum temperatures of some 21 °C (70 °F). There are two Met Office weather stations close to King's Lynn: Terrington St Clement, about 4 miles (6 km) to the west and RAF Marham, about 10 miles (16 km) to the south-east. The absolute maximum temperature at Terrington stands at 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) recorded in August 2003, though in
4998-469: The construction of synagogues and reinforce the wearing of Jewish badges (rather than accepting fines). A prohibition on Christian servants working for Jews was to reduce the 'risk' of sexual contact, also prohibited. It remains unclear to what extent this statute was actually implemented by Henry. The laws themselves were following the Catholic church's existing pronouncements. In the later 1250s, as Henry
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#17330927996645096-440: The country enabled the king to draw upon them as occasion demanded; he repaid them by demand notes on the sheriffs of the counties, who accounted for payments thus made in the half-yearly accounts on the pipe rolls (see Aaron of Lincoln ). Strongbow 's conquest of Ireland (1170) was financed by Josce, a Jewish man from Gloucester ; and the king accordingly fined Josce for having lent money to those under his displeasure. As
5194-586: The economic situation. There is also a business park, parkland, a school, shops and a new relief road in a £300 million-plus scheme. In 2006, King's Lynn became the United Kingdom's first member of The Hanse ( Die Hanse ), a network of towns across Europe that belonged historically to the Hanseatic League . The league was an influential medieval trading association of merchant towns around the Baltic Sea and
5292-454: The exactions he could impose upon them, though it was obviously against his own interest to deprive them entirely of capital, without which they could not gain for him interest. The great financial pressure Henry placed on the Jews caused them to force repayment of loans to the sale of bonds, fueling anti-Jewish resentment. Taxation of 20,000 marks in 1241, £40,000 in 1244, £50,000 twice in 1250, meant that taxation in 1240–1255 amounted to triple
5390-954: The first statewide, permanent expulsion in Christian Europe and for its impact on European anti-Semitism which ultimately led to the Shoah . There is no record of Jews in England before the Norman Conquest in 1066. The few references to Jews in the Anglo-Saxon laws of the Roman Catholic Church relate to Jewish practices about Easter . Soon after William I 's Conquest, Jewish merchants, probably from Rouen , in Normandy , began to settle in England. However, Jews were not permitted to own land or to participate in trades (except for medicine ). They were limited primarily to money lending . As Catholic doctrine held that money lending for interest
5488-406: The formation of a strong strain of anti-Semitism within English identity that outlasted the period, including the idea that England was unique precisely because it did not include Jews. Nevertheless, treatment of Jewish aspects of English medieval history in mainstream texts is often held to be under-represented, despite the continuing significance of events such as the expulsion of the Jews, as
5586-541: The gull is an extension of the two in the shield, and the cross in the coat of arms of Freebridge Lynn Rural District . The supporters are based on the crest of the Hunstanton Urban District Council. The lion is a variation of the lions, or leopards, in the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom and its fish tail suggests the borough's links with the sea. The fish–lion is also the central feature in
5684-501: The house of a Jewish man in Oxford (some accounts say with the owner in it) because he refused to pay a contribution to the king's expenses. It was also during this time that the first recorded blood libel against Jews was brought in the case of William of Norwich (March, 1144). While the crusaders in Germany were attacking Jews, outbursts against the latter in England were, according to
5782-443: The imposition of the tallage arrears were demanded from the Jews. The king had probably been led to make this large demand upon English Jewry by the surprising windfall which came to his treasury at the death of Aaron of Lincoln . In this period, Aaron of Lincoln is believed to have been, probably, the wealthiest man in 12th-century Britain, in liquid assets. All property obtained by usury , whether Jewish or Christian, fell into
5880-407: The interest of Herbert de Losinga and other prominent Normans in the modest parish. The town was named Len Episcopi (Bishop's Lynn) while under the temporal and spiritual jurisdiction of the Bishop of Norwich , but in the reign of Henry VIII it was surrendered to the crown and took the name Lenne Regis or King's Lynn. The Domesday Book records it as Lun and Lenn , and ascribes it to
5978-506: The king's hands on Aaron's death; his estate included £15,000 of debts owed by some 430 debtors scattered around the English counties. In order to track down and collect these debts a special section of the Royal Exchequer was constituted, which was known as the "Aaron's Exchequer". The cash treasure of the Aaron's estate, that came into the king's hands, however, was lost on a shipwreck during
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#17330927996646076-406: The landmark Campbell's Tower was demolished – competition winner Sarah Griffiths pulled the switch. Her father, Mick Locke, had died in 1995 aged 52 after being scalded by steam at the factory. It was Campbell's first UK factory when it opened in the 1950s. At its peak in the early 1990s it employed over 700. A fire station was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in February 2015. King's Lynn became
6174-493: The landowning classes fear that debts to Jews would lead to them being deprived of their lands, which were used to secure loans. Excessive taxation of Jews, forcing them to collect no matter what the circumstances, was one factor in this. The other was the King's support for courtiers and relatives who bought Jewish loans in order to dispossess defaulters of their landholdings. These were the fears that de Montfort and his supporters played on to bring support to their rebellion. With
6272-426: The late 1250s in large part due to their deteriorating economic conditions. Many anti-Jewish stories involving tales of child sacrifice circulated in the 1230s–1250s, including the account of "Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln" in 1255. The event is considered particularly important, as the first such accusation endorsed by the Crown. In August 1255, a number of the chief Jews who had assembled at Lincoln to celebrate
6370-418: The late 17th century shipbuilding and glass-making had also developed. In the early 18th century, Daniel Defoe called the town "beautiful, well built and well situated". Shipbuilding thrived, as did associated trades such as sail-making and rope-making. Glass-making prospered; brewing was another important industry. The Norwich company of comedians had been visiting since the 1750s, in 1766 a permanent theatre
6468-528: The marriage of a daughter of Berechiah de Nicole were seized on a charge of having murdered a boy named Hugh . Henry intervened to order the execution of Copin, who had confessed to the murder in return for his life, and removed 91 Jews to the Tower of London. 18 were executed, and their property expropriated by the Crown. The king had mortgaged the Jewish community to his brother Richard of Cornwall in February 1255, for 5,000 marks, and had lost all rights over it for
6566-418: The nation, fostered by the crusades. Richard I had taken the cross before his coronation (3 September 1189). A number of the principal Jews of England presented themselves to do homage at Westminster ; but there was a long-standing custom against Jews (and women) being admitted to the coronation ceremony, and they were expelled during the banquet which followed the coronation, whereupon they were attacked by
6664-504: The national average. The borough ranked 150th out of 354 for social deprivation. In 2009, a proposal was made for the Campbell's Meadow factory site to be redeveloped as a 5-hectare (12-acre) employment and business park. In June 2011 Tesco gained a permit for a superstore. On 8 June 2010, it unveiled regeneration plans that would cost £32 million and were billed to bring 900 new jobs. Tesco pledged £4 million of improvements in other areas of
6762-399: The north and Mill Fleet to the south. He commissioned St Margaret's Church and authorised a market to be held on Saturday. Trade built up along the waterways that stretched inland; the town expanded between the two rivers. Lynn's 12th-century Jewish community was exterminated in the widespread massacres of 1189 . During the 14th century, Lynn ranked as England's most important port. It
6860-539: The offenders, owing to their large numbers and to the considerable social standing of several of them. After his departure on the crusade, riots with loss of life occurred at Lynn , where some Jews attempted to attack a baptised coreligionist who had taken refuge in a church. The Christian population burned down the Jews' houses and murdered them. So, too, at Stamford Fair, on 7 March 1190, many were slain, and on 18 March, 57 were slaughtered at Bury St Edmunds . The Jews of Lincoln saved themselves only by taking refuge in
6958-491: The outbreak of the Barons' war violent measures were adopted to remove all traces of indebtedness either to the king or to the higher barons. The Jewries of London, Canterbury , Northampton , Winchester , Cambridge , Worcester , and Lincoln were looted (1263–1265), and the archæ (official chests of records) either destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of the barons at Ely . Simon de Montfort , who in 1231 had expelled
7056-555: The position of the Jews became somewhat easier, but only for a short time. Innocent III had in the preceding year caused the Fourth Council of the Lateran to pass the law enforcing the Badge upon the Jews; and in 1218 Stephen Langton , Archbishop of Canterbury , brought it into operation in England, the badge taking the form of an oblong white patch of two finger-lengths by four. The action of
7154-461: The proposed store. Mortson Assets' and Sainsbury's plan included a link road between Scania Way and Queen Elizabeth Way to improve access and allow the industrial estate to attract new employers, while Sainsbury's maintains its store in the town centre. It has pledged £1.75 million for highways improvements and a further £7 million to invest in the Pinguin Foods factory. At 8 am on 15 January 2012,
7252-489: The remission of all usury demanded by Jews from Christians. This would render the Jewish community's very existence impossible. On 15 July 1205, the pope laid down the principle that Jews were doomed to perpetual servitude because they had crucified Jesus . In England the secular power soon followed the initiative of the Church. John , having become indebted to the Jewish community while in Ireland , at first treated Jews with
7350-599: The risk. In the English Civil War , King's Lynn supported Parliament, but in August 1643 it was in Royalist hands. It changed sides again after Parliament sent an army and the town was besieged for three weeks. Valentine Walton brother-in-law of Oliver Cromwell was appointed governor. A heart carved on the wall of the Tuesday Market Place supposedly marks the burning of an alleged witch, Margaret Read, in 1590. It
7448-456: The security of the Jewry. By the contraction of the area in which Jews were permitted to exercise their money-lending activity their means of profit were lessened, while the king by his continuous exactions prevented the automatic growth of interest. By the middle of the 13th century the Jews of England, like those of the Continent, had become chattels of the king. There appeared to be no limit to
7546-410: The seven parts symbolising the seven amalgamated authorities. The gull on the crest is a maritime reference. It has appeared as a supporter in some representations, but officially stands on a bollard to make it distinctive. It supports a crown or coronet like a King's Lynn supporter and a lion from the crest of Downham Market. The coronet refers to the Borough's royal connections. The cross held by
7644-401: The taxation raised in 1221–1239. Bonds were seized for a fraction of their value when cash payments could not be met, resulting in land wealth being transferred to courtiers. Jewish bonds were purchased and used by richer Barons and members of Henry III's royal circle as a means to acquire lands of lesser landholders, through payment defaults. Licoricia of Winchester is an example of a Jew who
7742-903: The time of any of my heirs to the end of the world". He justified his action as being "for the good of my soul, and for the souls of my ancestors and successors". The Jews appear to have found refuge in the suburbs outside his control. The Papacy continued to develop its theological commitment to restrictions on Judaism and Jews. In England, a number of Benedictine priories showed particular hostility to Jews, or sought to capitalize on it. The fictional stories of Jewish ritual murder, for instance, emerged from Benedictine priories, apparently attempting to set competing local cults. In Worcester , Bishop William de Blois pushed for tighter restrictions on Jews, writing to Pope Gregory IX for assistance in enforcing segregation between Jews and Christians, including wearing of badges and prohibitions on Christians working for Jews especially within their homes. The value of
7840-675: The time was Sir Robert Walpole , generally regarded as the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . The town's decline from the late 17th century was reversed by the arrival of the railways in 1847, mainly by the Great Eastern Railway , later the London and North Eastern Railway , running to Hunstanton , Dereham and Cambridge . The town was also served by the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (M&GN), with offices at Austin Street and
7938-400: The town centre. A small section known as West Lynn lies on the west bank, linked to the town centre by one of the oldest ferries in the country. Other districts of King's Lynn include the town centre, North Lynn , South Lynn , and Gaywood . King's Lynn has a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb). The annual mean daytime temperature is around 14 °C (57 °F ). January is
8036-449: The town's main export was grain. Lynn was no longer a major international port, but iron and timber were imported. King's Lynn suffered from the discovery of the Americas , which benefited ports on the west coast of England. It was also affected by the growth of London. In the late 17th century, imports of wine from Spain, Portugal and France boomed, and there was still much coastal trade. It
8134-508: The town. It retains two former Hanseatic League warehouses: Hanse House of 1475 and Marriott's Warehouse, in use between the 15th and 17th centuries. These are the only remaining buildings of the Hanseatic League in England. The town was designated a Royal Port by King John . In the first decade of the 16th century, Thoresby College was built in Lynn by Thomas Thoresby to house priests of
8232-595: The town. While it planned to spend £1.6 million widening Hardwick Road, the Sainsbury's bid was preferred by the Council as offering the town more benefits. Sainsbury's £40 million plans for a superstore opposite Tesco on the Pinguin Foods site yielded an estimated 300 jobs. This was the key to securing the future of Pinguin Foods in King's Lynn. Pinguin Foods released 12 acres (5 ha) of its 44-acre (18 ha) site to accommodate
8330-405: The transactions of the Jews, without which such transactions would not be legal. Every debt was to be entered upon a chirograph , one part of which was to be kept by the Jewish creditor, and the other preserved in a chest to which only special officials should have access. By this means the king could at any time ascertain the property of any Jew in the land; and no destruction of the bond held by
8428-462: Was cheaper to transport goods by water than by road at the time. Large amounts of coal arrived from the north-east of England. The Fens began to be drained in the mid–17th century and the land turned to farming, allowing vast amounts of produce to be sent to London's growing market. Meanwhile, King's Lynn was still a major fishing port. Greenland Fishery House in Bridge Street was built in 1605. By
8526-454: Was classed as an overflow town for London. The population grew and estates were built at Woottons and Gaywood . The town centre was redeveloped in the 1960s and many earlier buildings knocked down. Lynnsport, a sports centre, opened in 1982. The Corn Exchange in Tuesday Market Place became a theatre in 1996. Since 2004, work has been under way to regenerate the town under a multi-million-pound scheme. The 1960s Vancouver Shopping Centre (now
8624-453: Was created. A new playhouse was built in 1805. The first bank in King's Lynn opened in 1784. A fearsome example of penal brutality occurred on 28 September 1708, when a seven-year-old boy, Michael Hammond, and his 11-year-old sister Ann were convicted of stealing a loaf of bread and sentenced to hanging . Their public executions took place near the South Gates . The Member of Parliament at
8722-521: Was forced to contribute 5,000 marks toward the king's ransom, more than three times as much as the contribution of the City of London. On his return, Richard determined to organise the Jewish community in order to ensure that he should no longer be defrauded of his just dues as universal legatee of the Jewry by any such outbreaks as those that occurred after his coronation. Richard accordingly decided, in 1194, that records should be kept by royal officials of all
8820-588: Was forced to contribute £2,500, towards the construction of the Edward the Confessor shrine in Westminster Abbey , in addition to 5,000 marks taken from the estate of her husband David of Oxford on his death in 1244. Henry had built the Domus Conversorum in London in 1232 to help convert Jews to Christianity, and efforts intensified after 1239. As many as 10 percent of the Jews in England had been converted by
8918-524: Was killed by Yomtov. The father of each family killed his wife and children, before Yomtov and Josce set fire to the wooden keep, killing themselves. The handful of Jews who did not kill themselves died in the fire, or were murdered by rioters. Around 150 people are thought to have been killed in the incident. During Richard's absence in the Holy Land and during his captivity, the Jews of England were harassed by William de Longchamp . The Jewish community
9016-515: Was laid out to reflect the town's history. Harding's Pits are managed by local volunteers under a management firm, which successfully fought off a Borough Council attempts to turn them into an attenuation drain. In 2007, King's Lynn had a population of 42,800. At Norfolk's 2007 census, King's Lynn, together with West Norfolk, had a population of 143,500, with an average population density of 1.0 persons per hectare. For figures after 2011 see King's Lynn and West Norfolk . King's Lynn has always been
9114-485: Was not fully in control over government, the Barons asked for limits on the resale of Jewish bonds. Jewish loans became a motivating factor in the following war. Henry's policies up to 1258 of excessive Jewish taxation, anti-Jewish legislation and propaganda had caused a very important and negative change. While the level of debts to Jewish moneylenders was in fact lower in the 1260s than the 1230s, Henry III's policies had made
9212-441: Was notable for the even-handed presentation of both the Christian and Jewish points of view, and for the congenial tone of the exchange. At first, the status of Jews was not strictly determined. An attempt was made to introduce the continental principle that all Jews were the king's property and a clause to that effect was inserted under King Henry I in some manuscripts of the so-called Leges Edwardi Confessoris "Laws of Edward
9310-521: Was particularly significant, both in terms of its political, economic, religious and social importance to England as a whole, and in terms of the development of anti-Semitism; many false accusations and associations were developed in England in this period, and prejudices were more deeply felt, than in other parts of Europe. Most notorious is the accusation of ritual child murder , but also included an association of Jewry with international conspiracy and magic. Anti-Jewish prejudices were expressed in some of
9408-463: Was placed a chief rabbi , known as "the presbyter of all the Jews of England"; he appears to have been selected by the Jews themselves, who were granted a congé d'élire by the king. The latter claimed, however, the right of confirmation, as in the case of bishops. The Jewish presbyter was indeed in a measure a royal official, holding the position of adviser, as regards Jewish law , to the Exchequer of
9506-578: Was seen to be as vital to England in the Middle Ages as Liverpool was during the Industrial Revolution . Sea trade with Europe was dominated by the Hanseatic League of ports; the transatlantic trade and the rise of England's western ports began only in the 17th century. The Trinity Guildhall was rebuilt in 1421 after a fire. Walls entered by the South Gate and East Gate were erected to protect
9604-563: Was the sin of usury , Jews dominated this activity. The earliest immigrants spoke Judeo-French founded on the Norman language . Around 1092, Gilbert Crispin , the Abbot of Westminster , issued a disputation about his exchange with an erudite Jew, whom he knew as a friend and business colleague, entitled "Disputation of a Jew with a Christian about the Christian Bible." Crispin wrote: Now on
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