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80-678: The Juche calendar , named after the Juche ideology, is the system of year-numbering used in North Korea . It begins with the birth of Kim Il Sung , the founder of North Korea. His birth year, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar , is " Juche 1" in the Juche calendar. The calendar was adopted in 1997, three years after the death of Kim Il Sung . The calendar borrows elements from two historical calendars used in Korea ,

160-429: A classless society and egalitarianism . A few critics have dismissed the idea that Juche is an ideology altogether. Myers argues that Juche cannot be described as a true political ideology because it does not have an underlying belief system , while Alzo David-West calls it "meaningless on logical and naturalistic grounds". American political analyst Robert E. Kelly argues that Juche exists solely to protect

240-659: A "sacred leader" in Juche as well as the cult around the Kim family has been compared to the State Shinto ideology of Imperial Japan , in which the Emperor was seen as a divine being . Through the fundamental belief in the essential role of the Great Leader, Kim Il Sung has become the "supreme deity for the people" and the Juche doctrine is reinforced in North Korea's constitution as

320-464: A Great Leader is essential for the popular masses to succeed in their revolutionary movement because without leadership they cannot survive. This is the foundation of Kim Il Sung's cult of personality . The personality cult explains how the Juche ideology has endured, even during the North Korean government's undeniable dependence on foreign assistance during its famine in the 1990s. The concept of

400-634: A base in heavy industry, with the aim to become as self-sufficient as possible. As a result, it developed what has been called the "most autarkic industrial economy in the world". North Korea received economic aid and technical assistance from the Soviet Union and China, but it did not join Comecon , the communist common market. In the 1990s, it had one of the world's lowest rates for dependence on petroleum , using hydroelectric power and coal instead of imported oil. Its textile industry uses vinylon , known as

480-567: A distinct ideology in the 1970s. Kim Jong Il further developed Juche in the 1980s and 1990s by making ideological breaks from Marxism–Leninism and increasing the importance of his father's ideas. Juche incorporates the historical materialist ideas of Marxism–Leninism but also strongly emphasizes the individual , the nation state , and national sovereignty . Juche posits that a country will prosper once it has become self-reliant by achieving political, economic, and military independence. As Kim Jong Il emerged as Kim Il Sung's likely successor in

560-563: A framework for resisting colonialism and economic dependency ,asserting that every state has the right to self-determination . Yielding to foreign pressure or intervention would violate the principle of political independence and threaten a country's ability to defend its sovereignty. This is in contrast to sadaejuui ( 사대주의 ), which advocates reliance on a great power . However, Juche does not advocate total isolation and encourages cooperation between socialist states. As Kim Jong Il writes in On

640-519: A guiding principle of North Korea's diplomatic strategy. As countries in the Eastern Bloc collapsed and introduced market reforms, North Korea increasingly emphasized Juche in both theory and practice. Even amid economic and political crises, North Korea continues to emphasize its independence on the world stage. After the devastation of the Korean War, North Korea began to rebuild its economy with

720-455: A move from socialism to nationalism . This was evident in a speech presented by Kim Jong Il in 1982, during celebrations of his father's 70th birthday , in which he stated that love for the nation came before love for socialism. This particularism gave birth to such concepts as "A Theory of the Korean Nation as Number One" ( 조선민족제일주의 ) and "Socialism of Our Style" ( 우리식사회주의 ). Following

800-549: A profound explanation of the theories, strategies and tactics of national liberation, class emancipation and human liberations in our era. Thus, it can be said that the revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a perfect revolutionary theory of Communism in the era of Juche . According to analyst Shin Gi-wook, the ideas of Juche and Kimilsungism are in essence the "expressions of North Korean particularism over supposedly more universalistic Marxism–Leninism". The new terminology signalled

880-657: A purge of pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese elements from the WPK. North Korea rejected the de-Stalinization efforts of Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev but avoided taking sides during the Sino-Soviet split . North Korea was admitted to the Non-Aligned Movement in 1975 and has since presented itself as a leader of the Third World , promoting Juche as a model for developing countries to follow. National survival has been seen as

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960-567: A single socio-political organism. The consolidation of blood relations between the leader, the Party and the masses is guaranteed by the single ideology and united leadership. Critics have called Juche a nationalist ideology and a departure from Marxist–Leninist principles. American Koreanist Brian Reynolds Myers argues that Juche has more in common with Japanese fascism and ultranationalism than Marxism–Leninism. Korean political scientist Suh Dae-sook argues that Kim Il Sung did not explain

1040-573: Is shutai . The word was coined in 1887 to translate the concept of Subjekt in German philosophy ( subject , meaning "the entity perceiving or acting upon an object or environment") into Japanese. The word migrated to the Korean language at around the turn of the century and retained this meaning. Shutai went on to appear in Japanese translations of Karl Marx 's writings. North Korean editions of Marx used

1120-616: Is a Socialism of Our Style as Embodied by the Juche Idea" ( 우리 나라 사회주의는 주체 사상을 구현한 우리식 사회주의이다 ). Speaking after the Revolutions of 1989 that brought down the Eastern Bloc countries, Kim Jong Il explicitly stated that North Korea needed – and survived because of – Socialism of Our Style. He argued that socialism in Eastern Europe failed because they "imitated

1200-450: Is a revolutionary theory which occupies the highest stage of development of the revolutionary ideology of the working class", Kim Jong Il said, further stating that the originality and superiority of the Juche idea defined and strengthened Korean socialism. He then conceded by stating that Socialism of Our Style was "a man-centered Socialism", explicitly making a break with basic Marxist–Leninist thought, which argues that material forces are

1280-408: Is law-governed, but that it is only man who drives progress, stating that "the popular masses are the drivers of history". The process for the masses to reach consciousness, independence, and creativity requires the "leadership of a great leader". Marxism–Leninism argues that the popular masses will lead (on the basis of their relation to production), but in North Korea the role of a correct leadership

1360-665: Is not the perfection of political independence alone. The evil forces craftily manipulate the economic levers in order to perpetuate their supremacy and reduce us to vassals and eternal mendicants. The North Korean government established the International Institute of the Juche Idea (initially the International Juche Research Centre) in Tokyo in 1978 to supervise international Juche study groups' activities. Tribute plaques from these groups are contained in

1440-646: Is officially known as Juche sasang ( 주체사상 ) in Korean and the Juche idea in English. Juche sasang literally means " subject idea" and has also been translated as Juche thought or Jucheism. Adherents of Juche are sometimes referred to as "Jucheists". Official statements by the North Korean government attribute the origin of Juche to Kim Il Sung's experiences in the Down-with-Imperialism Union during Korea's liberation struggle against Japan. However,

1520-719: Is one of the largest on earth and has developed its own nuclear missiles. It produces UDMH fuel for liquid-fueled missiles and Tumansky RD-9 Turbojet engines, which power the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 and Shenyang J-6 . CNC machines produce missiles and centrifuges. North Korea's propaganda since the Korean War has contrasted its military autonomy with the presence of U.S. forces in the South. Kim Il Sung believed that Juche 's principles could be applied worldwide. North Korea has organized international seminars on Juche since 1976. The International Scientific Seminar on

1600-441: Is required to organize a unified and effective group. South Korean political scientist Lee Kyo-duk argues that Suryong helped Kim Il Sung establish a unitary system over North Korea. The theory says the leader has a decisive role as an absolute supreme leader. The leader is like the brain of the working class, who is the driving force of revolution. The leader is also a flawless human being who never commits mistakes, who guides

1680-691: Is the Arirang Festival , a gymnastic and artistic festival held in the Rungrado 1st of May Stadium in Pyongyang. All components of the festival, from the selection of performers, mobilization of resources, recruitment of the audience, and publicity for the show have been compared to facets of a national religious event. Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System The Principles were originally proposed in 1967 by Kim Yong-ju ,

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1760-584: Is to establish a self-reliant state that independently determines its political, economic, and military affairs. Kim Il Sung summarized the application of this objective to North Korea in a 1967 speech to the Supreme People's Assembly titled "Let Us Embody the Revolutionary Spirit of Independence, Self-sustenance and Self-defence More Thoroughly in All Fields of State Activity": First, the government of

1840-455: The Juche idea , is a component of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, the state ideology of North Korea and the official ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea . North Korean sources attribute its conceptualization to Kim Il Sung , the country's founder and first leader. Juche was originally regarded as a variant of Marxism–Leninism until Kim Jong Il , Kim Il Sung's son and successor, declared it

1920-588: The Constitution of North Korea and edicts by the Workers' Party of Korea , and in practice, serve as the supreme law of the country. In North Korea, the Ten Principles must be memorized by every citizen, and they ensure absolute loyalty and obedience to Kim Il Sung , Kim Jong Il , and Kim Jong Un . An anonymous source told Radio Free Asia that the Principles are integral to the political and daily lives of

2000-573: The Juche Idea took place in Antananarivo , Madagascar , from 28 to 30 September 1976 under the sponsorship of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar . Many prominent party and government officials, public figures, representatives of revolutionary and progressive organizations, scientists and journalists from more than 50 countries attended. Malagasy President Didier Ratsiraka expressed strong sympathy and support for North Korea. An excerpt from

2080-838: The Juche Tower in Pyongyang . In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Black Panther Party of the United States studied Juche . In 2016, the Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party declared Juche its guiding idea. A number of far-right groups have also adopted Juche . The Order of Nine Angles -affiliated Rural People's Party adheres to Juche and reportedly has connections with North Korean officials. The Atomwaffen Division also promotes Juche . Songun ( 선군정치 ; Sŏn'gun chŏngch'i ; lit.  military-first politics)

2160-418: The Kim family 's monopoly over political power in North Korea. However, Myers dismisses the idea that Juche is North Korea's leading ideology, regarding its public exaltation as designed to deceive foreigners. He argues that it exists to be praised and not actually read. Based on his experience living in North Korea, Swiss businessman Felix Abt calls Myers's arguments "shaky" and "questionable". Having seen

2240-675: The death of Kim Jong Il in December 2011, Kimilsungism became Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism ( 김일성-김정일주의 ) at the 4th Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea in April 2012. Party members at the conference also stated that the WPK was "the party of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il" and declared Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism "the only guiding idea of the party". Afterwards, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) stated that "the Korean people have long called

2320-413: The " Juche fiber", which was invented by a Korean and is made from locally available coal and limestone. The history of vinylon often features in propaganda that preaches the virtues of technological self-reliance. North Korea had 10,000 CNC machines in 2010. The first domestic homemade CNC machine was introduced in 1995, and in 2017 it had around 15,000 machines. Commentators have often pointed out

2400-563: The 1970s, loyalty to the leader was increasingly emphasized as an essential part of Juche , as expressed in the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System . Juche has been variously described by critics as a quasi-religion , a nationalist or fascistic ideology, and a deviation from Marxism–Leninism. Juche comes from the Sino-Japanese word 主體 ( modern spelling : 主体 ), whose Japanese reading

2480-534: The Juche Idea : "Independence is not in conflict with internationalism but is the basis of its strengthening". Kim Il Sung acknowledged that it was important for North Korea to learn from other socialist states, in particular the Soviet Union and China, but did not want to follow their examples dogmatically. He said the WPK must "resolutely repudiate the tendency to swallow things of others undigested or imitate them mechanically", attributing North Korea's early success to

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2560-454: The Korean communists and nationalists of the 1920s for their "elitist posture", saying they were "divorced from the masses". The North Korean government issued a decree on 8 July 1997, the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung , declaring the adoption of the Juche calendar . The Central People's Committee  [ ja ] promulgated regulations regarding its use in August, and

2640-487: The Korean people's blood, soul, and national traits, echoing earlier Korean nationalists such as Sin Chaeho , Yi Kwangsu, and Choe Namson . Shin believes that the key difference between Marxism–Leninism and Juche is that the latter places ideology above materialism; the vocabulary of family lineage and nationalism is retained and given primacy over class struggle , while social distinction and hierarchy are supported instead of

2720-463: The Originality of Kimilsungism", Kim Jong Il said that Kimilsungism comprises the " Juche idea and a far-reaching revolutionary theory and leadership method evolved from this idea". He further added that "Kimilsungism is an original idea that cannot be explained within the frameworks of Marxism–Leninism. The Juche idea, which constitutes the quintessence of Kimilsungism, is an idea newly discovered in

2800-451: The Soviet experience in a mechanical manner". According to Kim, they failed to understand that the Soviet experience was based on specific historical and social circumstances and could not be used by other countries aside from the Soviet Union itself. He added that "if experience is considered absolute and accepted dogmatically it is impossible to build Socialism properly, as the times change and

2880-755: The System to the public in a speech held at the Supreme People's Assembly on 16 December 1967, entitled " Let Us Embody the Revolutionary Spirit of Independence, Self-Sustenance, and Self-Defense More Thoroughly in All Branches of State Activity " ( Korean :  국가활동의 모든 부문에서 자주, 자립, 자위의 혁명정신을 더욱 철저히 구현하자 ; RR :  Gukgahwaldongui modeun bumuneseo jaju, jarip, jawiui hyeongmyeongjeongsineul deoung cheoljeohi guhyeonhaja ; MR :  Kukkahwaltongŭi modŭn pumunesŏ chaju, charip, chawiŭi hyŏngmyŏngjŏngshinŭl tŏung ch'ŏlchŏhi kuhyŏnhaja ). The Principles were rewritten for publication by Kim Jong Il , with

2960-441: The WPK's independence in policymaking. Military self-reliance ( 자위 ; jawi ) is also crucial for a state to maintain its political independence. To accomplish military self-reliance, states must develop a domestic defence industry to avoid dependence on foreign arms suppliers. Kim Jong Il argued that it was acceptable for socialist states to receive military aid from their allies but that such aid would be effective only if

3040-584: The WPK's leader since its inception. Andrei Lankov , a Russian scholar of Korean studies, argues that the first reference to Juche as an ideology was on 14 April 1965, when Kim Il Sung gave a speech in Indonesia titled "On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution" ( 조선민주주의인민공화국에서의사회주의건설과남조선혁명에대하여 ). Lankov posits that the 1955 speech "used

3120-669: The birth anniversary of Kim Il Sung as the Day of the Sun . The birth year of Kim Il Sung, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, became " Juche 1" in the Juche calendar. The calendar began to be implemented on 9 September 1997, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic . On that date, newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, public transport, and birth certificates began to use Juche years. The Gregorian calendar

3200-467: The calendar entered public usage on 9 September, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic . Gregorian calendar dates are used for years before 1912 while years after 1912 (the year of Kim Il Sung's birth ) are called " Juche years". The Gregorian year 2024, for example, is " Juche 113" as 2024 − 1911 = 113. When used, " Juche years" are often accompanied by the Gregorian equivalent, i.e. " Juche 113, 2024" or " Juche 113 (2024)". The goal of Juche

3280-488: The center of everything, and the leader is the center of the masses". Juche , North Korea maintains, is a "man-centered ideology" in which "man is the master of everything and decides everything". In contrast to Marxism–Leninism, in which a people's decisions are conditioned by their relations to the means of production , Juche argues that people's decisions take consideration of, but are independent from, external factors. Just like Marxism–Leninism, Juche believes history

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3360-404: The commemorations of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il to Confucian ancestor worship . Ju Jun-hui similarly contends that Korean shamanism influenced Juche , comparing the ecstatic state experienced in a shamanic ritual ( gut ) to the enthusiasm and fervor North Koreans display for their supreme leader. Armstrong accordingly calls Juche a quasi-religion . The ideology teaches that the role of

3440-694: The corresponding year in the Christian calendar in parentheses. In material pertaining to relations with foreign countries, "the Juche Era and the Christian Era may be used on the principles of independence, equality and reciprocity." The Juche calendar is a popular souvenir among tourists visiting North Korea. Juche Juche ( English: / ˈ dʒ uː tʃ eɪ / , JOO -chay ; Korean :  주체 ; MR :  Chuch'e ; Korean: [tɕutɕʰe] ), officially

3520-438: The country's guiding principle. The parallel relationship structure between Kim Il Sung and his people and religious founders or leaders and their followers has led many scholars to consider Juche a religious movement as much as a political ideology. However, those familiar with cults posit that Juche bypasses the tenets of religion completely and instead meets the criteria of a totalitarian cult. Juche 's emphasis on

3600-422: The difference between socialist patriotism , which he said he supported, and nationalism, which he said he opposed. Suh also criticized Kim Il Sung's initial conceptualization of Juche , saying that he had failed to explain how Marxism–Leninism had been applied to Korean conditions. American historian Derek R. Ford, by contrast, emphasizes the continuity between Marxism–Leninism and Juche , and credits Juche as

3680-430: The discrepancy between the principle of self-sufficiency and North Korea's dependence on foreign aid, especially during its economic crisis in the 1990s. The pursuit of economic autarky has been blamed for contributing to the crisis. On this view, attempts at self-sufficiency led to inefficiency and to the neglect of export opportunities in industries where there was a comparative advantage . The Korean People's Army

3760-454: The driving force of historical progress, not people. Socialism of Our Style was presented as an organic sociopolitical theory, using the language of Marxism–Leninism, saying: The political and ideological might of the motive force of revolution is nothing but the power of single-hearted unity between the leader, the Party, and the masses. In our socialist society, the leader, the Party, and the masses throw in their lot with one another, forming

3840-584: The establishment of a unified Arab state based on socialism and national self-reliance. South Korean political commentator Park Sang-seek argues that Syrian Ba'athism in particular has rhetorical similarities to Juche , but the latter has a stronger ideological basis. A number of scholars have compared facets of Juche to those of preexisting Korean religions . Jung Tae-il argues that certain elements of Christianity , Cheondoism , and Confucianism were appropriated by and incorporated into Juche . Korean cultural anthropologists Byung Ho Chung and Heonik Kwon liken

3920-485: The extent to which North Korean university students actually believe in Juche , Abt says it is "rather absurd" to call it "window-dressing" for foreigners. American historian Bruce Cumings and Professor of International Relations Christoph Hartmut Bluth similarly argue that Juche is not mere rhetoric, but rather an ideal of self-reliance that North Korea has attempted to implement. Juche has been compared to Ba'athism , an Arab nationalist ideology that advocates

4000-651: The first documented reference to Juche as an ideology dates to 1955, when Kim Il Sung delivered a speech titled " On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work ". The speech promoted a political purge similar to the Yan'an Rectification Movement in China. It became known as the " Juche speech" and is considered one of Kim Il Sung's most important works. Western scholars generally agree that Hwang Jang-yop , Kim Il Sung's top adviser on philosophy,

4080-462: The guiding principle that allowed North Korea to survive the collapse of the Eastern Bloc . American historian Charles K. Armstrong argues that North Korea may appear "Stalinist in form" but is "nationalist in content". Shin Gi-wook similarly argues that "there is no trace of Marxism–Leninism or the Stalinist notion of nationhood" in North Korea, and its government instead stresses the importance of

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4160-615: The help of Hwang Jang-yop , after Kim became Kim Il Sung's apparent successor in February 1974. The updated Principles were longer and further extended the personality cult surrounding Kim. The Principles attained an official status in the party in 1974. The Principles were amended for the first time in August 2013, and several new concepts such as Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, the Songun Revolution, and nuclear statehood have been enshrined therein. The Ten Principles have come to supersede

4240-519: The highest military body, was designated the supreme body of the state by a 1998 revision of the North Korean Constitution . The Songun era is considered to have begun with this revision. In late 2021, Kim Jong Un declared that the "military-first" politics of Songun would be replaced by "people-first politics" ( 인민대중제일주의 ) guided by himself. Suryong ( 수령형상창조 ; Suryŏng hyŏngsang ch'angjo ; lit.  creation of

4320-406: The history of mankind". Kim Jong Il went further, stating that Marxism–Leninism had become obsolete and must be replaced by Kimilsungism: The revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a revolutionary theory which has provided solutions to problems arising in the revolutionary practice in a new age different from the era that gave rise to Marxism–Leninism. On the basis of Juche idea, the leader gave

4400-418: The ideas of Kim Il Sung, while the Ten Principles serve as a guide for North Korean political and social life. Kim Jong Il argued that his father's ideas had evolved and they therefore deserved their own distinct name. North Korean state media had previously described Kim Il Sung's ideas as "contemporary Marxism–Leninism "; by calling them "Kimilsungism", Kim Jong Il sought to elevate the ideas of his father to

4480-419: The lead figure) is a revolutionary theory concerning the relationship between leadership and society. Unlike Marxism–Leninism, which considers developments in the material conditions of production and exchange as the driving force of historical progress (known as historical materialism ), Juche considers human beings in general the driving force in history. It is summarized as "the popular masses are placed in

4560-498: The masses in the ways of Juche thinking. Juche is inexorably linked with Kim Il Sung and "represents the guiding idea of the Korean revolution". Although Juche is rooted in Marxism–Leninism, it is not merely a creative application of the ideas of Marx and Lenin to Korean conditions. Rather, it is a "new phase of revolutionary theory" and represents "a new era in the development of human history". Kim Jong Il also criticized

4640-432: The masses. The popular masses are the driving force of history, but they require the guidance of the party leadership. Kimilsungism ( 김일성주의 ) and the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System were formally introduced by Kim Jong Il in 1974. Kim Jong Il reportedly did so to strengthen his position within the WPK, taking advantage of his father's political supremacy. Kimilsungism refers to

4720-505: The opening speech says: Regardless of the opposition forces, the determination of the people and their strength and conviction are not measured by territorial dimensions, possession of advanced technology, still less, opulence or riches. For those who wish to forget the lesson of history so easily and so quickly, Algeria , Vietnam , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Angola —and, closer to us, Zimbabwe , Namibia , and Azania —are excellent examples which make them deeply reflect on. What we want

4800-543: The people and are to be exercised through daily self-criticism sessions, in their work, school, etc., forming the foundation of the North Korean cult of personality . According to North Korean dictionaries, the Ten Principles are defined as follows: "The ideological system by which the whole party and people is firmly armed with the revolutionary ideology of the Suryong (Great Leader) and united solidly around him, carrying out

4880-487: The political and sacred role of the leader and the ensuing worship by the popular masses has been critiqued by various Western Marxists, who argue that the North Korean proletariat has been stripped of its honor, and call the cult of personality non-Marxist and undemocratic. The religious behavior of Juche can also be seen in the perspectives of the North Korean people through refugee interviews from former participants in North Korea's ritual occasions. One pertinent example

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4960-442: The principle of giving priority to the military and resolving the problems that may occur in the course of revolution and construction as well as establishing the military as the main body of the revolution in the course of achieving the total tasks of socialism". While the article often referred to "our Party", this was not a reference to the WPK but rather to the personal leadership of Kim Jong Il. The National Defence Commission ,

5040-441: The principles of Marxist–Leninist materialistic conception of history dogmatically, failing to advance revolution continually after the establishment of the socialist system. North Korea would not encounter such difficulties because of the conceiving of Juche . In his words, North Korea was "a backward, colonial semifeudal society" when the communists took over, but since the North Korean communists did not accept Marxism , which

5120-399: The republic will implement with all consistency the line of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-defence to consolidate the political independence of the country, build up more solidly the foundations of an independent national economy capable of insuring the complete unification, independence, and prosperity of our nation and increasing the country's defence capabilities, so as to safeguard

5200-405: The revolutionary battle and construction battle under the sole leadership of the Suryong." The following version of the Principles was adopted by the party central committee in 1967 and announced in 1974. The Citizen's Alliance for North Korean Human Rights ( 북한인권시민연합 ; Bughan-Ingwonsimin-Yeonhab ) provides a more detailed version of the Principles. After Kim Jong Il's death in 2011,

5280-527: The revolutionary character of our Party and advance the revolution and construction in line with the ideas and intentions of the President [Kim Il Sung] and the General [Kim Jong Il]. "Socialism of Our Style" ( 우리식사회주의 ), also referred to as "Korean-style socialism" and "our-style socialism" within North Korea, is an ideological concept Kim Jong Il introduced on 27 December 1990 in the speech "Socialism of Our Country

5360-513: The revolutionary policies ideas of the President [Kim Il Sung] and Kim Jong Il as Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism and recognized it as the guiding of the nation". Kim Jong Un , the son of Kim Jong Il who succeeded him as leader of the WPK, said: Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism is an integral system of the idea, theory and method of Juche and a great revolutionary ideology representative of the Juche era. Guided by Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, we should conduct Party building and Party activities, so as to sustain

5440-443: The same level of prestige as Stalinism and Maoism . Not long after the introduction of "Kimilsungism" into the North Korean lexicon , Kim Jong Il began calling for a "Kimilsungist transformation" of North Korean society. Political analyst Lim Jae-cheon argues that there is no discernible difference between Kimilsungism and Juche , and that the two terms are interchangeable. However, in his 1976 speech "On Correctly Understanding

5520-460: The security of the fatherland reliably by our own force, by splendidly embodying our party's idea of Juche in all fields. Political independence ( 자주 ; jaju ) is a core principle of Juche . Juche stresses equality and mutual respect among nations, Juche's emphasis on self-reliance and national sovereignty has resonated beyond North Korea, influencing independence movements in countries such as Zimbabwe and Angola , where leaders saw it as

5600-421: The specific situation of each country is different from another". Kim Jong Il went on to criticize "dogmatic application" of Marxism–Leninism, stating: Marxism–Leninism presented a series of opinions on building of Socialism and Communism, but it confined itself to presupposition and hypothesis owing to the limitations of the conditions of their ages and practical experiences   ... But many countries applied

5680-480: The state was militarily strong in its own right. North Korea maintained close relations with the Soviet Union and China during the Cold War, having emerged from Soviet occupation and a war it fought alongside Chinese communists. However, North Korea also opposed what it viewed as Soviet and Chinese attempts to interfere in its postwar affairs. For example, a failed challenge to Kim Il Sung's leadership in 1956 led to

5760-419: The traditional system of Korean era names and the Gregorian calendar in which years are tied to the traditional birth of Jesus . In contrast to these two, the Juche calendar begins with the birth of the founder of the Democratic People's Republic, Kim Il Sung . The decree on the Juche calendar was adopted on 8 July 1997, on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. The same decree also designated

5840-441: The word Juche even before the word was attributed to Kim Il Sung in its supposedly novel meaning in 1955. In contemporary political discourse on North Korea, Juche has a connotation of "self-reliance", "autonomy", and "independence". It is often defined in opposition to the Korean concept of Sadae , or reliance on the great powers. South Koreans use the word without reference to the North Korean ideology. The ideology

5920-414: The word in a different meaning" and that Juche was adopted as the "basic ideological principle of North Korean politics" only after the 1965 speech. On the Juche Idea , the principal work on Juche , was published under Kim Jong Il 's name in 1982. In North Korea it serves as "the authoritative and comprehensive explanation of Juche ". According to the treatise, the WPK is responsible for educating

6000-596: The younger brother of North Korean leader Kim Il Sung , following the Kapsan faction incident that had unsuccessfully sought to challenge Kim Il Sung's authority and Kim Yong-ju's position as the heir apparent of that time. As such, the Monolithic Ideological System emerged in the context of internal policy debates within the Workers' Party of Korea and the external challenges posed by the Sino-Soviet split and Chinese Cultural Revolution . Kim Il Sung announced

6080-507: Was based on European experiences with capitalism , or Leninism , which was based on Russia's experience, they conceived of Juche . He believed that the situation in North Korea was more complex because of the American presence in nearby South Korea. Thanks to Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il argued, the revolution had "put forward original lines and policies suited to our people's aspirations and the specific situation of our country". "The Juche idea

6160-598: Was first mentioned on 7 April 1997 in Rodong Sinmun under the headline "There Is a Victory for Socialism in the Guns and Bombs of the People's Army" ( 인민군대의 총창우에 사회주의의 승리가 있다 ). Its description in the article echoed the military-centered thinking of the time: "[ Songun is] the revolutionary philosophy to safeguard our own style of socialism under any circumstances". The concept was credited to Kim Jong Il, who posited that Songun

6240-458: Was responsible for the conceptualization and early development of Juche . Hwang rediscovered the Juche speech sometime in the late 1950s, when Kim Il Sung, having established a cult of personality , sought to develop his own version of Marxism–Leninism and solidify his position in the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). Hwang expanded upon the meaning of Juche and rewrote Korean communist history to make it appear as though Kim Il Sung had been

6320-403: Was the next stage of development of Juche . A joint editorial entitled "Our Party's Military-First Politics Will Inevitably Achieve Victory and Will Never Be Defeated" ( 우리 당의 선군정치는 필승불패이다 ) was published by Kulloja and Rodong Sinmun (the WPK's theoretical magazine and newspaper, respectively) on 16 June 1999. In it, it was stated that Songun meant "the leadership method under

6400-609: Was used alongside the Juche calendar until 2022. In October 2024, North Korea started to stop using the Juche calendar. On 13 October 2024, Rodong Sinmun stopped using the calendar in favor of solely using the Gregorian calendar. The year 1912 is " Juche 1" in the Juche calendar. There are no "before Juche " years; years before 1912 are given numbers based on the Gregorian calendar only. Ranges of years that begin before 1912 and end after it are also given in Christian calendar numbers only. Any other years after 1912 will be given in either Juche years only, or in Juche years and

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