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88-451: Norrtåg (English: Northern Trains) is a publicly owned company which is owned by Norrbotten County , Västerbotten County , Västernorrland County and Jämtland County in Sweden . The company owns passenger trains and organises passenger train operation. Norrtåg controls ticket sales and contracts an operator which handles actual train operation (staff and permits). The trains are operated under

176-457: A hay knife and fed to animals each day. On some farms, the loose hay was stored in a barrack , shed , or barn , normally in such a way that it would compress down and cure. Hay could be stored in a specially designed barn with little internal structure to allow more room for the hay loft . Alternatively, an upper storey of a cow-shed or stable was used, with hatches in the floor to allow hay to be thrown down into hay-racks below. Depending on

264-501: A tedder . If it rains while the hay is drying, turning the windrow can also allow it to dry faster. Turning the hay too often or too roughly can also cause drying leaf matter to fall off, reducing the nutrients available to animals. Drying can also be sped up by mechanized processes, such as the use of a hay conditioner , or by the use of chemicals sprayed onto the hay to speed evaporation of moisture, though these are more expensive techniques, not in general use except in areas where there

352-533: A better price per ton. The two-tie small bales are the original form factor of hay bales. Balers for both types of small bales are still manufactured, as well as stackers, bundlers and bale accumulators for handling them. Some farms still use equipment manufactured over 50 years ago to produce small bales. The small bale remains part of overall ranch lore and tradition with "hay bucking" competitions still held for fun at many rodeos and county fairs . Small square bales are often stacked mechanically or by hand in

440-421: A crisscrossed fashion sometimes called a "haystack", "rick" or "hayrick". Rain tends to wash nutrition out of hay and can cause spoilage or mold; hay in small square bales is particularly susceptible. Small bales are, therefore, often stored in a haymow or hayshed. Haystacks built outside are usually protected by tarpaulins . If this is not done, the top two layers of the stack are often lost to rot and mold, and if

528-434: A fast pace. Hay reaches its peak nutritional value when all leaves are fully developed and seed or flower heads are just shy of full maturity. At this stage of maximum growth in the pasture or field, if timed correctly, the hay is cut. Grass hay cut too early retains high moisture content, making it harder to cure and resulting in a lower yield per acre compared to more mature grass. However, hay cut too late becomes coarser, has

616-430: A field-constructed stack as part of their winter feeding. Haystacks are also sometimes called haycocks; among some users this term refers more specifically to small piles of cut-and-gathered hay awaiting stacking into larger stacks. The words ( haystack, haycock ) are usually styled as solid compounds , but not always. Haystacks are also sometimes called stooks , shocks , or ricks . Loose stacks are built to prevent

704-413: A haystack by hand. To reduce labor and enhance safety, loaders and stackers were subsequently developed to mechanize the transportation of small bales from the field to the haystack or hay barn. Later in the 20th century, balers were developed capable of producing large bales that weigh up to 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). Conditioning of hay crop during cutting or soon thereafter is popular. The basic idea

792-512: A haystack. Building the stack was a skilled task, as it needed to be made waterproof during construction. The haystack would compress under its own weight, allowing the hay to cure through the release of heat generated by the residual moisture and compression forces. The haystack was usually enclosed in a fenced-off area, known as a rick yard, to separate it from the rest of the paddock, and was often thatched or covered with sheets to protect it from moisture. When needed, slices of hay would be cut using

880-403: A key role in the industrialization of Sweden . The 20th century saw strong mobility in and out of the county, with many young people moving south and people from other parts of the country moving in. In the 1970s and 1980s, the drainage of (mostly young) workers due to high unemployment was considerable, and people in the area began to voice feelings of being misunderstood or economically abused by

968-414: A lower resale value, and loses some of its nutrients. Typically, there is a two-week "window" during which grass is at its ideal stage for harvesting hay. The time for cutting alfalfa hay is ideally done when plants reach maximum height and are producing flower buds or just beginning to bloom, cutting during or after full bloom results in lower nutritional value of the hay. Hay can be raked into rows as it

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1056-423: A moveable roof supported by four posts, historically called a Dutch roof, hay barrack, or hay cap. Haystacks may also be built on top of a foundation laid on the ground to reduce spoilage, in some places made of wood or brush. In other areas, hay is stacked loose, built around a central pole, a tree, or within an area of three or four poles to add stability to the stack. One loose hay stacking technique seen in

1144-677: A multiple step process: cutting, drying or "curing", raking, processing, and storing. Hayfields do not have to be reseeded each year in the way that grain crops are, but regular fertilizing is usually desirable, and overseeding a field every few years helps increase yield. Commonly used plants for hay include mixtures of grasses such as ryegrass ( Lolium species), timothy , brome , fescue , Bermuda grass , orchard grass , and other species, depending on region. Hay may also include legumes , such as alfalfa (lucerne) and clovers ( red , white and subterranean ). Legumes in hay are ideally cut pre-bloom. Other pasture forbs are also sometimes

1232-429: A native Australian plant, also known as flax weed, is highly toxic to cattle. Farmer's lung is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or mold spores or other agricultural products. Exposure to hay can also trigger allergic rhinitis for people who are hypersensitive to airborne allergens. Hay must be fully dried when baled and kept dry in storage. If hay

1320-535: A part of the mix, though these plants are not necessarily desired as certain forbs are toxic to some animals. In the UK some hay is harvested from traditionally managed hay meadows which have a highly diverse flora and which support a rich eco-system. The hay produced by these meadows is species rich and was traditionally used to feed horses. Oat , barley , and wheat plant materials are occasionally cut green and made into hay for animal fodder , and more usually used in

1408-452: A single feeding, and then, due to the process of rumination , take a considerable amount of time for their stomachs to digest food, often accomplished while the animal is lying down, at rest. Thus quantity of hay is important for cattle, who can effectively digest hay of low quality if fed in sufficient amounts. Sheep will eat between two and four percent of their body weight per day in dry feed, such as hay, and are very efficient at obtaining

1496-577: A total distance of 1,781 km. The following routes are operated under the current Norrtåg transport agreement. Some trains from both ends turn short at Boden Central on weekends X52 Not all trains travel the full distance The Sundsvall - Umeå - Kiruna/Luleå corridor is also served by two daily sleeper services to/from Stockholm and Gothenburg respectively. The Central line route also carries SJ High Speed and intercity services between Ånge and Östersund/Storlien, as well as overnight services operated by SJ under public service obligation . Following

1584-573: A variety of illnesses, from coughs related to dust and mold , to various other illnesses, the most serious of which may be botulism , which can occur if a small animal, such as a rodent or snake, is killed by the baling equipment, then rots inside the bale, causing a toxin to form. Some animals are sensitive to particular fungi or molds that may grow on living plants. For example, an endophytic fungus that sometimes grows on fescue can cause abortion in pregnant mares . Some plants themselves may also be toxic to some animals. For example, Pimelea ,

1672-434: Is grass , legumes , or other herbaceous plants that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as animal fodder , either for large grazing animals raised as livestock , such as cattle , horses , goats , and sheep , or for smaller domesticated animals such as rabbits and guinea pigs . Pigs can eat hay, but do not digest it as efficiently as herbivores do. Hay can be used as animal fodder when or where there

1760-583: Is 10 km north of the present downtown, has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Apart from the Swedish language, Sami , Meänkieli , and Finnish may be used in dealing with government agencies , courts , municipalities , preschools and nursing homes in parts of Norrbotten County. The Sami languages have official minority language status in Kiruna , Gällivare , Jokkmokk , Luleå , Arjeplog and Arvidsjaur municipalites . Meänkieli and Finnish have

1848-426: Is a combination of modern technology, high prices for hay, and too much rain for hay to dry properly. Once hay is cut, dried and raked into windrows, it is usually gathered into bales or bundles, and then hauled to a central location for storage. In some places, depending on geography, region, climate, and culture, hay is gathered loose and stacked without being baled first. Columella in his De re rustica describes

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1936-517: Is a legitimate alternative to drying hay completely. When processed properly, the natural fermentation process prevents mold and rot. Round bale silage is also sometimes called "haylage", and is seen more commonly in Europe than in either the United States or Australia . Hay stored in this fashion must remain completely sealed in plastic, as any holes or tears will allow the entrance of oxygen and can stop

2024-500: Is a particular concern in ruminants such as cows and goats, and there have been animal deaths. Another concern is with a herbicide known as aminopyralid , which can pass through the digestive tract in animals, making their resulting manure toxic to many plants and thus unsuitable as fertilizer for food crops. Aminopyralid and related herbicides can persist in the environment for several years. Small square bales are made in two main variations. The smaller "two-tie" (two twines to hold

2112-536: Is also a risk that hay bales may be moldy or contain decaying carcasses of tiny creatures accidentally killed by baling equipment and swept up into the bale, producing toxins such as botulinum toxin . Both can be deadly to non- ruminant herbivores such as horses , and when this occurs, the entire contaminated bale generally is thrown out, another reason some people continue to support the market for small bales. Farmers who need to make large amounts of hay will likely choose balers that produce much larger bales, maximizing

2200-529: Is also sometimes used as a means to exclude southerners. These contrasts are well known throughout Sweden and often appear in TV, films, literature and folklore connected to Norrbotten, for characterizing, satiric or dramatic purposes (e.g. some characters in the books of Eyvind Johnson or the police detective Einar Rönn in the crime novels of Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö ). The coast has the historical cities of Luleå and Piteå . Luleå's Gammelstad ("Old town"), which

2288-528: Is baled while too moist or becomes wet while in storage, there is a significant risk of spontaneous combustion . Hay stored outside must be stacked in such a way that moisture contact is minimal. Some stacks are arranged in such a manner that the hay itself sheds water when it falls. Other methods of stacking use the first layers or bales of hay as a cover to protect the rest. To completely keep out moisture, outside haystacks can also be covered by tarps, and many round bales are partially wrapped in plastic as part of

2376-404: Is by car. The distances are long, e.g. 345 km between Luleå and Kiruna. The roads have been given relatively high speed limits compared to southern Sweden, usually 100–110 km/h. Norrbotten has a railway network focused on heavy freight traffic. There are two main railways. Stambanan genom övre Norrland connects Norrbotten with central and southern Sweden. Malmbanan connects Luleå with

2464-423: Is cut, then turned periodically to dry, particularly if a modern swather is used. Or, especially with older equipment or methods, the hay is cut and allowed to lie spread out in the field until it is dry, then raked into rows for processing into bales afterwards. During the drying period, which can take several days, the process is usually sped up by turning the cut hay over with a hay rake or spreading it out with

2552-460: Is divided into the archipelagos of Piteå (550 islands), Luleå (1,312 islands), Kalix (792 islands) and Haparanda (652 islands). The largest island is Rånön in the Kalix archipelago. The population has increased during the last hundred years. The estimated 2002 population was 250,000. In the 1912 census, the population was 166,641 (4,000 more males than females), of which about 120,000 were in

2640-533: Is entirely dependent on the coincident occurrence of optimum crop, field, and weather conditions. When this occurs, there may be a period of intense activity on the hay farm while harvest proceeds until weather conditions become unfavourable. Hay or grass is the foundation of the diet for all grazing animals, and can provide as much as 100% of the fodder required for an animal. Hay is usually fed to an animal during times when winter, drought, or other conditions make pasture unavailable. Animals that can eat hay vary in

2728-406: Is in little danger, but bales between 120 and 140 °F (49 and 60 °C) need to be removed from a barn or structure and separated so that they can cool off. If the temperature of a bale exceeds more than 140 °F (60 °C), it can combust. To check hay moisture content, the farmer can use a hand, an oven or a moisture tester. The most efficient way is to use a moisture tester which shows

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2816-454: Is not enough pasture or rangeland on which to graze an animal, when grazing is not feasible due to weather (such as during the winter), or when lush pasture by itself would be too rich for the health of the animal. It is also fed when an animal cannot access any pastures—for example, when the animal is being kept in a stable or barn . Hay production and harvest, commonly known as "making hay", "haymaking", "haying" or "doing hay", involves

2904-406: Is often stored outdoors because the outer surface of the large bale performs the weather-shedding function. The large bales can also be stacked, which allows a given degree of exposed surface area to count for a larger volume of protected interior hay. Plastic tarpaulins are sometimes used to shed the rain, with the goal of reduced hay wastage, but the cost of the tarpaulins must be weighed against

2992-438: Is possible to store round bales under a shed, they last longer, and less hay is lost to rot and moisture. For animals that eat silage , a bale wrapper may be used to seal a round bale completely and trigger the fermentation process. It is a technique used as a money-saving process by producers who do not have access to a superior silo , and for producing silage that is transported to other locations. In very damp climates, it

3080-482: Is sparsely inhabited. This is especially true for inland parts of Lapland. The climate is generally cold, because of its northern location. However, the long summer days allow crops to ripen within two to three months, and agriculture is traditionally important, particularly near the coast and along the lower reaches of the Torne River . Grains, particularly barley , potatoes and turnips are grown to some extent, but

3168-516: Is stacked with wet grass, the heat produced can be sufficient to ignite the hay causing a fire. Farmers have to be careful about moisture levels to avoid spontaneous combustion , which is a leading cause of haystack fires. Heat is produced by the respiration process, which occurs until the moisture content of drying hay drops below 40%. Hay is considered fully dry when it reaches 20% moisture. Combustion problems typically occur within five to seven days of baling. A bale cooler than 120 °F (49 °C)

3256-550: Is that it decreases drying time, particularly in humid climates or if rain threatens to interfere with haying. Usually, rollers or flails inside a mower conditioner crimp, crack or strip the alfalfa or grass stems to increase evaporation rate. Sometimes, a salt solution is sprayed over the top of the hay (generally alfalfa) that helps to dry the hay. Modern hay production often relies on artificial fertilizer and herbicides. Traditionally, manure has been used on hayfields, but modern chemical fertilizers are used today as well. Hay that

3344-434: Is the leading cause of death in horses. Contaminated hay can also lead to respiratory problems in horses. Hay can be soaked in water, sprinkled with water or subjected to steaming to reduce dust. Methods and the terminology to describe the steps of making hay have varied greatly throughout history, and many regional variations still exist today. Whether done by hand or by modern mechanized equipment, tall grass and legumes at

3432-497: Is to be certified as weed-free for use in wilderness areas must often be sprayed with chemical herbicides to keep unwanted weeds from the field, and sometimes even non-certified hayfields are sprayed to limit the production of noxious weeds . Organic forms of fertilization and weed control are required for hay grown for consumption by animals whose meat will ultimately be certified organic. To that end, compost and field rotation can enhance soil fertility, and regular mowing of fields in

3520-777: Is usually performed by a number of machines. While small operations use a tractor to pull various implements for mowing and raking, larger operations use specialized machines such as a mower or a swather , which are designed to cut the hay and arrange it into a windrow in one step. Balers are usually pulled by a tractor, with larger balers requiring more powerful tractors. Mobile balers , machines that gather and bale hay in one process were first developed around 1940. The initial balers produced rectangular bales that were small enough for an individual to lift, typically weighing between 70 and 100 pounds (32 to 45 kg) each. The size and shape of these bales allowed for manual handling, including lifting, stacking on transport vehicles, and constructing

3608-778: The Torne , the Lule River , Kalix River , and Pite River . Rivers shared with the Västerbotten County include the Skellefte River and Ume River . Other rivers that flow directly to the sea and that are at least 100 km long are the Sangis River , Råne River , Åby River , and Byske River . The county includes many islands in the Bay of Bothnia , which make up the Norrbotten archipelago . It

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3696-489: The British Isles is to initially stack freshly cut hay into smaller mounds called foot cocks, hay coles, kyles, hayshocks or haycocks, to facilitate initial curing. These are sometimes built atop platforms or tripods formed of three poles, used to keep hay off the ground and let air into the center for better drying. The shape causes dew and rainwater to roll down the sides, allowing the hay within to cure. People who handle

3784-516: The Norrbotten province part. Twenty years earlier, in 1892, the population was only 110,000. Since the 1960s, however, most municipalities of the county have experienced a decrease in population, particularly those inland. The table details all Riksdag election results of Norrbotten County since the unicameral era began in 1970 . The blocs denote which party would support the Prime Minister or

3872-399: The accumulation of moisture and promote drying or curing. In some places, this is accomplished by constructing stacks with a conical or ridged top. The exterior may look gray on the surface after weathering, but the inner hay retains traces of its fresh-cut aroma and maintains a faded green tint. They can be covered with thatch , or kept within a protective structure. One such structure is

3960-424: The amount of hay protected from the elements. Large bales come in two types: round and square. Large square bales, which can weigh up to 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb), can be stacked and easily transported on trucks. Large round bales, which typically weigh 300 to 400 kilograms (660–880 lb), are more moisture-resistant and pack the hay more densely (especially at the center). Round bales are quickly fed with

4048-471: The area and maintain their own culture and customs. In the first half of the 17th century, several ore deposits were discovered in what is now known as Norrbotten County. The silver of Nasafjäll was discovered during the autumn of 1634 and subsequently mined from 1635 to 1659 and from the 1770s to 1810. Following the Finnish War in 1809, Västerbotten County was split between Sweden and Finland, with

4136-530: The arms of Västerbotten and the arms of Lappland." Many different cultures can be found in Norrbotten County, including Sami culture, Tornedalian/Kven culture and the Swedish settler-culture. Many of the old local Swedish and Finnic dialects have survived in the area. The people of Norrbotten County have a saying: "I am not a Swede; I am a Norrbothnian". A local way of speaking, coupled with understated irony,

4224-436: The bale together) or larger "three-tie" (three twines to hold the bale together). They vary in size within both groups but are generally popular in different markets. The smaller two-tie bales are favored in the hobby animal market and are preferred for their convenient size. The larger, three-tie bales are favored by producers wanting to export bales because of the increase of efficiency in transportation and also by customers for

4312-460: The baling process. Hay is also stored under a roof when resources permit. It is frequently placed inside sheds, or stacked inside of a barn . On the other hand, care must also be taken that hay is never exposed to any possible source of heat or flame, as dry hay and the dust it produces are highly flammable . Hay baled before it is fully dry can produce enough heat to start a fire. Haystacks produce internal heat due to bacterial fermentation. If hay

4400-414: The brand name Norrtåg. Norrtåg started operation in 2010 on the newly opened Botnia line , and in 2011 it took over the until then branded Mittnabotåget services. Trains were operated by Botniatåg (an SJ AB / DB Regio joint venture) until 20 August 2016, when Tågkompaniet (now Vy Tåg ) took over operations. Norrtåg services currently serve 82 stations with a total of 41 daily return trains reaching

4488-437: The convenience of humans, as most grazing animals on pasture naturally consume fodder in multiple feedings throughout the day. Some animals, especially those being raised for meat, may be given enough hay that they simply are able to eat all day. Other animals, especially those that are ridden or driven as working animals may be given a more limited amount of hay to prevent them from getting too fat. The proper amount of hay and

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4576-633: The cost of the hay spoilage percentage difference; it may not be worth the cost, or the plastic's environmental footprint. After World War II , British farmers found that the demand outstripped supply for skilled farm laborers experienced in the thatching of haystacks. This no doubt contributed to the pressure for baling in large bales to increasingly replace stacking, which was happening anyway as haymaking technology (like other farm technology) continued toward extensive mechanization with one-person operation of many tasks. Today tons of hay can be cut, conditioned, dried, raked, and baled by one person, as long as

4664-568: The county. Sweden's tallest mountain Kebnekaise and deepest lake Hornavan are both within the county. The vast mountains are the source of northern Sweden's vast river systems running through Norrbotten. The northern part of Norrbotten lies within the Arctic Circle . Norrbotten County consists of the entire province of Norrbotten and about two thirds of Swedish Lapland . Norrbotten County covers almost one quarter of Sweden's land area, but

4752-413: The degree of shedding of rainwater by the stack's outer surface is an important factor, and the stacking of loose hay was developed into a skilled-labor task that in its more advanced forms even involved thatching the top. In many stacking methods (with or without thatched tops), stems were oriented in sheaves, which were laid in oriented sequence. With the advent of large bales since the 1960s, today hay

4840-528: The early 20th century in the United States , though both plants are native to Europe . Hay was baled for easier handling and to reduce space required for storage and shipment. The first bales weighed about 300 pounds. The original machines were of a vertical design similar to the one photographed by the Greene Co. Historical Society . They used a horse-driven screw-press mechanism or a dropped weight to compress

4928-430: The field before it can be baled. Consequently, the primary challenge and risk for farmers in hay production is managing the weather, especially during the critical few weeks when the plants are at optimal maturity for harvesting. A lucky break in the weather often moves the haymaking tasks (such as mowing, tedding , and baling) to the top priority on the farm's to-do list. This is reflected in the idiom to make hay while

5016-403: The form of straw , a harvest byproduct of stems and dead leaves that are baled after the grain has been harvested and threshed . Straw is used mainly for animal bedding. Although straw is also used as fodder, particularly as a source of dietary fiber , it has lower nutritional value than hay. In agroforestry systems are developed to produce tree hay . It is the leaf and seed material in

5104-527: The four-chambered stomach of cattle, they are often able to break down older forage and have more tolerance of mold and changes in diet. The single-chambered stomach and cecum or "hindgut" of the horse uses bacterial processes to break down cellulose that are more sensitive to changes in feeds and the presence of mold or other toxins, requiring horses to be fed hay of a more consistent type and quality. Different animals also use hay in different ways: cattle evolved to eat forages in relatively large quantities at

5192-512: The ground by machinery and processed into storage in bales, stacks or pits. Methods of haymaking thus aim to minimize the shattering and falling away of the leaves during handling. Hay production is highly sensitive to weather conditions, particularly during the harvest period. In drought conditions, both seed and leaf production are stunted, resulting in hay with a high ratio of dry, coarse stems that possess very low nutritional value. Conversely, excessively wet weather can cause cut hay to spoil in

5280-405: The growth phase of the hay will often reduce the prevalence of undesired weeds. In recent times, some producers have experimented with human sewage sludge to grow hay. This is not a certified organic method and no warning labels are mandated by EPA. One concern with hay grown on human sewage sludge is that the hay can take up heavy metals, which are then consumed by animals. Molybdenum poisoning

5368-552: The hay may use hayforks or pitchforks to move or pitch the hay in building haycocks and haystacks. Construction of tall haystacks is sometimes aided with a ramp, ranging from simple poles to a device for building large loose stacks called a beaverslide . Hay is generally one of the safest feeds to provide to domesticated grazing herbivores . Amounts must be monitored so animals do not get too fat or too thin. Supplemental feed may be required for working animals with high energy requirements. Animals who eat spoiled hay may develop

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5456-417: The hay that determines its quality, because they contain more of the nutrition value for the animal than the stems do. Farmers try to harvest hay at the point when the seed heads are not quite ripe and the leaf is at its maximum when the grass is mowed in the field. The cut material is allowed to dry so that the bulk of the moisture is removed but the leafy material is still robust enough to be picked up from

5544-496: The hay. The first patent went to HL Emery for a horse-powered, screw-operated hay press in 1853. Other models were reported as early as 1843 built by PK Dederick's Sons of Albany, New York , or Samuel Hewitt of Switzerland County, Indiana . Later, horizontal machines were devised. One was the “Perpetual Press” made by PK Dederick of Albany in 1872. They could be powered by steam engines by about 1882. The continuous hay baler arrived in 1914. Modern mechanized hay production today

5632-593: The inland mostly belongs to the Swedish Lapland province ( Lappland ). The capital of Norrbotten is Luleå Other significant towns include Boden , Kiruna and Piteå . The majority of the population lives in the namesake province, whereas the Lapland part of the county is sparsely populated. Norrbotten covers a larger land area than both Austria and Portugal . The four largest municipalities in Sweden by land area are in

5720-672: The iron mines in Gällivare and Kiruna and the ice-free port of Narvik. Malmbanan has highest amount of freight traffic in Scandinavia , especially the part between Kiruna and Narvik. Air travel is the main mode of travel between Norrbotten and southern Sweden. The main airport is Luleå Airport , sixth largest in Sweden. Other airports are Arvidsjaur Airport , Gällivare Airport , Kiruna Airport and Pajala Airport . 67°08′09″N 18°30′04″E  /  67.135829°N 18.500977°E  / 67.135829; 18.500977 Hay Hay

5808-488: The larger part remaining within the Swedish borders. In 1810, the county was divided again when Norrbotten County was created out of the northern part, on the Swedish side. Most people in Norrbotten County still refer to the entire county, including the areas in Swedish Lapland, when they say ' Norrbotten '. The natural resources ( hydroelectricity , timber , and minerals , especially iron ) of Norrbotten have played

5896-508: The lead opposition party towards the end of the elected parliament. During the Middle Ages , Norrbotten was considered to be terra nullius ("no man's land"). The area was populated by Sami , Kvens and different people related to the Finns . From the Middle Ages on, the Swedish kings tried to colonise and Christianise the area. However; even today, Tornedalians and Sami people still live in

5984-429: The moisture content in a few seconds. Due to its weight, hay can cause a number of injuries to humans, particularly those related to lifting and moving bales, as well as risks related to stacking and storing. Hazards include the danger of having a poorly constructed stack collapse, causing either falls to people on the stack or injuries to people on the ground who are struck by falling bales. Large round hay bales present

6072-493: The most important crop is hay for livestock . There are around 250,000 reindeer in the winter herd, a number regulated by the Swedish state. The reindeer are herded by the Indigenous Sámi , organised in 15 Sámi Mountain villages, 9 Forest Sámi villages and 8 concession Sámi villages. Hunting and fishing is of major importance for the local inhabitants. Major rivers in Norrbotten County (listed north to south) include

6160-400: The most nutrition possible from three to five pounds per day of hay or other forage. They require three to four hours per day to eat enough hay to meet their nutritional requirements. Unlike ruminants, horses digest their food in small portions throughout the day and can utilize only about 2.5% of their body weight in feed within a 24-hour period. Horses evolved to graze continuously while on

6248-451: The move, covering up to 50 miles (80 km) per day in the wild. Their stomachs digest food quickly, allowing them to extract a higher nutritional value from smaller quantities of feed When horses are fed low-quality hay, they may develop an unhealthy, obese, "hay belly" due to over-consumption of "empty" calories. If their type of feed is changed dramatically, or if they are fed moldy hay or hay containing toxic plants, they can become ill; colic

6336-403: The preservation properties of fermentation and lead to spoilage. Hay requires protection from the weather, and is optimally stored inside buildings, but weather protection is also provided in other ways involving outdoor storage, either in haystacks or in large tight bales (round or rectangular); these methods all depend on the surface of an outdoor mass of hay (stack or bale) taking the hit of

6424-436: The proper stage of maturity must be cut, then allowed to dry (preferably by the sun), then raked into long, narrow piles known as windrows . Next, the cured hay is gathered up in some form (usually by some type of baling process) and placed for storage into a haystack or into a barn or shed to protect it from moisture and rot. During the growing season, which is spring and early summer in temperate climates , grass grows at

6512-469: The purpose-built depot at Umeå freight yard. Two additional Regina sets were cascaded from Uppsala following the introduction of ER1 class Stadler Dosto units on their regional network, in preparation for services on the Haparanda line. Norrbotten County The name "Norrbotten" is also used for a province of the same name. Norrbotten province covers only the eastern part of Norrbotten County –

6600-419: The region, the term "hay rick" could refer to the machine for cutting hay, the haystack or the wagon used to collect the hay. With the invention of agricultural machinery such as the tractor and the baler , most hay production became mechanized by the 1930s. Hay baling began with the invention of the first hay press in about 1850. Timothy grass and clover were the most common plants used for hay in

6688-407: The right equipment is at hand (although that equipment is expensive). These tons of hay can also be moved by one person, again with the right (expensive) equipment, as loaders with long spikes run by hydraulic circuits pick up each large bale and move it to its feeding location. A fence may be built to enclose a haystack and prevent roaming animals from eating it, or animals may feed directly from

6776-443: The same status in Gällivare, Haparanda , Kiruna, Pajala , and Övertorneå , Luleå and Kalix municipalities . SCB have collected statistics on backgrounds of residents since 2002. These tables consist of all who have two foreign-born parents or are born abroad themselves. A majority of them are of Finnish descent. The chart lists election years and the last year on record alone. The main mode of person travel inside Norrbotten

6864-794: The same status in Gällivare, Haparanda , Kiruna, Pajala , and Övertorneå , Luleå and Kalix municipalities . The main aims of the County Administrative Board are to fulfil the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government , to promote the development of the county, and to establish regional goals. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor (see List of Norrbotten Governors ). The Sami languages have official minority language status in Kiruna , Gällivare , Jokkmokk , Luleå , Arjeplog and Arvidsjaur municipalites . Meänkieli and Finnish have

6952-478: The south and especially the capital Stockholm . The coat of arms of Norrbotten County combines the arms of the provinces Västerbotten and Lappland and was granted in 1949. Since 1995 the province Norrbotten has a coat of arms of its own, but the county arms have not been changed accordingly. When it is shown with a royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board. Blazon: "Quartered,

7040-445: The stack is not arranged in a proper haystack, moisture can seep even deeper into the stack. The rounded shape and tighter compaction of round bales make them less susceptible to spoilage, as the water is less likely to penetrate the bale. Adding net wrap, which is not used on square bales, offers even more weather resistance. People who keep small numbers of animals may prefer small bales that one person can handle without machinery. There

7128-485: The sun shines . Hay that was too wet at cutting may develop rot and mold after being baled, creating the potential for toxins to form in the feed, which could make the animals sick. After harvest, hay also has to be stored in a manner to prevent it from getting wet. Mold and spoilage reduce nutritional value and may cause illness in animals. A symbiotic fungus in fescue may cause illness in horses and cattle. The successful harvest of maximum yields of high-quality hay

7216-495: The suspenison of service to Lycksele in 2022, the formerly separate (electric) commuter service to Vännäs was extended to Vindeln. The Norrtåg network is operated with the following trains as of the 2018 timetable. size Secondary rolling stock for Regina Bothnia line Iron Ore Line (Luleå to Kiruna services) Weekend services Umeå - Hällnäs Suspended indefinitely since 2022 Norrtåg's trains are leased from transregional rolling stock operator Transitio and maintained at

7304-545: The type of hay required varies somewhat between different species. Some animals are also fed concentrated feeds such as grain or vitamin supplements in addition to hay. In most cases, hay or pasture forage must make up 50% or more of the diet by weight. One of the most significant differences in hay digestion is between ruminant animals, such as cattle and sheep , and nonruminant, hindgut fermentors , such as horses . Both types of animals can digest cellulose in grass and hay, but do so by different mechanisms. Because of

7392-411: The types of grasses suitable for consumption, the ways they consume hay, and how they digest it. Therefore, different types of animals require hay that consists of similar plants to what they would eat while grazing, and, likewise, plants that are toxic to an animal in pasture are generally also toxic if they are dried into hay. Most animals are fed hay in two daily feedings, morning and evening, more for

7480-462: The use of mechanized equipment. The volume-to-surface area ratio allows many dry-area farmers to leave large bales outside until consumed. Wet-area farmers and those in climates with heavy snowfall can stack round bales under a shed or tarp and use a light but durable plastic wrap that partially encloses outside bales. The wrap repels moisture but leaves the ends of the bale exposed so that the hay itself can "breathe" and does not begin to ferment. When it

7568-409: The usual haying process of the early Roman Empire. Much hay was originally cut by scythe by teams of workers, dried in the field and gathered loose on wagons . Later, haying was accomplished with horse-drawn implements such as mowers . After hay was cut and dried, it was raked or rowed up by raking it into a linear heap by hand or with a horse-drawn implement. Turning hay, when needed, originally

7656-495: The weather and thereby preserving the main body of hay underneath. Traditionally, outdoor hay storage was done with haystacks of loose hay, where most of the hay was sufficiently preserved to last through the winter, and the top surface of the stack (being weathered) was consigned to become compost the next summer. The term "loose" means not pressed or baled but does not necessarily mean a light, fluffy lay of randomly oriented stems. Especially in wet climates, such as those of Britain,

7744-417: Was done by hand with a fork or rake. Once the dried hay was rowed up, pitchforks were used to pile it loose, originally onto a horse-drawn cart or wagon , later onto a truck or tractor-drawn trailer, for which a sweep could be used instead of pitch forks. Loose hay was transported to a designated storage area, typically a slightly elevated location to ensure proper drainage, where it was constructed into

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