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200-401: The phrase and the acronym are central to Robert A. Heinlein 's 1966 science-fiction novel The Moon is a Harsh Mistress , which helped popularize it. The free-market economist Milton Friedman also increased its exposure and use by paraphrasing it as the title of a 1975 book; it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost . Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is "at

400-525: A New York University professor to determine that dropping the period saved the paper US$ 41.28 (equivalent to $ 377.21 in 2023). As of December 2023, The New York Times has printed sixty thousand issues, a statistic represented in the paper's masthead to the right of the volume number, the Times ' s years in publication written in Roman numerals . The volume and issues are separated by four dots representing

600-416: A major league level. Hungarian prime minister Ferenc Gyurcsány used this adage to justify his social reforms in the mid-2000s. As a post-socialist country, Hungary struggled with the illusion of the state as a caring and giving, independent entity, rather than being the embodiment of the community. The saying "there is no free lunch" represented that even if the state provides welfare or something else for

800-409: A "hammer headline" reading, "Biden Beats Trump", in all caps and bolded. A dozen journalists discussed several potential headlines, such as "It's Biden" or "Biden's Moment", and prepared for a Donald Trump victory, in which they would use "Trump Prevails". During Trump's first impeachment , the Times drafted the hammer headline, "Trump Impeached". The New York Times altered the ligatures between

1000-512: A "sign of civility". The Times ' s use of courtesy titles led to an apocryphal rumor that the paper had referred to singer Meat Loaf as "Mr. Loaf". Several exceptions have been made; the former sports section and The New York Times Book Review do not use honorifics. A leaked memo following the killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011 revealed that editors were given a last-minute instruction to omit

1200-466: A Harsh Mistress as "unquestionably one of the three or four most influential libertarian novels of the last century". Heinlein did not publish Stranger in a Strange Land until some time after it was written, and the themes of free love and radical individualism are prominently featured in his long-unpublished first novel, For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs . The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress tells of

1400-553: A Strange Land ) to 1973 ( Time Enough for Love ), Heinlein explored some of his most important themes, such as individualism , libertarianism , and free expression of physical and emotional love. Three novels from this period, Stranger in a Strange Land , The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , and Time Enough for Love , won the Libertarian Futurist Society 's Prometheus Hall of Fame Award , designed to honor classic libertarian fiction. Jeff Riggenbach described The Moon Is

1600-669: A Strange Land ) to write and publish a book exploring ideas of civic virtue, initially serialized as Starship Soldiers . In 1959, his novel (now entitled Starship Troopers ) was considered by the editors and owners of Scribner's to be too controversial for one of its prestige lines, and it was rejected. Heinlein found another publisher ( Putnam ), feeling himself released from the constraints of writing novels for children. He had told an interviewer that he did not want to do stories that merely added to categories defined by other works. Rather he wanted to do his own work, stating that: "I want to do my own stuff, my own way". He would go on to write

1800-557: A Strange Land , Starship Troopers (which helped mold the space marine and mecha archetypes) and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress . His work sometimes had controversial aspects, such as plural marriage in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , militarism in Starship Troopers and technologically competent women characters who were formidable, yet often stereotypically feminine—such as Friday . Heinlein used his science fiction as

2000-566: A bar offering a free lunch will likely charge more for its drinks. The earliest known occurrence of the full phrase (except for the "a"), in the form "There ain't no such thing as free lunch", appears as the punchline of a joke related in an article in the El Paso Herald-Post of June 27, 1938 (and other Scripps-Howard newspapers about the same time), entitled "Economics in Eight Words". According to etymologist Peter Tamony , this article

2200-421: A column, often six words. Additionally, headlines must "break" properly, containing a complete thought on each line without splitting up prepositions and adverbs. Writers may edit a headline to fit an article more aptly if further developments occur. The Times uses A/B testing for articles on the front page, placing two headlines against each other. At the end of the test, the headlines that receives more traffic

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2400-626: A compendium of recipes from The New York Times . The Innovation Report in 2014 revealed that the Times had attempted to establish a cooking website since 1998, but faced difficulties with the absence of a defined data structure. In September 2014, The New York Times introduced NYT Cooking, an application and website. Edited by food editor Sam Sifton , the Times ' s cooking website features 21,000 recipes as of 2022. NYT Cooking features videos as part of an effort by Sifton to hire two former Tasty employees from BuzzFeed . In August 2023, NYT Cooking added personalized recommendations through

2600-412: A controversial work and his personal riposte to leftists calling for President Dwight D. Eisenhower to stop nuclear testing in 1958. "The 'Patrick Henry' ad shocked 'em", he wrote many years later of the campaign. " Starship Troopers outraged 'em." Starship Troopers is a coming-of-age story about duty, citizenship, and the role of the military in society. The book portrays a society in which suffrage

2800-613: A copyreader who had pleaded the Fifth Amendment drew ire from within the Times and from external organizations. In April 1961, Sulzberger resigned, appointing his son-in-law, The New York Times Company president Orvil Dryfoos . Under Dryfoos, The New York Times established a newspaper based in Los Angeles . In 1962, the implementation of automated printing presses in response to increasing costs mounted fears over technological unemployment . The New York Typographical Union staged

3000-585: A cover for its criticism and New York wrote that the Times was engaging in "middle-class self-absorption". The New York Times , the Daily News , and the New York Post were the subject of a strike in 1978, allowing emerging newspapers to leverage halted coverage. The Times deliberately avoided coverage of the AIDS epidemic , running its first front-page article in May 1983. Max Frankel 's editorial coverage of

3200-623: A few weeks of graduate classes in mathematics and physics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), but he soon quit, either because of his ill-health or because of a desire to enter politics. Heinlein supported himself at several occupations, including real estate sales and silver mining , but for some years found money in short supply. Heinlein was active in Upton Sinclair 's socialist End Poverty in California movement (EPIC) in

3400-643: A financial newsletter edited by Andrew Ross Sorkin . The Times had intended to publish the newsletter in September, but delayed its debut following the September 11 attacks . A website for DealBook was established in March 2006. The New York Times began shifting towards DealBook as part of the newspaper's financial coverage in November 2010 with a renewed website and a presence in the Times ' s print edition. In 2011,

3600-403: A half hours in 1981 and in 2017, when copy editors and reporters walked out at lunchtime in response to the elimination of the copy desk. On December 7, 2022, the union held a one-day strike, the first interruption to The New York Times since 1978. The New York Times Guild reached an agreement in May 2023 to increase minimum salaries for employees and a retroactive bonus. The Times Tech Guild

3800-406: A life-threatening attack of peritonitis , recovery from which required more than two years, and treatment of which required multiple transfusions of Heinlein's rare blood type, A2 negative . As soon as he was well enough to write again, he began work on Time Enough for Love (1973), which introduced many of the themes found in his later fiction. In the mid-1970s, Heinlein wrote two articles for

4000-497: A line on a preposition, article, or adjective, and chiefly, not to pun. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage states that wordplay, such as "Rubber Industry Bounces Back", is to be tested on a colleague as a canary is to be tested in a coal mine ; "when no song bursts forth, start rewriting". The New York Times has amended headlines due to controversy. In 2019, following two back-to-back mass shootings in El Paso and Dayton ,

4200-517: A line. The term dates back to August 8, 1959, when it was revealed that the United States was monitoring Soviet missile firings and when Explorer 6 — shaped like a paddle wheel — launched. Since then, the paddle wheel has been used several times, including on January 21, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was sworn in minutes before Iran released fifty-two American hostages, ending the Iran hostage crisis . At

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4400-586: A live election system using the Associated Press 's File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service and a Ruby on Rails application; nytimes.com experienced its largest traffic on Super Tuesday and the day after. The NYTimes application debuted with the introduction of the App Store on July 10, 2008. Engadget ' s Scott McNulty wrote critically of the app, negatively comparing it to The New York Times ' s mobile website. An iPad version with select articles

4600-561: A management imbroglio in which his children had insufficient business acumen to inherit the company and his will prevented an acquisition of the Times . Editor-in-chief Charles Ransom Miller , editorial editor Edward Cary, and correspondent George F. Spinney established a company to manage The New-York Times , but faced financial difficulties during the Panic of 1893 . In August 1896, Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs acquired The New-York Times , implementing significant alterations to

4800-475: A matter of principle. The novels that Heinlein wrote for a young audience are commonly called "the Heinlein juveniles", and they feature a mixture of adolescent and adult themes. Many of the issues that he takes on in these books have to do with the kinds of problems that adolescents experience. His protagonists are usually intelligent teenagers who have to make their way in the adult society they see around them. On

5000-557: A military academy. When Heinlein graduated from Kansas City Central High School in 1924, he was initially prevented from attending the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis because his older brother Rex was a student there, and at the time, regulations discouraged multiple family members from attending the academy simultaneously. He instead matriculated at Kansas City Community College and began vigorously petitioning Missouri Senator James A. Reed for an appointment to

5200-786: A modern version of a waterbed in his novel Stranger in a Strange Land . Heinlein, born on July 7, 1907, to Rex Ivar Heinlein (an accountant) and Bam Lyle Heinlein, in Butler, Missouri , was the third of seven children. He was a sixth-generation German-American ; a family tradition had it that Heinleins fought in every American war, starting with the War of Independence . He spent his childhood in Kansas City, Missouri . The outlook and values of this time and place (in his own words, "The Bible Belt ") had an influence on his fiction, especially in his later works, as he drew heavily upon his childhood in establishing

5400-430: A paywall in March 2011. Abramson succeeded Keller, continuing her characteristic investigations into corporate and government malfeasance into the Times ' s coverage. Following conflicts with newly appointed chief executive Mark Thompson 's ambitions, Abramson was dismissed by Sulzberger Jr., who named Dean Baquet as her replacement. Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , The New York Times elevated

5600-483: A period. With the change to The New-York Times on September 14, 1857, the nameplate followed. Under George Jones , the terminals of the "N", "r", and "s" were intentionally exaggerated into swashes. The nameplate in the January 15, 1894, issue trimmed the terminals once more, smoothed the edges, and turned the stem supporting the "T" into an ornament. The hyphen was dropped on December 1, 1896, after Adolph Ochs purchased

5800-802: A politically charged response to economic policy", citing its informal and neutral tone. The Upshot developed "the needle" for the 2016 presidential election and 2020 presidential elections , a thermometer dial displaying the probability of a candidate winning. In January 2016, Cox was named editor of The Upshot . Kevin Quealy was named editor in June 2022. According to an internal readership poll conducted by The New York Times in 2019, eighty-four percent of readers identified as liberal. In February 1942, The New York Times crossword debuted in The New York Times Magazine ; according to Richard Shepard,

6000-530: A publisher, Scribner's , that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are Have Space Suit—Will Travel , Farmer in the Sky , and Starman Jones . Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., Farmer in

6200-435: A radio series, and a board game have been derived more or less directly from his work. He wrote a screenplay for one of the films. Heinlein edited an anthology of other writers' SF short stories. Three nonfiction books and two poems have been published posthumously. For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs was published posthumously in 2003; Variable Star , written by Spider Robinson based on an extensive outline by Heinlein,

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6400-433: A revision tracking tool for WordPress and TinyMCE . ICE is integrated within the Times ' s workflow by providing a unified text editor for print and online editors, reducing the divide between print and online operations. By 2017, The New York Times began developing a new authoring tool to its content management system known as Oak, in an attempt to further the Times ' s visual efforts in articles and reduce

6600-602: A revolution in which young students are involved; his editor demanded substantial changes in this book's discussion of topics such as the use of weapons by children and the misidentified sex of the Martian character. Heinlein was always aware of the editorial limitations put in place by the editors of his novels and stories, and while he observed those restrictions on the surface, was often successful in introducing ideas not often seen in other authors' juvenile SF. In 1957, James Blish wrote that one reason for Heinlein's success "has been

6800-518: A roll of newsprint and several rollers ensure ink can be printed on paper. The final newspapers are wrapped in plastic and shipped out. As of 2018, the College Point facility accounted for 41 percent of production. Other copies are printed at 26 other publications, such as The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , The Dallas Morning News , The Santa Fe New Mexican , and the Courier Journal . With

7000-408: A saloon owner, made the case that "There is no such thing as free lunch. First of all, you have to buy something from the saloonkeeper before you can partake of the lunch. Lunch is the greatest tempering influence in the saloon. If a man takes a two-ounce drink of whisky and then takes a bite of lunch, he probably does not take a second drink. Whisky taken alone creates an appetite. If you want to create

7200-438: A second term. Other press stoppages include May 19, 1994, for the death of former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , and July 17, 1996, for Trans World Airlines Flight 800 . The 2000 presidential election necessitated two press stoppages. Al Gore appeared to concede on November 8, forcing then-executive editor Joseph Lelyveld to stop the Times ' s presses to print a new headline, "Bush Appears to Defeat Gore", with

7400-426: A series of challenging books that redrew the boundaries of science fiction, including Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966). Beginning in 1970, Heinlein had a series of health crises, broken by strenuous periods of activity in his hobby of stonemasonry : in a private correspondence, he referred to that as his "usual and favorite occupation between books". The decade began with

7600-718: A seven-year hiatus brought on by poor health, Heinlein produced five new novels in the period from 1980 ( The Number of the Beast ) to 1987 ( To Sail Beyond the Sunset ). These books have a thread of common characters and time and place. They most explicitly communicated Heinlein's philosophies and beliefs, and many long, didactic passages of dialog and exposition deal with government, sex, and religion. These novels are controversial among his readers and one critic, David Langford , has written about them very negatively. Heinlein's four Hugo awards were all for books written before this period. Most of

7800-477: A story that stated George W. Bush was elected president. However, Gore held off his concession speech over doubts over Florida . Lelyveld reran the headline, "Bush and Gore Vie for an Edge". Since 2000, three printing stoppages have been issued for the death of William Rehnquist on September 3, 2005, for the killing of Osama bin Laden on May 1, 2011, and for the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in

8000-590: A strike in December, altering the media consumption of New Yorkers. The strike left New York with three remaining newspapers — the Times , the Daily News , and the New York Post  — by its conclusion in March 1963. In May, Dryfoos died of a heart ailment. Following weeks of ambiguity, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger became The New York Times ' s publisher. Technological advancements leveraged by newspapers such as

8200-567: A strong influence on his character and writing. In 1929, he graduated from the Naval Academy with the equivalent of a bachelor of arts in engineering. (At that time, the Academy did not confer degrees.) He ranked fifth in his class academically but with a class standing of 20th of 243 due to disciplinary demerits. The U.S. Navy commissioned him as an ensign shortly after his graduation. He advanced to lieutenant junior grade in 1931 while serving aboard

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8400-653: A subject has expressed a preference, such as Donald Trump . The New York Times maintains a strict but not absolute obscenity policy, including phrases. In a review of the Canadian hardcore punk band Fucked Up , music critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote that the band's name — entirely rendered in asterisks — would not be printed in the Times "unless an American president, or someone similar, says it by mistake"; The New York Times did not repeat then-vice president Dick Cheney 's use of "fuck" against then-senator Patrick Leahy in 2004 or then-vice president Joe Biden 's remarks that

8600-407: A travelogue of their first around-the-world tour in 1954, Tramp Royale . The novel Podkayne of Mars, which had been edited against Heinlein's wishes in their original release, was reissued with the original ending. Stranger In a Strange Land was originally published in a shorter form, but both the long and short versions are now simultaneously available in print. Heinlein's archive is housed by

8800-461: A venture started by managing editor Carr Van Anda in 1907. The morgue comprises news clippings, a pictures library, and the Times ' s book and periodicals library. As of 2014, it is the largest library of any media company, dating back to 1851. In November 2018, The New York Times partnered with Google to digitize the Archival Library. Additionally, The New York Times has maintained

9000-502: A virtual microfilm reader known as TimesMachine since 2014. The service launched with archives from 1851 to 1980; in 2016, TimesMachine expanded to include archives from 1981 to 2002. The Times built a pipeline to take in TIFF images, article metadata in XML and an INI file of Cartesian geometry describing the boundaries of the page, and convert it into a PNG of image tiles and JSON containing

9200-614: A war of independence waged by the Lunar penal colonies, with significant comments from a major character, Professor La Paz, regarding the threat posed by government to individual freedom. Although Heinlein had previously written a few short stories in the fantasy genre, during this period he wrote his first fantasy novel, Glory Road . In Stranger in a Strange Land and I Will Fear No Evil , he began to mix hard science with fantasy, mysticism, and satire of organized religion. Critics William H. Patterson, Jr., and Andrew Thornton believe that this

9400-426: A way to explore provocative social and political ideas and to speculate how progress in science and engineering might shape the future of politics, race, religion, and sex. Within the framework of his science-fiction stories, Heinlein repeatedly addressed certain social themes: the importance of individual liberty and self-reliance , the nature of sexual relationships, the obligation individuals owe to their societies,

9600-403: A writer, and finds love with a female character. The 1982 novel Friday , a more conventional adventure story (borrowing a character and backstory from the earlier short story Gulf , also containing suggestions of connection to The Puppet Masters ) continued a Heinlein theme of expecting what he saw as the continued disintegration of Earth's society, to the point where the title character

9800-504: Is A. G. Sulzberger , Sulzberger Jr.'s son. As of 2023, the Times ' s executive editor is Joseph Kahn and the paper's managing editors are Marc Lacey and Carolyn Ryan , having been appointed in June 2022. The New York Times ' s deputy managing editors are Sam Dolnick , Monica Drake , and Steve Duenes , and the paper's assistant managing editors are Matthew Ericson, Jonathan Galinsky, Hannah Poferl, Sam Sifton , Karron Skog, and Michael Slackman . The New York Times

10000-497: Is Meredith Kopit Levien , the company's former chief operating officer who was appointed in September 2020. As of March 2023, The New York Times Company employs 5,800 individuals, including 1,700 journalists according to deputy managing editor Sam Dolnick . Journalists for The New York Times may not run for public office, provide financial support to political candidates or causes, endorse candidates, or demonstrate public support for causes or movements. Journalists are subject to

10200-704: Is "fundamentally useless", comparing him to Billy Beane , who implemented sabermetrics in baseball. According to Sullivan, his work was criticized by several notable political journalists. The New Republic obtained a memo in November 2013 revealing then-Washington bureau chief David Leonhardt 's ambitions to establish a data-driven newsletter with presidential historian Michael Beschloss , graphic designer Amanda Cox , economist Justin Wolfers , and The New Republic journalist Nate Cohn . By March, Leonhardt had amassed fifteen employees from within The New York Times ;

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10400-402: Is a social cost . Similarly, someone can benefit for "free" from an externality or from a public good , but someone has to pay the cost of producing these benefits. (See Free rider problem and Tragedy of the commons .) In mathematical finance , the term is also used as an informal synonym for the principle of no- arbitrage . This principle states that a combination of securities that has

10600-482: Is at sea level . Robert and Virginia designed and built a new residence, circular in shape, in the adjacent village of Bonny Doon . Ginny undoubtedly served as a model for many of his intelligent, fiercely independent female characters. She was a chemist and rocket test engineer , and held a higher rank in the Navy than Heinlein himself. She was also an accomplished college athlete , earning four letters. In 1953–1954,

10800-450: Is chosen. The alteration of a headline regarding intercepted Russian data used in the Mueller special counsel investigation was noted by Trump in a March 2017 interview with Time , in which he claimed that the headline used the word "wiretapped" in the print version of the paper on January 20, while the digital article on January 19 omitted the word. The headline was intentionally changed in

11000-522: Is earned by demonstrated willingness to place society's interests before one's own, at least for a short time and often under onerous circumstances, in government service; in the case of the protagonist, this was military service. Later, in Expanded Universe , Heinlein said that it was his intention in the novel that service could include positions outside strictly military functions such as teachers, police officers, and other government positions. This

11200-513: Is majority-owned by the Ochs-Sulzberger family through elevated shares in the company's dual-class stock structure held largely in a trust, in effect since the 1950s; as of 2022, the family holds ninety-five percent of The New York Times Company's Class B shares , allowing it to elect seventy percent of the company's board of directors. Class A shareholders have restrictive voting rights. As of 2023, The New York Times Company's chief executive

11400-529: Is no free lunch at the societal level applies only when all resources are being used completely and appropriately – i.e., when economic efficiency prevails. If not, a 'free lunch' can be had through a more efficient utilization of resources. Or, as Fred Brooks put it, "You can only get something for nothing if you have previously gotten nothing for something." If one individual or group gets something at no cost, somebody else ends up paying for it. If there appears to be no direct cost to any single individual, there

11600-470: Is owned by The New York Times Company , a publicly traded company. The New York Times Company, in addition to the Times , owns Wirecutter , The Athletic , The New York Times Cooking, and The New York Times Games, and acquired Serial Productions and Audm. The New York Times Company holds undisclosed minority investments in multiple other businesses, and formerly owned The Boston Globe and several radio and television stations. The New York Times Company

11800-419: Is presented in the novel as an outgrowth of the failure of unearned suffrage government and as a very successful arrangement. In addition, the franchise was only awarded after leaving the assigned service; thus those serving their terms—in the military, or any other service—were excluded from exercising any franchise. Career military were completely disenfranchised until retirement. From about 1961 ( Stranger in

12000-436: Is simply an expression of Heinlein's longstanding philosophical opposition to positivism . Heinlein stated that he was influenced by James Branch Cabell in taking this new literary direction. The penultimate novel of this period, I Will Fear No Evil , is according to critic James Gifford "almost universally regarded as a literary failure" and he attributes its shortcomings to Heinlein's near-death from peritonitis . After

12200-404: Is sometimes used as a response to claims of the virtues of free software . Supporters of free software often counter that the use of the term "free" in this context is primarily a reference to a lack of constraint ("libre") rather than a lack of cost (" gratis "). Richard Stallman has described it as " 'free' as in 'free speech', not as in 'free beer' " . The prefix "TANSTAA-" (or "TINSTAA-")

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12400-533: Is strongly encouraged to seek a new life off-planet. It concludes with a traditional Heinlein note, as in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress or Time Enough for Love , that freedom is to be found on the frontiers. New York Times The New York Times ( NYT ) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City . The New York Times covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of

12600-443: Is the largest technology union with collective bargaining rights in the United States. The guild held a second strike beginning on November 4, 2024, threatening the Times ' s coverage of the 2024 United States presidential election . As of August 2024, The New York Times has 10.8 million subscribers, with 10.2 million online subscribers and 600,000 print subscribers, the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in

12800-429: Is the ultimate free lunch", given that in the early stage of its expansion the total amount of energy available to make particles was very large. In economics, no free lunch demonstrates opportunity cost . Greg Mankiw described the concept as follows: "To get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another." The idea that there

13000-430: Is used in numerous other contexts as well to denote some immutable property of the system being discussed. For example, "TANSTAANFS" is used by electrical engineering professors to stand for "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Noise-Free System". Baseball Prospectus coined the abbreviation "TINSTAAPP", for "There Is No Such Thing As A Pitching Prospect", as many young pitchers hurt their arms before they can be effective at

13200-484: The Britannica Compton Yearbook . He and Ginny crisscrossed the country helping to reorganize blood donation in the United States in an effort to assist the system which had saved his life. At science fiction conventions to receive his autograph, fans would be asked to co-sign with Heinlein a beautifully embellished pledge form he supplied stating that the recipient agrees that they will donate blood . He

13400-824: The Detroit Free Press , The Patriot-News , The Arizona Republic , and The Indianapolis Star , The New York Times ran an editorial on its front page on December 5, 2015, following a terrorist attack in San Bernardino, California , in which fourteen people were killed. The editorial advocates for the prohibition of "slightly modified combat rifles" used in the San Bernardino shooting and "certain kinds of ammunition". Conservative figures, including Texas senator Ted Cruz , The Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol , Fox & Friends co-anchor Steve Doocy , and then- New Jersey governor Chris Christie criticized

13600-625: The Frankfurter Zeitung . The international edition would develop into a separate newspaper . Journalist William L. Laurence publicized the atomic bomb race between the United States and Germany, resulting in the Federal Bureau of Investigation seizing copies of the Times . The United States government recruited Laurence to document the Manhattan Project in April 1945. Laurence became

13800-639: The Los Angeles Times and improvements in coverage from The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal necessitated adaptations to nascent computing. The New York Times published " Heed Their Rising Voices " in 1960, a full-page advertisement purchased by supporters of Martin Luther King Jr. criticizing law enforcement in Montgomery, Alabama for their response to the civil rights movement . Montgomery Public Safety commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued

14000-569: The Pentagon Papers , facing opposition from then-president Richard Nixon . The Supreme Court ruled in The New York Times ' s favor in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), allowing the Times and The Washington Post to publish the papers. The New York Times remained cautious in its initial coverage of the Watergate scandal . As Congress began investigating the scandal,

14200-462: The Associated Press . Through managing editor Carr Van Anda , the Times focused on scientific advancements, reporting on Albert Einstein 's then-unknown theory of general relativity and becoming involved in the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun . In April 1935, Ochs died, leaving his son-in-law Arthur Hays Sulzberger as publisher. The Great Depression forced Sulzberger to reduce The New York Times ' s operations, and developments in

14400-621: The First Amendment guaranteed the right to publish the Pentagon Papers . In the 1980s, the Times began a two-decade progression to digital technology and launched nytimes.com in 1996. In the 21st century, The New York Times has shifted its publication online amid the global decline of newspapers . The Times has expanded to several other publications, including The New York Times Magazine , The New York Times International Edition , and The New York Times Book Review . In addition,

14600-466: The Great Recession , The New York Times suffered significant fiscal difficulties as a consequence of the subprime mortgage crisis and a decline in classified advertising . Exacerbated by Rupert Murdoch 's revitalization of The Wall Street Journal through his acquisition of Dow Jones & Company , The New York Times Company began enacting measures to reduce the newsroom budget. The company

14800-567: The Hillary Clinton email controversy and the Uranium One controversy ; national security correspondent Michael S. Schmidt initially wrote an article in March 2015 stating that Hillary Clinton had used a private email server as secretary of state. Donald Trump 's upset victory contributed to an increase in subscriptions to the Times . The New York Times experienced unprecedented indignation from Trump, who referred to publications such as

15000-612: The Microsoft Word -based content management system CCI for its print content. Scoop was developed in 2008 to serve as a secondary content management system for editors working in CCI to publish their content on the Times ' s website; as part of The New York Times ' s online endeavors, editors now write their content in Scoop and send their work to CCI for print publication. Since its introduction, Scoop has superseded several processes within

15200-531: The New York State Assembly and subsequent signage by then-governor Andrew Cuomo on June 24, 2011. The New York Times website is hosted at nytimes.com. It has undergone several major redesigns and infrastructure developments since its debut. In April 2006, The New York Times redesigned its website with an emphasis on multimedia. In preparation for Super Tuesday in February 2008, the Times developed

15400-817: The New York Times Guild . The Times Guild, along with the Times Tech Guild, are represented by the NewsGuild-CWA . In 1940, Arthur Hays Sulzberger was called upon by the National Labor Relations Board amid accusations that he had discouraged Guild membership in the Times . Over the next few years, the Guild would ratify several contracts, expanding to editorial and news staff in 1942 and maintenance workers in 1943. The New York Times Guild has walked out several times in its history, including for six and

15600-547: The Obama administration over its portrayal of terrorism. In presidential elections, The New York Times has endorsed a total of twelve Republican candidates and thirty-two Democratic candidates, and has endorsed the Democrat in every election since 1960. With the exception of Wendell Willkie , Republicans endorsed by the Times have won the presidency. In 2016, the editorial board issued an anti-endorsement against Donald Trump for

15800-495: The Panic of 1893 , Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs gained a controlling interest in the company. In 1935, Ochs was succeeded by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger , who began a push into European news. Sulzberger's son-in-law Arthur Ochs became publisher in 1963, adapting to a changing newspaper industry and introducing radical changes. The New York Times was involved in the landmark 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , which restricted

16000-509: The Supreme Court deadlocked in United States v. Texas . The New York Times has run editorials from its editorial board on the front page twice. On June 13, 1920, the Times ran an editorial opposing Warren G. Harding , who was nominated during that year's Republican Party presidential primaries . Amid growing acceptance to run editorials on the front pages from publications such as

16200-798: The Times ' s operations further, acquiring WQXR-FM in 1944 — the first non- Times investment since the Jones era — and established a fashion show in Times Hall. Despite reductions as a result of conscription, The New York Times retained the largest journalism staff of any newspaper. The Times ' s print edition became available internationally during the war through the Army & Air Force Exchange Service ; The New York Times Overseas Weekly later became available in Japan through The Asahi Shimbun and in Germany through

16400-658: The Times as " enemies of the people " at the Conservative Political Action Conference and tweeting his disdain for the newspaper and CNN . In October 2017, The New York Times published an article by journalists Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey alleging that dozens of women had accused film producer and The Weinstein Company co-chairman Harvey Weinstein of sexual misconduct. The investigation resulted in Weinstein's resignation and conviction, precipitated

16600-885: The Times began hosting the DealBook Summit, an annual conference hosted by Sorkin. During the COVID-19 pandemic , The New York Times hosted the DealBook Online Summit in 2020 and 2021. The 2022 DealBook Summit featured — among other speakers — former vice president Mike Pence and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu , culminating in an interview with former FTX chief executive Sam Bankman-Fried ; FTX had filed for bankruptcy several weeks prior. The 2023 DealBook Summit's speakers included vice president Kamala Harris , Israeli president Isaac Herzog , and businessman Elon Musk . In June 2010, The New York Times licensed

16800-649: The Times for defamation. In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the verdict in Alabama county court and the Supreme Court of Alabama violated the First Amendment . The decision is considered to be landmark . After financial losses, The New York Times ended its international edition , acquiring a stake in the Paris Herald Tribune , forming the International Herald Tribune . The Times initially published

17000-694: The Times furthered its coverage, publishing details on the Huston Plan , alleged wiretapping of reporters and officials, and testimony from James W. McCord Jr. that the Committee for the Re-Election of the President paid the conspirators off. The exodus of readers to suburban New York newspapers, such as Newsday and Gannett papers, adversely affected The New York Times ' s circulation. Contemporary newspapers balked at additional sections; Time devoted

17200-930: The Times over its coverage of missing explosives from the Al Qa'qaa weapons facility. An article in December 2005 disclosing warrantless surveillance by the National Security Agency contributed to further criticism from the George W. Bush administration and the Senate 's refusal to renew the Patriot Act . In the Plame affair , a Central Intelligence Agency inquiry found that Miller had become aware of Valerie Plame 's identity through then-vice president Dick Cheney 's chief of staff Scooter Libby , resulting in Miller's resignation. During

17400-415: The Times used the headline, "Trump Urges Unity vs. Racism", to describe then-president Donald Trump 's words after the shootings. After criticism from FiveThirtyEight founder Nate Silver , the headline was changed to, "Assailing Hate But Not Guns". Online, The New York Times ' s headlines do not face the same length restrictions as headlines that appear in print; print headlines must fit within

17600-453: The Times would expand its delivery options to US$ 95 cooking kits curated by chefs such as Nina Compton , Chintan Pandya, and Naoko Takei Moore. That month, the staff of NYT Cooking went on tour with Compton, Pandya, and Moore in Los Angeles, New Orleans , and New York City, culminating in a food festival. In addition, The New York Times offered its own wine club originally operated by

17800-432: The Times , including print edition planning and collaboration, and features tools such as multimedia integration, notifications, content tagging, and drafts. The New York Times uses private articles for high-profile opinion pieces, such as those written by Russian president Vladimir Putin and actress Angelina Jolie , and for high-level investigations. In January 2012, the Times released Integrated Content Editor (ICE),

18000-588: The Times . Talk radio host Erick Erickson acquired an issue of The New York Times to fire several rounds into the paper, posting a picture online. Since 1997, The New York Times ' s primary distribution center is located in College Point, Queens . The facility is 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m ) and employs 170 people as of 2017. The College Point distribution center prints 300,000 to 800,000 newspapers daily. On most occasions, presses start before 11 p.m. and finish before 3 a.m. A robotic crane grabs

18200-478: The Times ; Sulzberger, who negotiated The New York Times Company's acquisition of The Boston Globe in 1993, derided the Internet, while his son expressed antithetical views. @times appeared on America Online 's website in May 1994 as an extension of The New York Times , featuring news articles, film reviews, sports news, and business articles. Despite opposition, several employees of the Times had begun to access

18400-501: The Weinstein effect , and served as a catalyst for the #MeToo movement . The New York Times Company vacated the public editor position and eliminated the copy desk in November. Sulzberger Jr. announced his resignation in December 2017, appointing his son, A. G. Sulzberger , as publisher. Trump's relationship — equally diplomatic and negative — marked Sulzberger's tenure. In September 2018, The New York Times published " I Am Part of

18600-505: The attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 convinced then-publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger of the necessity of a crossword. The New York Times has published recipes since the 1850s and has had a separate food section since the 1940s. In 1961, restaurant critic Craig Claiborne published The New York Times Cookbook , an unauthorized cookbook that drew from the Times ' s recipes. Since 2010, former food editor Amanda Hesser has published The Essential New York Times Cookbook ,

18800-534: The cosine similarity of text embeddings of recipe titles. The website also features no-recipe recipes, a concept proposed by Sifton. In May 2016, The New York Times Company announced a partnership with startup Chef'd to form a meal delivery service that would deliver ingredients from The New York Times Cooking recipes to subscribers; Chef'd shut down in July 2018 after failing to accrue capital and secure financing. The Hollywood Reporter reported in September 2022 that

19000-737: The decline of newspapers , particularly regional publications, the Times must travel further; for example, newspapers for Hawaii are flown from San Francisco on United Airlines , and Sunday papers are flown from Los Angeles on Hawaiian Airlines . Computer glitches, mechanical issues, and weather phenomena affect circulation but do not stop the paper from reaching customers. The College Point facility prints over two dozen other papers, including The Wall Street Journal and USA Today . The New York Times has halted its printing process several times to account for major developments. The first printing stoppage occurred on March 31, 1968, when then-president Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek

19200-809: The 1941 Worldcon , held in Denver. During World War II , Heinlein was employed by the Navy as a civilian aeronautical engineer at the Navy Aircraft Materials Center at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Pennsylvania . Heinlein recruited Isaac Asimov and L. Sprague de Camp to also work there. While at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyards, Asimov, Heinlein, and de Camp brainstormed unconventional approaches to kamikaze attacks, such as using sound to detect approaching planes. As

19400-613: The Columbia Daily Phoenix of 1873: "One of the most expensive things in this city—Free lunch.", L. A. W. Bulletin 1897: "If no one ever paid for drinks, there would be no 'free lunch', and the man who confines his attention to the free lunch, alone, is getting what he knows others pay for." and the Washington Herald 1909: "as a matter of fact, there is no such thing as free lunch. Somebody has to pay for it." When Chicago attempted to ban free lunches in 1917, Michael Montague,

19600-430: The E and the A, as not doing so would leave a noticeable gap due to the stem of the A sloping away from the E. The Times reused the tight kerning for "Biden Beats Trump" and Trump's second impeachment , which simply read, "Impeached". In cases where two major events occur on the same day or immediately after each other, The New York Times has used a "paddle wheel" headline, where both headlines are used but split by

19800-510: The Future History on some points, while maintaining consistency in some other areas. The Future History was eventually overtaken by actual events. These discrepancies were explained, after a fashion, in his later World as Myth stories. Heinlein's first novel published as a book, Rocket Ship Galileo , was initially rejected because going to the Moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found

20000-481: The General's death [in 1946]... a group of reporters approached the general with the request that perhaps he might give them one of several immutable economic truisms that he had gathered from his long years of economic study... 'It is an immutable economic fact,' said the general, 'that there is no such thing as a free lunch. ' " The September 8, 1961, issue of LIFE magazine has an editorial on page 4, " 'TANSTAFL', It's

20200-603: The Global Wine Company. The New York Times Wine Club was established in August 2009, during a dramatic decrease in advertising revenue. By 2021, the wine club was managed by Lot18 , a company that provides proprietary labels. Lot18 managed the Williams Sonoma Wine Club and its own wine club Tasting Room. The New York Times archives its articles in a basement annex beneath its building known as "the morgue",

20400-473: The Heinlein mythos where unrepentant law-breakers are exiled). It appears that Heinlein at least attempted to live in a manner consistent with these ideals, even in the 1930s, and had an open relationship in his marriage to his second wife, Leslyn. He was also a nudist ; nudism and body taboos are frequently discussed in his work. At the height of the Cold War , he built a bomb shelter under his house, like

20600-596: The Heinleins voyaged around the world (mostly via ocean liners and cargo liners , as Ginny detested flying), which Heinlein described in Tramp Royale , and which also provided background material for science fiction novels set aboard spaceships on long voyages, such as Podkayne of Mars , Friday and Job: A Comedy of Justice , the latter initially being set on a cruise much as detailed in Tramp Royale . Ginny acted as

20800-589: The Internet. The online success of publications that traditionally co-existed with the Times — such as America Online, Yahoo , and CNN — and the expansion of websites such as Monster.com and Craigslist that threatened The New York Times ' s classified advertisement model increased efforts to develop a website. nytimes.com debuted on January 19 and was formally announced three days later. The Times published domestic terrorist Ted Kaczynski 's essay Industrial Society and Its Future in 1995, contributing to his arrest after his brother David recognized

21000-460: The Living: A Comedy of Customs (1939), did not see print during his lifetime, but Robert James tracked down the manuscript and it was published in 2003. Though some regard it as a failure as a novel, considering it little more than a disguised lecture on Heinlein's social theories , some readers took a very different view. In a review of it, John Clute wrote: I'm not about to suggest that if Heinlein had been able to publish [such works] openly in

21200-597: The Museum at The Times. From February 7, 1898, to December 31, 1999, the Times ' s issue number was incorrect by five hundred issues, an error suspected by The Atlantic to be the result of a careless front page type editor. The misreporting was noticed by news editor Aaron Donovan, who was calculating the number of issues in a spreadsheet and noticed the discrepancy. The New York Times celebrated fifty thousand issues on March 14, 1995, an observance that should have occurred on July 26, 1996. The New York Times has reduced

21400-536: The Naval Academy. In part due to the influence of the Pendergast machine , the Naval Academy admitted him in June 1925. Heinlein received his discharge from the Missouri National Guard as a staff sergeant. Reed later told Heinlein that he had received 100 letters of recommendation for nomination to the Naval Academy, 50 for other candidates and 50 for Heinlein. Heinlein's experience in the U.S. Navy exerted

21600-643: The New York newspaper landscape resulted in the formation of larger newspapers, such as the New York Herald Tribune and the New York World-Telegram . In contrast to Ochs, Sulzberger encouraged wirephotography . The New York Times extensively covered World War II through large headlines, reporting on exclusive stories such as the Yugoslav coup d'état . Amid the war, Sulzberger began expanding

21800-599: The Ochs-Sulzberger family, having previously been published by Henry Jarvis Raymond until 1869 and by George Jones until 1896. Adolph Ochs published the Times until his death in 1935, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger . Sulzberger was publisher until 1961 and was succeeded by Orvil Dryfoos , his son-in-law, who served in the position until his death in 1963. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger succeeded Dryfoos until his resignation in 1992. His son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , served as publisher until 2018. The New York Times ' s current publisher

22000-433: The Ochs-Sulzberger family, of which Oakes was a member as Adolph Ochs 's nephew; in 1976, Oakes publicly disagreed with Sulzberger's endorsement of Daniel Patrick Moynihan over Bella Abzug in the 1976 Senate Democratic primaries in a letter sent from Martha's Vineyard . Under Rosenthal, the editorial board took positions supporting assault weapons legislation and the legalization of marijuana , but publicly criticized

22200-548: The Reagan SDI spring 1983 speech. Asked to appear before a Joint Committee of the United States Congress that year, he testified on his belief that spin-offs from space technology were benefiting the infirm and the elderly. Heinlein's surgical treatment re-energized him, and he wrote five novels from 1980 until he died in his sleep from emphysema and heart failure on May 8, 1988. In 1995, Spider Robinson wrote

22400-719: The Resistance Inside the Trump Administration ", an anonymous essay by a self-described Trump administration official later revealed to be Department of Homeland Security chief of staff Miles Taylor . The animosity — which extended to nearly three hundred instances of Trump disparaging the Times by May 2019 — culminated in Trump ordering federal agencies to cancel their subscriptions to The New York Times and The Washington Post in October 2019. Trump's tax returns have been

22600-520: The Sky was published as Satellite Scout in the Boy Scout magazine Boys' Life . There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his unconventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. However, For Us, the Living explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as

22800-631: The Special Collections department of McHenry Library at the University of California at Santa Cruz . The collection includes manuscript drafts, correspondence, photographs and artifacts. A substantial portion of the archive has been digitized and it is available online through the Robert A. and Virginia Heinlein Archives. Heinlein published 32 novels, 59 short stories, and 16 collections during his life. Nine films, two television series, several episodes of

23000-555: The Truth", that closes with an anecdotal farmer explaining this slight variant of TANSTAAFL. By the late 1960s, the phrase had also been given the name "Crane's law", for example in an article by Henry D. Harral in the Pennsylvanian (1969). In 1966, author Robert A. Heinlein published his novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , in which TANSTAAFL was a central, libertarian theme, mentioned by name and explained. This increased its use in

23200-521: The United States behind The Wall Street Journal . The New York Times Company intends to have fifteen million subscribers by 2027. The Times ' s shift towards subscription-based revenue with the debut of an online paywall in 2011 contributed to subscription revenue exceeding advertising revenue the following year, furthered by the 2016 presidential election and Donald Trump . In 2022, Vox wrote that The New York Times ' s subscribers skew "older, richer, whiter, and more liberal"; to reflect

23400-575: The ability of public officials to sue the media for defamation . In 1971, The New York Times published the Pentagon Papers , an internal Department of Defense document detailing the United States's historical involvement in the Vietnam War , despite pushback from then-president Richard Nixon . In the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that

23600-491: The acquirer, comparing himself to Groucho Marx . According to The New Republic , FiveThirtyEight drew as much as a fifth of the traffic to nytimes.com during the 2012 presidential election . In July 2013, FiveThirtyEight was sold to ESPN . In an article following Silver's exit, public editor Margaret Sullivan wrote that he was disruptive to the Times ' s culture for his perspective on probability-based predictions and scorn for polling — having stated that punditry

23800-505: The backs of their heads were wolfing food from a counter. It was the institution of the "free lunch" I had struck. You paid for a drink and got as much as you wanted to eat. For something less than a rupee a day a man can feed himself sumptuously in San Francisco, even though he be a bankrupt. Remember this if ever you are stranded in these parts. Some quotes exist from the time, arguing that these free lunches were not really free, such as in

24000-710: The commander of the U.S. Navy's first modern aircraft carrier. Heinlein also served as gunnery officer aboard the destroyer USS  Roper in 1933 and 1934, reaching the rank of lieutenant. His brother, Lawrence Heinlein, served in the U.S. Army, the U.S. Air Force, and the Missouri National Guard , reaching the rank of major general in the National Guard. In 1929, Heinlein married Elinor Curry of Kansas City. However, their marriage lasted only about one year. His second marriage, to Leslyn MacDonald (1904–1981) in 1932, lasted 15 years. MacDonald was, according to

24200-481: The company has been chaired by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, whose current chairman and the paper's publisher is A. G. Sulzberger . The Times is headquartered at The New York Times Building in Midtown Manhattan . The Times was founded as the conservative New-York Daily Times in 1851, and came to national recognition in the 1870s with its aggressive coverage of corrupt politician William M. Tweed . Following

24400-477: The contest's first-prize payoff. Another Future History story, "Misfit", followed in November. Some saw Heinlein's talent and stardom from his first story, and he was quickly acknowledged as a leader of the new movement toward "social" science fiction . In California he hosted the Mañana Literary Society , a 1940–41 series of informal gatherings of new authors. He was the guest of honor at Denvention,

24600-452: The core of economics". The "free lunch" refers to the once-common tradition of saloons in the United States providing a "free" lunch to patrons who had purchased at least one drink. Many foods on offer were high in salt (e.g., ham, cheese, and salted crackers), so those who ate them ended up buying a lot of beer. Rudyard Kipling , writing in 1891, noted how he ...came upon a bar-room full of bad Salon pictures, in which men with hats on

24800-420: The development of Heinlein's radical ideas about man as a social animal , including his interest in free love . The root of many themes found in his later stories can be found in this book. It also contained a large amount of material that could be considered background for his other novels. This included a detailed description of the protagonist's treatment to avoid being banished to Coventry (a lawless land in

25000-459: The discrepancy between the mediums in print and online articles. The system reduces the input of editors and supports additional visual mediums in an editor that resembles the appearance of the article. Oak is based on ProseMirror, a JavaScript rich-text editor toolkit, and retains the revision tracking and commenting functionalities of The New York Times ' s previous systems. Additionally, Oak supports predefined article headers. In 2019, Oak

25200-576: The early 1930s. He was deputy publisher of the EPIC News , which Heinlein noted "recalled a mayor, kicked out a district attorney, replaced the governor with one of our choice." When Sinclair gained the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in 1934, Heinlein worked actively in the campaign. Heinlein himself ran for the California State Assembly in 1938, but was unsuccessful. Heinlein

25400-441: The edition number of that issue; on the day of the 2000 presidential election, the Times was revised four separate times, necessitating the use of an em dash in place of an ellipsis. The em dash issue was printed hundreds times over before being replaced by the one-dot issue. Despite efforts by newsroom employees to recycle copies sent to The New York Times ' s office, several copies were kept, including one put on display at

25600-413: The epidemic, with mentions of anal intercourse , contrasted with then-executive editor A. M. Rosenthal 's puritan approach, intentionally avoiding descriptions of the luridity of gay venues. Following years of waning interest in The New York Times , Sulzberger resigned in January 1992, appointing his son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , as publisher. The Internet represented a generational shift within

25800-461: The essay's penmanship. Following the establishment of nytimes.com , The New York Times retained its journalistic hesitancy under executive editor Joseph Lelyveld , refusing to publish an article reporting on the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal from Drudge Report . nytimes.com editors conflicted with print editors on several occasions, including wrongfully naming security guard Richard Jewell as

26000-448: The first few years of his career." Alexei expresses awe in Heinlein's ability to show readers a world so drastically different from the one we live in now, yet have so many similarities. He says that "We find ourselves not only in a world other than our own, but identifying with a living, breathing individual who is operating within its context, and thinking and acting according to its terms." The first novel that Heinlein wrote, For Us,

26200-403: The first reader of his manuscripts . Isaac Asimov believed that Heinlein made a swing to the right politically at the same time he married Ginny. In 1934, Heinlein was discharged from the Navy, owing to pulmonary tuberculosis . During a lengthy hospitalization, and inspired by his own experience while bed-ridden, he developed a design for a waterbed . After his discharge, Heinlein attended

26400-415: The first science fiction writer to break out of the " pulp ghetto ". In 1950, the movie Destination Moon —the documentary-like film for which he had written the story and scenario, co-written the script, and invented many of the effects—won an Academy Award for special effects . Heinlein created SF stories with social commentary about relationships. In The Puppet Masters , a 1951 alien invasion novel,

26600-401: The first time in its history. In February 2020, the editorial board reduced its presence from several editorials each day to occasional editorials for events deemed particularly significant. Since August 2024, the board no longer endorses candidates in local or congressional races in New York. Since 1940, editorial, media, and technology workers of The New York Times have been represented by

26800-622: The free lunch provided by the Sun, which also triggers production of vital oxygen in plants. However, these too fall short in that the viewpoint is an open system , Earth, with "free" inputs from the Sun. When viewed from the larger system context, the Sun/Earth or Solar System, there is no net energy exchange, and still "no free lunch". Robert A. Heinlein Robert Anson Heinlein ( / ˈ h aɪ n l aɪ n / ; July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988)

27000-464: The general population of the United States, the Times has attempted to alter its audience by acquiring The Athletic , investing in verticals such as The New York Times Games , and beginning a marketing campaign showing diverse subscribers to the Times . The New York Times Company chief executive Meredith Kopit Levien stated that the average age of subscribers has remained constant. In October 2001, The New York Times began publishing DealBook ,

27200-502: The guidelines established in "Ethical Journalism" and "Guidelines on Integrity". According to the former, Times journalists must abstain from using sources with a personal relationship to them and must not accept reimbursements or inducements from individuals who may be written about in The New York Times , with exceptions for gifts of nominal value. The latter requires attribution and exact quotations, though exceptions are made for linguistic anomalies. Staff writers are expected to ensure

27400-446: The high grade of machinery which goes, today as always, into his story-telling. Heinlein seems to have known from the beginning, as if instinctively, technical lessons about fiction which other writers must learn the hard way (or often enough, never learn). He does not always operate the machinery to the best advantage, but he always seems to be aware of it." Heinlein decisively ended his juvenile novels with Starship Troopers (1959),

27600-409: The honorific from Osama bin Laden 's name, consistent with deceased figures of historic significance, such as Adolf Hitler , Napoleon , and Vladimir Lenin . The New York Times uses academic and military titles for individuals prominently serving in that position. In 1986, the Times began to use Ms , and introduced the gender-neutral title Mx. in 2015. The New York Times uses initials when

27800-479: The incoming Reagan administration . Members included such aerospace industry leaders as former astronaut Buzz Aldrin , General Daniel O. Graham , aerospace engineer Max Hunter and North American Rockwell VP for Space Shuttle development George Merrick. Policy recommendations from the Council included ballistic missile defense concepts which were later transformed into what was called the Strategic Defense Initiative . Heinlein assisted with Council contribution to

28000-415: The influence of organized religion on culture and government, and the tendency of society to repress nonconformist thought. He also speculated on the influence of space travel on human cultural practices. Heinlein was heavily influenced by the visionary writers and philosophers of his day. William H. Patterson Jr, writing in Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with his Century, states that by 1930, Heinlein

28200-411: The information in the XML and INI files. The image tiles are generated using GDAL and displayed using Leaflet , using data from a content delivery network . The Times ran optical character recognition on the articles using Tesseract and shingled and fuzzy string matched the result. The New York Times uses a proprietary content management system known as Scoop for its online content and

28400-438: The longest-running newspapers in the United States, the Times serves as one of the country's newspapers of record . As of 2023 , The New York Times is the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in the United States , with 296,330 print subscribers. The Times has 8.83 million online subscribers, the most of any newspaper in the United States. The New York Times is published by The New York Times Company ; since 1896,

28600-427: The mainstream. Edwin G. Dolan used the phrase as the title of his 1971 book TANSTAAFL (There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch) – A Libertarian Perspective on Environmental Policy . In the sciences, no free lunch means that the universe as a whole is ultimately a closed system . There is no source of matter, energy, or light that draws resources from something else which will not eventually be exhausted. Therefore,

28800-424: The new aircraft carrier USS  Lexington , where he worked in radio communications —a technology then still in its earlier stages. The captain of this carrier, Ernest J. King , later served as the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet during World War II . Military historians frequently interviewed Heinlein during his later years and asked him about Captain King and his service as

29000-401: The newsletter's staff included individuals who had created the Times ' s dialect quiz, fourth down analyzer, and a calculator for determining buying or renting a home. The Upshot debuted in April 2014. Fast Company reviewed an article about Illinois Secure Choice — a state-funded retirement saving system — as "neither a terse news item, nor a formal financial advice column, nor

29200-453: The newspaper's structure. Ochs established the Times as a merchant's newspaper and removed the hyphen from the newspaper's name. In 1905, The New York Times opened Times Tower , marking expansion. The Times experienced a political realignment in the 1910s amid several disagreements within the Republican Party . The New York Times reported on the sinking of the Titanic , as other newspapers were cautious about bulletins circulated by

29400-447: The next few months, he became more and more exhausted, and his health again began to decline. The problem was determined to be a blocked carotid artery , and he had one of the earliest known carotid bypass operations to correct it. In 1980, Robert Heinlein was a member of the Citizen's Advisory Council on National Space Policy , chaired by Jerry Pournelle , which met at the home of SF writer Larry Niven to write space policy papers for

29600-427: The no free lunch argument may also be applied to natural physical processes in a closed system (either the universe as a whole, or any system that does not receive energy or matter from outside). (See Second law of thermodynamics .) The bio-ecologist Barry Commoner used this concept as the last of his famous " Four Laws of Ecology ". According to American theoretical physicist and cosmologist Alan Guth "the universe

29800-432: The novel Variable Star based on an outline and notes created by Heinlein. Heinlein's posthumously published nonfiction includes a selection of correspondence and notes edited into a somewhat autobiographical examination of his career, published in 1989 under the title Grumbles from the Grave by his wife, Virginia; his book on practical politics written in 1946 and published as Take Back Your Government in 1992; and

30000-422: The novels from this period are recognized by critics as forming an offshoot from the Future History series and are referred to by the term World as Myth . The tendency toward authorial self-reference begun in Stranger in a Strange Land and Time Enough for Love becomes even more evident in novels such as The Cat Who Walks Through Walls , whose first-person protagonist is a disabled military veteran who becomes

30200-427: The one featured in Farnham's Freehold . After For Us, the Living , Heinlein began selling (to magazines) first short stories, then novels, set in a Future History , complete with a time line of significant political, cultural, and technological changes. A chart of the future history was published in the May 1941 issue of Astounding . Over time, Heinlein wrote many novels and short stories that deviated freely from

30400-452: The only witness of the Manhattan Project, a detail realized by employees of The New York Times following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . Following World War II , The New York Times continued to expand. The Times was subject to investigations from the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee , a McCarthyist subcommittee that investigated purported communism from within press institutions. Arthur Hays Sulzberger 's decision to dismiss

30600-408: The pages of Astounding in 1939, SF would have gotten the future right; I would suggest, however, that if Heinlein, and his colleagues, had been able to publish adult SF in Astounding and its fellow journals, then SF might not have done such a grotesquely poor job of prefiguring something of the flavor of actually living here at the onset of 2004. For Us, the Living was intriguing as a window into

30800-442: The pages were reduced to 15.5 inches (390 mm). On February 14, 1955, a further reduction to 15 inches (380 mm) occurred, followed by 14.5 and 13.5 inches (370 and 340 mm). On August 6, 2007, the largest cut occurred when the pages were reduced to 12 inches (300 mm), a decision that other broadsheets had previously considered. Then-executive editor Bill Keller stated that a narrower paper would be more beneficial to

31000-497: The paper from Raymond, who had changed its name to The New-York Times . Under Jones, the Times began to publish a series of articles criticizing Tammany Hall political boss William M. Tweed , despite vehement opposition from other New York newspapers. In 1871, The New-York Times published Tammany Hall's accounting books; Tweed was tried in 1873 and sentenced to twelve years in prison. The Times earned national recognition for its coverage of Tweed. In 1891, Jones died, creating

31200-438: The paper has produced several television series, podcasts — including The Daily — and games through The New York Times Games . The New York Times has been involved in several controversies in its history. The Times maintains several regional bureaus staffed with journalists across six continents, and has received 137 Pulitzer Prizes as of 2023, the most of any publication, among other accolades. The New York Times

31400-496: The paper. The descender of the "h" was shortened on December 30, 1914. The largest change to the nameplate was introduced on February 21, 1967, when type designer Ed Benguiat redesigned the logo, most prominently turning the arrow ornament into a diamond. Notoriously, the new logo dropped the period that remained with the Times up until that point; one reader compared the omission of the period to "performing plastic surgery on Helen of Troy ." Picture editor John Radosta worked with

31600-561: The passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 was a "big fucking deal". The Times ' s profanity policy has been tested by former president Donald Trump . The New York Times published Trump's Access Hollywood tape in October 2016, containing the words "fuck", "pussy", "bitch", and "tits", the first time the publication had published an expletive on its front page, and repeated an explicit phrase for fellatio stated by then- White House communications director Anthony Scaramucci in July 2017. The New York Times omitted Trump's use of

31800-470: The people in need, it is in fact bought or provided by other people of the same community through taxes. Therefore, the state cannot provide everything for everyone, and increased provisions given by the state can only be financed by economic growth, increased taxes or public debt. Some exceptions from the "no free lunch" tenet have been put forward, such as the Sun and carbon dioxide . It was argued in particular that metabolism evolved to take advantage of

32000-554: The phrase " shithole countries " from its headline in favor of "vulgar language" in January 2018. The Times banned certain words, such as "bitch", "whore", and "sluts", from Wordle in 2022. Journalists for The New York Times do not write their own headlines, but rather copy editors who specifically write headlines. The Times ' s guidelines insist headline editors get to the main point of an article but avoid giving away endings, if present. Other guidelines include using slang "sparingly", avoiding tabloid headlines , not ending

32200-428: The phrase appeared in Pierre Dos Utt's monograph TANSTAAFL: A Plan for a New Economic World Order , which describes an oligarchic political system based on his conclusions from "no free lunch" principles. The 1938 and 1949 sources use the phrase in relating a fable about a king ( Nebuchadnezzar in Dos Utt's retelling) seeking advice from his economic advisors. The original 1938 version differs from Dos Utt's in that

32400-430: The physical size of its print edition while retaining its broadsheet format. The New-York Daily Times debuted at 18 inches (460 mm) across. By the 1950s, the Times was being printed at 16 inches (410 mm) across. In 1953, an increase in paper costs to US$ 10 (equivalent to $ 113.88 in 2023) a ton increased newsprint costs to US$ 21.7 million (equivalent to $ 308,616,417.91 in 2023) On December 28, 1953,

32600-680: The point of view character Sam persuades fellow operative Mary to marry him. When they go to the county clerk, they are offered a variety of marriage possibilities; “Term, renewable or lifetime”, as short as six months or as long as forever. Also, he embarked on a series of juvenile novels for the Charles Scribner's Sons publishing company that went from 1947 through 1959, at the rate of one book each autumn, in time for Christmas presents to teenagers. He also wrote for Boys' Life in 1952. Heinlein used topical materials throughout his juvenile series beginning in 1947, but in 1958 he interrupted work on The Heretic (the working title of Stranger in

32800-434: The political blog FiveThirtyEight in a three-year agreement. The blog, written by Nate Silver , had garnered attention during the 2008 presidential election for predicting the elections in forty-nine of fifty states. FiveThirtyEight appeared on nytimes.com in August. According to Silver, several offers were made for the blog; Silver wrote that a merger of unequals must allow for editorial sovereignty and resources from

33000-511: The position until his retirement in 1961. John Bertram Oakes served as opinion editor from 1961 to 1976, when then-publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger appointed Max Frankel . Frankel served in the position until 1986, when he was appointed as executive editor. Jack Rosenthal was the opinion editor from 1986 to 1993. Howell Raines succeeded Rosenthal until 2001, when he was made executive editor. Gail Collins succeeded Raines until her resignation in 2006. From 2007 to 2016, Andrew Rosenthal

33200-418: The print version of the Times , these headlines are written by one copy editor, reviewed by two other copy editors, approved by the masthead editors, and polished by other print editors. The process is completed before 8 p.m., but it may be repeated if further development occur, as did take place during the 2020 presidential election . On the day Joe Biden was declared the winner, The New York Times utilized

33400-419: The print version to use "wiretapped" in order to fit within the print guidelines. The nameplate of The New York Times has been unaltered since 1967. In creating the initial nameplate, Henry Jarvis Raymond sought to model The London Times , which used a Blackletter style called Textura , popularized following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and regional variations of Alcuin 's script, as well as

33600-417: The reader but acknowledged a net loss in article space of five percent. In 1985, The New York Times Company established a minority stake in a US$ 21.7 million (equivalent to $ 308,616,417.91 in 2023) newsprint plant in Clermont, Quebec through Donahue Malbaie . The company sold its equity interest in Donahue Malbaie in 2017. The New York Times often uses large, bolded headlines for major events. For

33800-433: The ruler asks for ever-simplified advice following their original "eighty-seven volumes of six hundred pages" as opposed to a simple failure to agree on "any major remedy". The last surviving economist advises that "There ain't no such thing as free lunch." In 1950, a New York Times columnist ascribed the phrase to economist (and army general) Leonard P. Ayres of the Cleveland Trust Company: "It seems that shortly before

34000-498: The same cash-flows as another security must have the same net price in equilibrium. In statistics , the term has been used to describe the tradeoffs of statistical learners (e.g., in machine learning ) which are unavoidable according to the "No free lunch" theorem . That is, any model that claims to offer superior flexibility in analyzing data patterns usually does so at the cost of introducing extra assumptions, or by sacrificing generalizability in important situations. No free lunch

34200-551: The scandal, culminating in a town hall in which a deputy editor criticized Raines for failing to question Blair's sources in article he wrote on the D.C. sniper attacks . In June 2003, Raines and Boyd resigned. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. appointed Bill Keller as executive editor. Miller continued to report on the Iraq War as a journalistic embed covering the country's weapons of mass destruction program. Keller and then-Washington bureau chief Jill Abramson unsuccessfully attempted to subside criticism. Conservative media criticized

34400-478: The science-fiction genre, and on modern culture more generally. Heinlein became one of the first American science-fiction writers to break into mainstream magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science-fiction novelists for many decades, and he, Isaac Asimov , and Arthur C. Clarke are often considered the "Big Three" of English-language science fiction authors. Notable Heinlein works include Stranger in

34600-468: The setting and cultural atmosphere in works like Time Enough for Love and To Sail Beyond the Sunset . The 1910 appearance of Halley's Comet inspired the young child's life-long interest in astronomy. In January 1924, the sixteen year old Heinlein lied about his age to enlist in Company C, 110th Engineer Regiment , of the Missouri National Guard , in Kansas City. His family could not afford to send Heinlein to college, so he sought an appointment to

34800-688: The subject of three separate investigations. During the COVID-19 pandemic , the Times began implementing data services and graphs. On May 23, 2020, The New York Times ' s front page solely featured U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss , a subset of the 100,000 people in the United States who died of COVID-19, the first time that the Times ' s front page lacked images since they were introduced. Since 2020, The New York Times has focused on broader diversification, developing online games and producing television series. The New York Times Company acquired The Athletic in January 2022. Since 1896, The New York Times has been published by

35000-445: The surface, they are simple tales of adventure, achievement, and dealing with stupid teachers and jealous peers. Heinlein was a vocal proponent of the notion that juvenile readers were far more sophisticated and able to handle more complex or difficult themes than most people realized. His juvenile stories often had a maturity to them that made them readable for adults. Red Planet , for example, portrays some subversive themes, including

35200-443: The suspect in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing and covering the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in greater detail than the print edition. The New York Times Electronic Media Company was adversely affected by the dot-com crash . The Times extensively covered the September 11 attacks . The following day's print issue contained sixty-six articles, the work of over three hundred dispatched reporters. Journalist Judith Miller

35400-441: The testimony of Heinlein's Navy friend, Rear Admiral Cal Laning , "astonishingly intelligent, widely read, and extremely liberal, though a registered Republican ", while Isaac Asimov later recalled that Heinlein was, at the time, "a flaming liberal ". (See section: Politics of Robert Heinlein .) At the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard , Heinlein met and befriended a chemical engineer named Virginia "Ginny" Gerstenfeld . After

35600-411: The theoretical use of aluminum tubes to produce nuclear material was speculation. In March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq , beginning the Iraq War . The New York Times attracted controversy after thirty-six articles from journalist Jayson Blair were discovered to be plagiarized. Criticism over then-executive editor Howell Raines and then-managing editor Gerald M. Boyd mounted following

35800-443: The time, most newspapers favored the end of the hostage crisis, but the Times placed the inauguration above the crisis. Since 1981, the paddle wheel has been used twice; on July 26, 2000, when the 2000 Camp David Summit ended without an agreement and when Bush announced that Dick Cheney would be his running mate, and on June 24, 2016, when the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum passed, beginning Brexit , and when

36000-545: The town of Raton, New Mexico . Soon thereafter, they set up housekeeping in the Broadmoor district of Colorado Springs, Colorado , in a house that Heinlein and his wife designed. As the area was newly developed, they were allowed to choose their own house number, 1776 Mesa Avenue. The design of the house was featured in Popular Mechanics . They remained married until Heinlein's death. In 1965, after various chronic health problems of Virginia's were traced back to altitude sickness , they moved to Santa Cruz, California , which

36200-429: The use of whisky, pass this ordinance." TANSTAAFL, on the other hand, applies this more generally, and indicates an acknowledgement that in reality a person or a society cannot get "something for nothing". Even if something appears to be free, there is always a cost to the person or to society as a whole, although that may be a hidden cost or an externality . For example, as Heinlein has one of his characters point out,

36400-406: The veracity of all written claims, but may delegate researching obscure facts to the research desk. In March 2021, the Times established a committee to avoid journalistic conflicts of interest with work written for The New York Times , following columnist David Brooks 's resignation from the Aspen Institute for his undisclosed work on the initiative Weave. The New York Times editorial board

36600-445: The war wound down in 1945, Heinlein began to re-evaluate his career. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , along with the outbreak of the Cold War , galvanized him to write nonfiction on political topics. In addition, he wanted to break into better-paying markets. He published four influential short stories for The Saturday Evening Post magazine, leading off, in February 1947, with " The Green Hills of Earth ". That made him

36800-415: The war, her engagement having fallen through, she attended UCLA for doctoral studies in chemistry , and while there reconnected with Heinlein. As his second wife's alcoholism gradually spun out of control, Heinlein moved out and the couple filed for divorce . Heinlein's friendship with Virginia turned into a relationship and on October 21, 1948—shortly after the decree nisi came through—they married in

37000-420: Was a progressive liberal who had spent some time in the open sexuality climate of New York’s Jazz Age Greenwich Village . Heinlein believed that some level of socialism was inevitable and was already occurring in America. He was absorbing the social concepts of writers such as H.G. Wells and Upton Sinclair . He adopted many of the progressive social beliefs of his day and projected them forward. Heinlein

37200-551: Was an American science fiction author, aeronautical engineer , and naval officer . Sometimes called the "dean of science fiction writers", he was among the first to emphasize scientific accuracy in his fiction, and was thus a pioneer of the subgenre of hard science fiction . His published works, both fiction and non-fiction, express admiration for competence and emphasize the value of critical thinking . His plots often posed provocative situations which challenged conventional social mores . His work continues to have an influence on

37400-408: Was established in 1851 by New-York Tribune journalists Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones . The Times experienced significant circulation, particularly among conservatives; New-York Tribune publisher Horace Greeley praised the New-York Daily Times . During the American Civil War , Times correspondents gathered information directly from Confederate states. In 1869, Jones inherited

37600-424: Was established in 1896 by Adolph Ochs . With the opinion department, the editorial board is independent of the newsroom. Then-editor-in-chief Charles Ransom Miller served as opinion editor from 1883 until his death in 1922. Rollo Ogden succeeded Miller until his death in 1937. From 1937 to 1938, John Huston Finley served as opinion editor; in a prearranged plan, Charles Merz succeeded Finley. Merz served in

37800-490: Was forced to borrow $ 250 million (equivalent to $ 353.79 million in 2023) from Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim and fired over one hundred employees by 2010. nytimes.com's coverage of the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal , resulting in the resignation of then-New York governor Eliot Spitzer , furthered the legitimacy of the website as a journalistic medium. The Times ' s economic downturn renewed discussions of an online paywall; The New York Times implemented

38000-668: Was named the first Science Fiction Writers Grand Master in 1974. Four of his novels won Hugo Awards . In addition, fifty years after publication, seven of his works were awarded " Retro Hugos "—awards given retrospectively for works that were published before the Hugo Awards came into existence. In his fiction, Heinlein coined terms that have become part of the English language, including grok , waldo and speculative fiction , as well as popularizing existing terms like " TANSTAAFL ", " pay it forward ", and " space marine ". He also anticipated mechanical computer-aided design with "Drafting Dan" in his novel The Door into Summer and described

38200-434: Was published in September 2006. Four collections have been published posthumously. Heinlein began his career as a writer of stories for Astounding Science Fiction magazine, which was edited by John Campbell. The science fiction writer Frederik Pohl has described Heinlein as "that greatest of Campbell-era sf writers". Isaac Asimov said that, from the time of his first story, the science fiction world accepted that Heinlein

38400-452: Was published on the Times ' s intranet in 1999. The New York Times uses honorifics when referring to individuals. With the AP Stylebook ' s removal of honorifics in 2000 and The Wall Street Journal ' s omission of courtesy titles in May 2023, the Times is the only national newspaper that continues to use honorifics. According to former copy editor Merrill Perlman, The New York Times continues to use honorifics as

38600-436: Was released on April 3, 2010, with the release of the first-generation iPad . In October, The New York Times expanded NYT Editors' Choice to include the paper's full articles. NYT for iPad was free until 2011. The Times applications on iPhone and iPad began offering in-app subscriptions in July 2011. The Times released a web application for iPad — featuring a format summarizing trending headlines on Twitter — and

38800-456: Was running as a left-wing Democrat in a conservative district, and he never made it past the Democratic primary. While not destitute after the campaign—he had a small disability pension from the Navy—Heinlein turned to writing to pay off his mortgage. His first published story, " Life-Line ", was printed in the August 1939 issue of Astounding Science Fiction . Originally written for a contest, it sold to Astounding for significantly more than

39000-402: Was the best science fiction writer in existence, adding that he would hold this title through his lifetime. Alexei and Cory Panshin noted that Heinlein's impact was immediately felt. In 1940, the year after selling 'Life-Line' to Campbell, he wrote three short novels, four novelettes, and seven short stories. They went on to say that "No one ever dominated the science fiction field as Bob did in

39200-413: Was the guest of honor at the Worldcon in 1976 for the third time at MidAmeriCon in Kansas City, Missouri . At that Worldcon, Heinlein hosted a blood drive and donors' reception to thank all those who had helped save lives. Beginning in 1977, and including an episode while vacationing in Tahiti in early 1978, he had episodes of reversible neurologic dysfunction due to transient ischemic attacks . Over

39400-520: Was the opinion editor. James Bennet succeeded Rosenthal until his resignation in 2020. As of July 2024 , the editorial board comprises thirteen opinion writers. The New York Times ' s opinion editor is Kathleen Kingsbury and the deputy opinion editor is Patrick Healy. The New York Times ' s editorial board was initially opposed to liberal beliefs, opposing women's suffrage in 1900 and 1914. The editorial board began to espouse progressive beliefs during Oakes' tenure, conflicting with

39600-421: Was the recipient of a package containing a white powder during the 2001 anthrax attacks , furthering anxiety within The New York Times . In September 2002, Miller and military correspondent Michael R. Gordon wrote an article for the Times claiming that Iraq had purchased aluminum tubes . The article was cited by then-president George W. Bush to claim that Iraq was constructing weapons of mass destruction ;

39800-452: Was updated to support collaborative editing using Firebase to update editors's cursor status. Several Google Cloud Functions and Google Cloud Tasks allow articles to be previewed as they will be printed, and the Times ' s primary MySQL database is regularly updated to update editors on the article status. Since 1895, The New York Times has maintained a manual of style in several forms. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage

40000-410: Was written by Walter Morrow. In 1942, "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch" appeared in Public Utilities Fortnightly , and the Columbia Law Review in 1945. A shortened version of the phrase, "there is no free lunch" appeared in a 1942 article in the Oelwein Daily Register (in a quote attributed to economist Harley L. Lutz) and in a 1947 column by economist Merryle S. Rukeyser . In 1949,

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