The Noise Protocol Framework is a framework for designing verified cryptographic protocols .
86-494: The Noise Protocol Framework serves as an open source framework for encryption protocols for end-to-end encrypted data exchange, based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange (DH). Secure alternatives to the well-known TLS have already been created using the framework, which guarantee the integrity and authenticity of the transmitted messages by using a procedure called Authenticated Encryption with Additional Data (AEAD). The framework
172-399: A profit ". The people who create these businesses are often referred to as "entrepreneurs". In the field of economics, the term entrepreneur is used for an entity that has the ability to translate inventions or technologies into products and services. In this sense, entrepreneurship describes activities on the part of both established firms and new businesses. In the 21st century
258-658: A business owner who is affiliated with millennials (also known as Generation Y), those people born from approximately 1981 to 1996. The offspring of baby boomers and early Gen Xers , this generation was brought up using digital technology and mass media. Millennial business owners are well-equipped with knowledge of new technology and new business models and have a strong grasp of its business applications. There have been many breakthrough businesses that have come from millennial entrepreneurs, such as Mark Zuckerberg , who created Facebook. However, millennials are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship than prior generations. Some of
344-573: A cloud-based WPA cracking service and a targeted anonymity service called GoogleSharing. Marlinspike began his career working for several technology companies, including enterprise infrastructure software maker BEA Systems Inc . In 2010, Marlinspike was the chief technology officer and co-founder of Whisper Systems , an enterprise mobile security startup company. In May 2010, Whisper Systems launched TextSecure and RedPhone . These were applications that provided end-to-end encrypted SMS messaging and voice calling, respectively. Twitter acquired
430-429: A college or university), science parks and non-governmental organizations, which include a range of organizations including not-for-profits, charities, foundations and business advocacy groups (e.g. Chambers of commerce ). Beginning in 2008, an annual " Global Entrepreneurship Week " event aimed at "exposing people to the benefits of entrepreneurship" and getting them to "participate in entrepreneurial-related activities"
516-406: A cultural authority and leverage it to create and sustain various cultural enterprises"; "tycoons", defined as "entrepreneurs who buil[d] substantial clout in the cultural sphere by forging synergies between their industrial, cultural, political, and philanthropic interests"; and "collective enterprises", organizations which may engage in cultural production for profit or not-for-profit purposes. In
602-494: A flight from the Dominican Republic in 2010, Marlinspike was detained by federal agents for nearly five hours, all his electronic devices were confiscated, and at first agents claimed he would only get them back if he provided his passwords so they could decrypt the data. Marlinspike refused to do this, and the devices were eventually returned, though he noted that he could no longer trust them, saying, "They could have modified
688-447: A focus on opportunities other than profit as well as practices, processes and purpose of entrepreneurship. Gümüsay suggests a three pillars model to explain religious entrepreneurship: The pillars are the entrepreneurial, socio-economic/ethical, and religio-spiritual in the pursuit of value, values, and the metaphysical . A feminist entrepreneur is an individual who applies feminist values and approaches through entrepreneurship, with
774-439: A hash of both DH results. Since the tokens indicate that a DH was performed between the initiator's ephemeral key pair and the responder's static key pair, if the initiator can decrypt the payload of the second message, the responder has been successfully authenticated. This is done in the same way as authenticating the responder. There are still a variety of possible patterns to choose from, which are always selected depending on
860-416: A level of risk is a necessity. Fourth, the entrepreneurial process requires the organization of people and resources. An entrepreneur uses their time, energy, and resources to create value for others. They are rewarded for this effort monetarily and therefore both the consumer of the value created and the entrepreneur benefit. The entrepreneur is a factor in and the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to
946-595: A man-in-the-middle attack. In 2011, the same vulnerability was discovered to have remained in the SSL/TLS implementation on Apple Inc. 's iOS . Also notably, Marlinspike presented a 2009 paper in which he introduced the concept of a null-prefix attack on SSL certificates. He revealed that all major SSL implementations failed to properly verify the Common Name value of a certificate, so that they could be tricked into accepting forged certificates by embedding null characters into
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#17330936417571032-491: A period of self-employment of one or more years; one in four may have engaged in self-employment for six or more years. Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers". In recent years, entrepreneurship has been claimed as a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe. Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending on
1118-410: A price system). In this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency . For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk : the capitalist did. Schumpeter believed that the equilibrium was imperfect. Schumpeter (1934) demonstrated that the changing environment continuously provides new information about
1204-404: A profitable manner. But before such a venture is actually established, the opportunity is just a venture idea. In other words, the pursued opportunity is perceptual in nature, propped by the nascent entrepreneur's personal beliefs about the feasibility of the venturing outcomes the nascent entrepreneur seeks to achieve. Its prescience and value cannot be confirmed ex ante but only gradually, in
1290-511: A recent statistical analysis of U.S. census data shows that whites are more likely than Asians, African-Americans and Latinos to be self-employed in high prestige, lucrative industries. Religious entrepreneurship refers to both the use of entrepreneurship to pursue religious ends as well as how religion impacts entrepreneurial pursuits. While religion is a central topic in society, it is largely overlooked in entrepreneurship research. The inclusion of religion may transform entrepreneurship including
1376-537: A series of DH operations, with the help of which a symmetric encryption method can be used and the messages are secured with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) to protect their authenticity. With the Noise Protocol Framework, you can choose between different handshaker patterns, DH functions, hash functions and encryption functions, which give you a concrete noise protocol. The core of the Noise Protocol
1462-466: A technique such as Elligator is used. Possibly also a pun on Signal (software) . Most secure channel protocols use an Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) based on signatures (for authentication) and Diffie-Hellman (for key exchange). In last 10-15 years, growing interest in DH-based AKEs (without signatures). Elegant, but each protocol starts from scratch The initial commit for the specification
1548-527: A tendency towards risk-taking that makes them more likely to exploit business opportunities . "Entrepreneur" ( / ˌ ɒ̃ t r ə p r ə ˈ n ɜːr , - ˈ nj ʊər / , UK also /- p r ɛ -/ ) is a loanword from French. The word first appeared in the French dictionary entitled Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723. Especially in Britain,
1634-507: A theoretical standpoint is that they have to "rewire" these temporary ventures and modify them to suit the needs of new project opportunities that emerge. A project entrepreneur who used a certain approach and team for one project may have to modify the business model or team for a subsequent project. Project entrepreneurs are exposed repeatedly to problems and tasks typical of the entrepreneurial process. Indeed, project-based entrepreneurs face two critical challenges that invariably characterize
1720-456: A user. He also announced the release of a tool, sslstrip , that would automatically perform these types of man-in-the-middle attacks. The HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) specification was subsequently developed to combat these attacks. Marlinspike has discovered a number of different vulnerabilities in popular SSL implementations. Notably, he published a 2002 paper on exploiting SSL/TLS implementations that did not correctly verify
1806-494: A variety of organizations with different sizes, aims, and beliefs. For-profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using business metrics like profit , revenues and increases in stock prices , but social entrepreneurs are either non-profits or blend for-profit goals with generating a positive "return to society" and therefore must use different metrics. Social entrepreneurship typically attempts to further broad social, cultural, and environmental goals often associated with
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#17330936417571892-418: Is commonly seen as an innovator , a source of new ideas, goods , services, and business/or procedures. More narrow definitions have described entrepreneurship as the process of designing, launching and running a new business, often similar to a small business , or (per Business Dictionary ) as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make
1978-423: Is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that entrepreneurship leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory and as such continues to be debated in academic economics. An alternative description by Israel Kirzner (born 1930) suggests that the majority of innovations may be incremental improvements – such as the replacement of paper with plastic in
2064-585: Is the creator of Signal , co-founder of the Signal Technology Foundation , and served as the first CEO of Signal Messenger LLC . He is also a co-author of the Signal Protocol encryption used by Signal, WhatsApp , Google Messages , Facebook Messenger , and Skype . Marlinspike is a former head of the security team at Twitter and the author of a proposed SSL authentication system replacement called Convergence . He previously maintained
2150-509: Is the process by which either an individual or a team identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. In the early 19th century, the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say provided a broad definition of entrepreneurship, saying that it "shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield". Entrepreneurs create something new and unique—they change or transmute value. Regardless of
2236-405: Is the respective set of variables of the parties at the time of the handshake and the rules of the chosen handshake pattern according to which the individual handshake messages are processed, sent and received. Each party has the following variables: A handshake message always consists of a DH public key followed by a payload that is freely selected depending on the application. The sender assembles
2322-467: The Bahamas while making a " video zine " about their journey called Hold Fast . He is also an anarchist , and several of his essays and speeches are published on the website The Anarchist Library , including "An Anarchist Critique of Democracy" and "The Promise of Defeat." Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value in ways that generally entail beyond
2408-682: The German Reich . However, proof of competence was not required to start a business. In 1935 and in 1953, greater proof of competence was reintroduced ( Großer Befähigungsnachweis Kuhlenbeck ), which required craftspeople to obtain a Meister apprentice-training certificate before being permitted to set up a new business. In the Ashanti Empire , successful entrepreneurs who accumulated large wealth and men as well as distinguished themselves through heroic deeds were awarded social and political recognition by being called "Abirempon" which means big men. By
2494-480: The X.509 v3 "BasicConstraints" extension in public key certificate chains. This allowed anyone with a valid CA-signed certificate for any domain name to create what appeared to be valid CA-signed certificates for any other domain. The vulnerable SSL/TLS implementations included the Microsoft CryptoAPI , making Internet Explorer and all other Windows software that relied on SSL/TLS connections vulnerable to
2580-423: The voluntary sector in areas such as poverty alleviation, health care and community development . At times, profit-making social enterprises may be established to support the social or cultural goals of the organization but not as an end in itself. For example, an organization that aims to provide housing and employment to the homeless may operate a restaurant, both to raise money and to provide employment for
2666-440: The "cradle of political economy". Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and resells it at an uncertain price, "making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise". Cantillon considered the entrepreneur to be a risk taker who deliberately allocates resources to exploit opportunities to maximize the financial return. Cantillon emphasized
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2752-572: The 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger , Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek . According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation . Entrepreneurship employs what Schumpeter called "the gale of creative destruction" to replace in whole or in part inferior innovations across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products, including new business models . Extensions of Schumpeter's thesis about entrepreneurship have sought to describe
2838-622: The 2000s, story-telling has emerged as a field of study in cultural entrepreneurship. Some have argued that entrepreneurs should be considered "skilled cultural operators" that use stories to build legitimacy, and seize market opportunities and new capital. Others have concluded that we need to speak of a 'narrative turn' in cultural entrepreneurship research. The term "ethnic entrepreneurship" refers to self-employed business owners who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups in Europe and North America. A long tradition of academic research explores
2924-501: The 2000s, the term "entrepreneurship" has been extended to include a specific mindset resulting in entrepreneurial initiatives, e.g. in the form of social entrepreneurship , political entrepreneurship or knowledge entrepreneurship . According to Paul Reynolds, founder of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor , "by the time they reach their retirement years, half of all working men in the United States probably have
3010-589: The 2000s, usage of the term "entrepreneurship" expanded to include how and why some individuals (or teams) identify opportunities, evaluate them as viable, and then decide to exploit them. The term has also been used to discuss how people might use these opportunities to develop new products or services, launch new firms or industries, and create wealth. The entrepreneurial process is uncertain because opportunities can only be identified after they have been exploited. Entrepreneurs exhibit positive biases towards finding new possibilities and seeing unmet market needs, and
3096-542: The 2010s, ethnic entrepreneurship has been studied in the case of Cuban business owners in Miami, Indian motel owners of the U.S. and Chinese business owners in Chinatowns across the U.S. While entrepreneurship offers these groups many opportunities for economic advancement, self-employment and business ownership in the U.S. remain unevenly distributed along racial/ethnic lines. Despite numerous success stories of Asian entrepreneurs,
3182-795: The CA problem, to the Internet Engineering Task Force . In 2012, Marlinspike and David Hulton presented research that makes it possible to reduce the security of MS-CHAPv2 handshakes to a single DES encryption . Hulton built hardware capable of cracking the remaining DES encryption in less than 24 hours, and the two made the hardware available for anyone to use as an Internet service. In 2013, Marlinspike published emails on his blog that he claimed were from Saudi Arabian telecom service Mobily soliciting his help in surveilling their customers, including intercepting communications running through various applications. Marlinspike refused to help, making
3268-592: The CN field. In 2011, Marlinspike presented a talk, "SSL And The Future Of Authenticity", at the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas . He outlined many of the problems with certificate authorities and announced the release of a software project called Convergence to replace them. In 2012, Marlinspike and Perrin submitted an Internet Draft for TACK, which is designed to provide SSL certificate pinning and help solve
3354-430: The area of application. The specification supports 8 algorithms with the following names . [ The Wiki has a list of unofficial algorithms ] Presentations Some other uses of noise in the general cryptographic sense Moxie Marlinspike Matthew Rosenfeld , better known by the pseudonym Moxie Marlinspike , is an American entrepreneur , cryptographer , and computer security researcher. Marlinspike
3440-424: The barriers to entry for entrepreneurs are the economy, debt from schooling, and the challenges of regulatory compliance. A nascent entrepreneur is someone in the process of establishing a business venture. In this observation, the nascent entrepreneur can be seen as pursuing an opportunity , i.e. a possibility to introduce new services or products, serve new markets, or develop more efficient production methods in
3526-544: The changes and "dynamic economic equilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur [were] the norm of a healthy economy". While entrepreneurship is often associated with new, small, for-profit start-ups, entrepreneurial behavior can be seen in small-, medium- and large-sized firms, new and established firms and in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, including voluntary-sector groups, charitable organizations and government . Entrepreneurship may operate within an entrepreneurship ecosystem which often includes: In
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3612-515: The collective nature of entrepreneurship. She mentions that in modern organizations, human resources need to be combined to better capture and create business opportunities. The sociologist Paul DiMaggio (1988:14) has expanded this view to say that "new institutions arise when organized actors with sufficient resources [institutional entrepreneurs] see in them an opportunity to realize interests that they value highly". The notion has been widely applied. The term "millennial entrepreneur" refers to
3698-449: The company for an undisclosed amount in late 2011. The acquisition was done "primarily so that Mr. Marlinspike could help the then-startup improve its security". During his time as Twitter's head of cybersecurity, the firm made Whisper Systems' apps open source . Marlinspike left Twitter in early 2013 and founded Open Whisper Systems as a collaborative open source project for the continued development of TextSecure and RedPhone. At
3784-431: The construction of a drinking straw – that require no special qualities. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs. Schumpeter's initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon-making technologies to produce the horseless carriage . In this case, the innovation (i.e. the car) was transformational but did not require
3870-553: The context of the actions that the nascent entrepreneur undertakes towards establishing the venture as described in Saras Sarasvathy 's theory of Effectuation , Ultimately, these actions can lead to a path that the nascent entrepreneur deems no longer attractive or feasible, or result in the emergence of a (viable) business. In this sense, over time, the nascent venture can move towards being discontinued or towards emerging successfully as an operating entity. The distinction between
3956-410: The creation of a new venture: locating the right opportunity to launch the project venture and assembling the most appropriate team to exploit that opportunity. Resolving the first challenge requires project-entrepreneurs to access an extensive range of information needed to seize new investment opportunities. Resolving the second challenge requires assembling a collaborative team that has to fit well with
4042-527: The demands of the consumer revolution that helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, Josiah Wedgwood , the 18th-century potter and entrepreneur and pioneer of modern marketing, which includes devising direct mail , money back guarantees , travelling salesmen and "buy one get one free" , was named by the historian Judith Flanders as "among the greatest and most innovative retailers
4128-451: The development of dramatic new technology. It did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry . Despite Schumpeter's early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks (instead of assuming that resources would find each other through
4214-535: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, the appellation "Abirempon" had formalized and politicized to embrace those who conducted trade from which the whole state benefited. The state rewarded entrepreneurs who attained such accomplishments with Mena(elephant tail) which was the "heraldic badge" In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and by other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger (1840–1921), Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) and Friedrich von Hayek (1899–1992). While
4300-410: The emails public instead. Mobily denied the allegations. "We never communicate with hackers", the company said. Marlinspike says that when flying within the United States he is unable to print his own boarding pass , is required to have airline ticketing agents make a phone call in order to issue one, and is subjected to secondary screening at TSA security checkpoints. While entering the U.S. on
4386-406: The entrepreneur . These scholars tend to focus on what the entrepreneur does and what traits an entrepreneur has. This is sometimes referred to as the functionalistic approach to entrepreneurship. Others deviate from the individualistic perspective to turn the spotlight on the entrepreneurial process and immerse in the interplay between agency and context. This approach is sometimes referred to as
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#17330936417574472-454: The entrepreneur as a multi-tasking capitalist and observed that in the equilibrium of a completely competitive market there was no spot for "entrepreneurs" as economic-activity creators. Changes in politics and society in Russia and China in the late 20th century saw a flowering of entrepreneurial activity, producing Russian oligarchs and Chinese millionaires . In the 2000s, entrepreneurship
4558-485: The entrepreneur typically aims to scale up the company by adding employees, seeking international sales and so on, a process which is financed by venture capital and angel investments . In this way, the term "entrepreneur" may be more closely associated with the term "startup". Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to lead a business in a positive direction by proper planning, to adapt to changing environments and understand their own strengths and weaknesses. Meeting
4644-570: The experiences and strategies of ethnic entrepreneurs as they strive to integrate economically into mainstream U.S. or European society. Classic cases include Jewish merchants and tradespeople in both regions, South Asians in the UK, Koreans, Japanese, and Chinese in the U.S. and the Turks and North Africans in France. The fish and chip industry in the UK was initiated by Jewish entrepreneurs, with Joseph Malin opening
4730-417: The firm size, big or small, it can take part in entrepreneurship opportunities. There are four criteria for becoming an entrepreneur. First, there must be opportunities or situations to recombine resources to generate profit. Second, entrepreneurship requires differences between people, such as preferential access to certain individuals or the ability to recognize information about opportunities. Third, taking on
4816-775: The first mail order business, with the BBC summing up his legacy as "The mail order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry". A 2002 survey of 58 business history professors gave the top spots in American business history to Henry Ford , followed by Bill Gates ; John D. Rockefeller ; Andrew Carnegie , and Thomas Edison . They were followed by Sam Walton ; J. P. Morgan ; Alfred P. Sloan ; Walt Disney ; Ray Kroc ; Thomas J. Watson ; Alexander Graham Bell ; Eli Whitney ; James J. Hill ; Jack Welch ; Cyrus McCormick ; David Packard ; Bill Hewlett ; Cornelius Vanderbilt ; and George Westinghouse . A 1977 survey of management scholars reported
4902-455: The first fish and chip shop in London in the 1860s, while Samuel Isaacs opened the first sit-down fish restaurant in 1896 which he expanded into a chain comprising 22 restaurants. In 1882, Jewish brothers Ralph and Albert Slazenger founded Slazenger , one of the world's oldest sport brands, which has the longest-running sporting sponsorship in providing tennis balls to Wimbledon since 1902. In
4988-428: The formation of the Signal Technology Foundation and its subsidiary, Signal Messenger LLC. Marlinspike served as Signal Messenger's first CEO until stepping down on January 10, 2022. In a 2009 paper, Marlinspike introduced the concept of SSL stripping, a man-in-the-middle attack in which a network attacker could prevent a web browser from upgrading to an SSL connection in a way that would likely go unnoticed by
5074-466: The goal of improving the quality of life and well-being of girls and women. Many are doing so by creating "for women, by women" enterprises. Feminist entrepreneurs are motivated to enter commercial markets by desire to create wealth and social change, based on the ethics of cooperation, equality and mutual respect. These endeavours can have the effect of both empowerment and emancipation. The American-born British economist Edith Penrose has highlighted
5160-516: The governments of nation states have tried to promote entrepreneurship, as well as enterprise culture , in the hope that it would improve or stimulate economic growth and competition . After the end of supply-side economics , entrepreneurship was supposed to boost the economy. As an academic field, entrepreneurship accommodates different schools of thought. It has been studied within disciplines such as management, economics, sociology, and economic history. Some view entrepreneurship as allocated to
5246-414: The hardware or installed new keyboard firmware." Originally from the state of Georgia , Marlinspike moved to San Francisco in the late 1990s at age 18. The name Moxie Marlinspike is an assumed name partly derived from a childhood nickname. Marlinspike is a sailing enthusiast and master mariner . In 2004, he bought a derelict sailboat and, with three friends, refurbished it and sailed around
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#17330936417575332-458: The inter-relationships between activities, between an activity (or sequence of activities) and an individual's motivation to form an opportunity belief, and between an activity (or sequence of activities) and the knowledge needed to form an opportunity belief. With this research, scholars will be able to begin constructing a theory of the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial action. Scholars interested in nascent entrepreneurship tend to focus less on
5418-634: The loan from French of the English-language word "entrepreneur" dates to 1762, the word "entrepreneurism" dates from 1902 and the term "entrepreneurship" also first appeared in 1902. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation . Entrepreneurship employs what Schumpeter called the "gale of creative destruction " to replace in whole or in part inferior offerings across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and new business models , thus creative destruction
5504-492: The majority of innovations may be much more incremental improvements such as the replacement of paper with plastic in the making of drinking straws . The exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities may include: The economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) saw the role of the entrepreneur in the economy as " creative destruction ", Which he defined as launching innovations that simultaneously destroy old industries while ushering in new industries and approaches. For Schumpeter,
5590-405: The minimal amount of risk (assumed by a traditional business), and potentially involving values besides simply economic ones. An entrepreneur ( French: [ɑ̃tʁəpʁənœʁ] ) is an individual who creates and/or invests in one or more businesses, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is known as "entrepreneurship". The entrepreneur
5676-435: The novice, serial and portfolio entrepreneurs is an example of behavior-based categorization. Other examples are the (related) studies by, on start-up event sequences. Nascent entrepreneurship that emphasizes the series of activities involved in new venture emergence, rather than the solitary act of exploiting an opportunity. Such research will help separate entrepreneurial action into its basic sub-activities and elucidate
5762-435: The optimum allocation of resources to enhance profitability. Some individuals acquire the new information before others and recombine the resources to gain an entrepreneurial profit . Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the production-possibility curve to a higher level using innovations. Initially, economists made the first attempt to study the entrepreneurship concept in depth. Alfred Marshall viewed
5848-494: The particular challenges of the project and has to function almost immediately to reduce the risk that performance might be adversely affected. Another type of project entrepreneurship involves entrepreneurs working with business students to get analytical work done on their ideas. Social entrepreneurship is the use of the by start up companies and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. This concept may be applied to
5934-494: The physiocrats. Dating back to the time of the medieval guilds in Germany, a craftsperson required special permission to operate as an entrepreneur, the small proof of competence ( Kleiner Befähigungsnachweis ), which restricted training of apprentices to craftspeople who held a Meister certificate. This institution was introduced in 1908 after a period of so-called freedom of trade ( Gewerbefreiheit , introduced in 1871) in
6020-403: The processual approach, or the contextual turn/approach to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship includes the creation or extraction of economic value . It is the act of being an entrepreneur, or the owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits. Entrepreneurs act as managers and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship
6106-454: The repeated assembly or creation of temporary organizations. These are organizations that have limited lifespans which are devoted to producing a singular objective or goal and get disbanded rapidly when the project ends. Industries where project-based enterprises are widespread include: sound recording , film production, software development , television production, new media and construction. What makes project-entrepreneurs distinctive from
6192-400: The respective message step by step from tokens, depending on the message pattern. Possible tokens are: After the last token of a handshake message has been processed, the sender writes the payload into the message buffer, encrypts the message if an encryption key k has already been generated, and hashes the output with the old h to derive a new h. In this case, the final ck and k values are
6278-488: The short-term. These driving characteristics allude to the presence of serial entrepreneurship in the region. It has been argued, that creative destruction is largely responsible for the dynamism of industries and long-run economic growth. The supposition that entrepreneurship leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory and as such is debated in academic economics. An alternative description posited by Israel Kirzner suggests that
6364-550: The single act of opportunity exploitation and more on the series of actions in new venture emergence, Indeed, nascent entrepreneurs undertake numerous entrepreneurial activities, including actions that make their businesses more concrete to themselves and others. For instance, nascent entrepreneurs often look for and purchase facilities and equipment; seek and obtain financial backing, form legal entities , organize teams; and dedicate all their time and energy to their business Project entrepreneurs are individuals who are engaged in
6450-535: The term "adventurer" was often used to denote the same meaning. The study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon , which was foundational to classical economics . Cantillon defined the term first in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général , or Essay on the Nature of Trade in General , a book William Stanley Jevons considered
6536-670: The time, Marlinspike and Trevor Perrin started developing the Signal Protocol , an early version of which was first introduced in the TextSecure app in February 2014. In November 2015, Open Whisper Systems unified the TextSecure and RedPhone applications as Signal . Between 2014 and 2016, Marlinspike worked with WhatsApp , Facebook , and Google to integrate the Signal Protocol into their messaging services. On February 21, 2018, Marlinspike and WhatsApp co-founder Brian Acton announced
6622-662: The top five pioneers in management ideas were: Frederick Winslow Taylor ; Chester Barnard ; Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr. ; Elton Mayo ; and Lillian Moller Gilbreth . According to Christopher Rea and Nicolai Volland, cultural entrepreneurship is "practices of individual and collective agency characterized by mobility between cultural professions and modes of cultural production", which refers to creative industry activities and sectors. In their book The Business of Culture (2015), Rea and Volland identify three types of cultural entrepreneur: "cultural personalities", defined as "individuals who buil[d] their own personal brand of creativity as
6708-698: The traits of an entrepreneur using various data sets and techniques. Looking at data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), entrepreneurial traits specific to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are: experience in managing or owning a business, pursuit of an opportunity while being employed, and self-employment. In the decision to establish a new business, the ASEAN entrepreneur depends especially on their own long-term mental model of their enterprise, while scanning for new opportunities in
6794-531: The type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo, part-time projects to large-scale undertakings that involve a team and which may create many jobs. Many "high value" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding ( seed money ) to raise capital for building and expanding the business. Many organizations exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators (which may be for-profit, non-profit, or operated by
6880-540: The willingness of the entrepreneur to assume the risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus he drew attention to the function of the entrepreneur and distinguished between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provided the money. Jean-Baptiste Say also identified entrepreneurs as a driver for economic development, emphasizing their role as one of the collecting factors of production allocating resources from less to fields that are more productive. Both Say and Cantillon belonged to French school of thought and known as
6966-407: The work of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. However, entrepreneurship was largely ignored theoretically until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and empirically until a profound resurgence in business and economics since the late 1970s. In the 20th century, the understanding of entrepreneurship owes much to the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter in
7052-410: The world has ever seen". Another historian Tristram Hunt called Wedgwood a "difficult, brilliant, creative entrepreneur whose personal drive and extraordinary gifts changed the way we work and live." Victorian-era Welsh entrepreneur Pryce Pryce-Jones , who would capitalise on the railway network created during the Industrial Revolution and the modern postal system that also developed in the UK, formed
7138-493: Was developed by Trevor Perrin with support from Moxie Marlinspike based on work done at Open Whisper Systems . "Noise" refers to one of the design rationales : Ciphertexts are required to be indistinguishable from random because: This makes Noise protocols easier to use with random padding (for length-hiding), or for censorship-resistant "unfingerprintable" protocols, or with Steganography . However note that ephemeral keys are likely to be distinguishable from random unless
7224-683: Was extended from its origins in for-profit businesses to include social entrepreneurship , in which business goals are sought alongside social, environmental or humanitarian goals and even the concept of the political entrepreneur . Entrepreneurship within an existing firm or large organization has been referred to as intrapreneurship and may include corporate ventures where large entities "spin-off" subsidiary organizations. Entrepreneurs are leaders willing to take risk and exercise initiative, taking advantage of market opportunities by planning, organizing and deploying resources, often by innovating to create new or improving existing products or services. In
7310-604: Was launched. The term "entrepreneur" is often conflated with the term " small business " or used interchangeably with this term. While most entrepreneurial ventures start out as a small business, not all small businesses are entrepreneurial in the strict sense of the term. Many small businesses are sole proprietor operations consisting solely of the owner—or they have a small number of employees—and many of these small businesses offer an existing product, process or service and they do not aim at growth. In contrast, entrepreneurial ventures offer an innovative product, process or service and
7396-461: Was on Aug 4, 2014 and underwent many changes following discussion on the mailing list until rev34 on Jul 11, 2018 . NB originally maintained in Wiki starting from 10-Feb-2013 The protocol begins, just like TLS, with the handshake phase, in which the two parties' public keys are exchanged. The keys of both parties can be volatile and/or static. As a result, a common secret key is calculated by performing
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