85-666: The Nissan Ariya is a battery-electric car produced by the Japanese company Nissan since January 2022. It is a compact crossover SUV and is produced at Nissan's factory in Tochigi prefecture . The Ariya is the brand's first zero-emissions SUV. It was first revealed in July 2020, with the US launch of the Ariya initially planned for the second half of 2021, before being delayed to 2022. Originally slated to hit
170-496: A generator or a fuel cell . Compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, more responsive, have superior energy conversion efficiency and no exhaust emissions , as well as a lower overall carbon footprint from manufacturing to end of life (even when a power plant supplying the electricity might add to its emissions). Due to the superior efficiency of electric motors, electric cars also generate less waste heat , thus reducing
255-756: A heat engine . Other times, the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking , or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that accompanies combustion . Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration , where organic molecules are oxidized to release usable energy. Hydrocarbons and related organic molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized. Fuels are contrasted with other substances or devices storing potential energy , such as those that directly release electrical energy (such as batteries and capacitors ) or mechanical energy (such as flywheels , springs, compressed air, or water in
340-448: A motor in each wheel hub or next to the wheels; this is rare but claimed to be safer. Electric vehicles that lack an axle , differential , or transmission can have less drivetrain inertia. Some direct current motor -equipped drag racer EVs have simple two-speed manual transmissions to improve top speed. The concept electric supercar Rimac Concept One claims it can go from 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) in 2.5 seconds. Tesla claims
425-400: A nuclear fission reactor ; nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of fuel rods ) composed of the fuel material, perhaps mixed with structural, neutron moderating , or neutron reflecting materials. When some of these fuels are struck by neutrons, they are in turn capable of emitting neutrons when they break apart. This makes possible
510-670: A 10-year period; Tesla was the only all-electric brand included. The greater the distance driven per year, the more likely the total cost of ownership for an electric car will be less than for an equivalent ICE car. The break-even distance varies by country depending on the taxes, subsidies, and different costs of energy. In some countries the comparison may vary by city, as a type of car may have different charges to enter different cities; for example, in England, London charges ICE cars more than Birmingham does. Several national and local governments have established EV incentives to reduce
595-426: A 2020 study, balancing lithium supply and demand for the rest of the century will require good recycling systems, vehicle-to-grid integration, and lower lithium intensity of transportation. Some activists and journalists have raised concerns over the perceived lack of impact of electric cars in solving the climate change crisis compared to other, less popularized methods. These concerns have largely centered around
680-430: A flat torque curve down to zero speed. For simplicity and reliability, most electric cars use fixed-ratio gearboxes and have no clutch. Many electric cars have faster acceleration than average ICE cars, largely due to reduced drivetrain frictional losses and the more quickly-available torque of an electric motor. However, NEVs may have a low acceleration due to their relatively weak motors. Electric vehicles can also use
765-450: A future mobility vision called Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared (ACES) Mobility. The term "electric car" typically refers specifically to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) or all-electric cars, a type of electric vehicle (EV) that has an onboard rechargeable battery pack that can be plugged in and charged from the electric grid , and the electricity stored on the vehicle is the only energy source that provide propulsion for
850-506: A hybrid vehicle, while 31% of younger respondents do not consider hybrid vehicles a good option. 35% would rather opt for a petrol or diesel vehicle, and 24% for an electric car instead of a hybrid. In the EU, only 13% of the total population do not plan on owning a vehicle at all. Electric motors can provide high power-to-weight ratios . Batteries can be designed to supply the electrical current needed to support these motors. Electric motors have
935-432: A large screen, from which ProPilot 2.0, the second generation of Nissan's driver assistance system, is controlled. The manufacturer has not distributed information on the capacity of the battery to be used in the production Ariya, but indicated that it will be recharged by direct current (DC) compatible with standard CHAdeMO . It will accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 5.1 seconds. The Ariya will support
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#17330857964161020-403: A mixture of propane and butane , both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. It offers many of the advantages of compressed natural gas (CNG) but is denser than air, does not burn as cleanly, and is much more easily compressed. Commonly used for cooking and space heating, LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles. Propane
1105-436: A pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power, but are falling out of favor due to the global warming and related effects that are caused by burning them. Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels, such as biofuels like alcohols. Chemical fuels are substances that release energy by reacting with substances around them, most notably by
1190-425: A reservoir). The first known use of fuel was the combustion of firewood by Homo erectus nearly two million years ago. Throughout most of human history only fuels derived from plants or animal fat were used by humans. Charcoal , a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals. It was only supplanted by coke , derived from coal, as European forests started to become depleted around
1275-554: A reversible heat pump , such as on the Nissan Leaf. PTC junction cooling is also attractive for its simplicity—this kind of system is used, for example, in the 2008 Tesla Roadster. To avoid using part of the battery's energy for heating and thus reducing the range, some models allow the cabin to be heated while the car is plugged in. For example, the Nissan Leaf, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Renault Zoe and Tesla cars can be pre-heated while
1360-918: A self-sustaining chain reaction that releases energy at a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor , or at a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclear weapon . The most common fissile nuclear fuels are uranium-235 ( U) and plutonium-239 ( Pu). The actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of nuclear fuel together make up the nuclear fuel cycle . Not all types of nuclear fuels create energy from nuclear fission. Plutonium-238 and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear energy by radioactive decay in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and other types of atomic batteries . In contrast to fission, some light nuclides such as tritium ( H) can be used as fuel for nuclear fusion . This involves two or more nuclei combining into larger nuclei. Fuels that produce energy by this method are currently not utilized by humans, but they are
1445-463: A source of energy. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that fossil fuel prices will decline, with oil stabilizing around $ 75 to $ 80 per barrel as electric vehicle adoption surges and renewable energy expands. Additionally, the IEA anticipates a notable increase in liquefied natural gas capacity, enhancing Europe’s energy diversification. The amount of energy from different types of fuel depends on
1530-512: A way to make heavy oil fractions usable as liquid fuels. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy. Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport and can be handled easily. They are also relatively easy to use for all engineering applications and in home use. Fuels like kerosene are rationed in some countries, for example in government-subsidized shops in India for home use. Conventional diesel
1615-858: Is also research and development in, as well as deployment of, other technologies such as battery swapping and inductive charging . As the recharging infrastructure (especially fast chargers ) is still in its infancy, range anxiety and time cost are frequent psychological obstacles during consumer purchasing decisions against electric cars. Worldwide, 14 million plug-in electric cars were sold in 2023, 18% of new car sales, up from 14% in 2022. Many countries have established government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles , tax credits, subsidies, and other non-monetary incentives while several countries have legislated to phase-out sales of fossil fuel cars , to reduce air pollution and limit climate change . EVs are expected to account for over one-fifth of global car sales in 2024. China currently has
1700-467: Is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as thermal energy or to be used for work . The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable of releasing chemical energy but has since also been applied to other sources of heat energy, such as nuclear energy (via nuclear fission and nuclear fusion ). The heat energy released by reactions of fuels can be converted into mechanical energy via
1785-555: Is available in both front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive (e-4ORCE) variants and with a 63 kWh or 87 kWh battery size. The 63 kWh battery is only available on the Engage base trim. Standard technology on the Ariya includes Nissan's Safety Shield 360 system, which includes the ProPILOT driver assist system. The more advanced ProPILOT 2.0 system, which allows hands-free driving under certain conditions in available on some trims. A Nismo version of
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#17330857964161870-574: Is cheaper than that of equivalent ICE cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs. In 2023, the Tesla Model Y became the world's best selling car. The Tesla Model 3 became the world's all-time best-selling electric car in early 2020, and in June 2021 became the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales. Together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous driving, connected vehicles and shared mobility, electric cars form
1955-424: Is decreasing as heating technology and the availability of good quality fuel improves. In some areas, smokeless coal is often the only solid fuel used. In Ireland, peat briquettes are used as smokeless fuel. They are also used to start a coal fire. Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy , usually producing kinetic energy . They must also take
2040-456: Is equivalent to 44 ⁄ 12 (this is the ratio of the molecular/atomic weights) or 3.7 tonnes of CO 2 . Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming , causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects . Fuels are
2125-405: Is lower; however, for higher production, a dedicated platform may be preferred to optimize design, and cost. In the EU and US, but not yet China, the total cost of ownership of recent electric cars is cheaper than that of equivalent gasoline cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs. A 2024 Consumer Reports analysis of 29 car brands found Tesla was the least expensive to maintain over
2210-409: Is needed on non-exhaust particulates. The sourcing of fossil fuels (oil well to gasoline tank) causes further damage as well as use of resources during the extraction and refinement processes. Depending on the production process and the source of the electricity to charge the vehicle, emissions may be partly shifted from cities to the plants that generate electricity and produce the car as well as to
2295-399: Is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum . Kerosene is used in kerosene lamps and as a fuel for cooking, heating, and small engines. Natural gas , composed chiefly of methane , can only exist as a liquid at very low temperatures (regardless of pressure), which limits its direct use as a liquid fuel in most applications. LP gas is
2380-409: Is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally. Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that are gaseous under ordinary conditions. Many fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane or propane ), hydrogen , carbon monoxide , or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential heat energy or light energy that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes from
2465-1006: Is widespread public debate about how carbon neutral these fuels are. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons , primarily coal and petroleum ( liquid petroleum or natural gas ), formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as tar sands . These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels . Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They range from volatile materials with low carbon: hydrogen ratios like methane , to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in
2550-552: The Electric Storage Battery Company of Philadelphia . During the 20th century, the main manufacturers of electric vehicles in the United States included Anthony Electric, Baker, Columbia, Anderson, Edison, Riker, Milburn, Bailey Electric , and Detroit Electric . Their electric vehicles were quieter than gasoline-powered ones, and did not require gear changes. Six electric cars held the land speed record in
2635-621: The Ford Model T , led to a decline. ICE cars' much quicker refueling times and cheaper production costs made them more popular. However, a decisive moment came with the introduction in 1912 of the electric starter motor that replaced other, often laborious, methods of starting the ICE, such as hand-cranking . In the early 1990s the California Air Resources Board (CARB) began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with
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2720-593: The largest stock of electric vehicles in the world , with cumulative sales of 5.5 million units through December 2020, although these figures also include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as buses , garbage trucks and sanitation vehicles , and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in China. In the United States and the European Union , as of 2020, the total cost of ownership of recent electric vehicles
2805-441: The stoichiometric ratio , the chemically correct air and fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion of fuel, and its specific energy , the energy per unit mass. 1 MJ ≈ 0.28 kWh ≈ 0.37 HPh . (The fuel-air ratio (FAR) is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio (AFR).) λ is the air-fuel equivalence ratio, and λ =1 means that it is assumed that the fuel and the oxidising agent (oxygen in air) are present in exactly
2890-464: The 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for barbecue cooking. Crude oil was distilled by Persian chemists , with clear descriptions given in Arabic handbooks such as those of Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi . He described the process of distilling crude oil/petroleum into kerosene , as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, in his Kitab al-Asrar ( Book of Secrets ). Kerosene
2975-412: The 19th century. The last of them was the rocket-shaped La Jamais Contente , driven by Camille Jenatzy , which broke the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier by reaching a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph) in 1899. Electric cars remained popular until advances in internal-combustion engine (ICE) cars and mass production of cheaper gasoline- and diesel -powered vehicles, especially
3060-424: The Ariya was unveiled on 12 January 2024 with up to 430 HP. The 2023 Ariya was awarded "Top Safety Pick" by IIHS , which applies to vehicles built after March 2023, when Nissan made adjustments to the headlights and all trims comes equipped with LED projector headlights. system system system system* * Applies to units built before April 2023. 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) The Nissan Ariya concept car
3145-699: The CCS standard in the US and Europe. The Ariya Single Seater Concept was unveiled in December 2021, as part of the manufacturer's Futures event. The concept car, which is a demonstration of an all-electric motorsports vehicle similar to ones used in Formula E racing, shares its powertrain with the Ariya SUV. The concept also shares multiple design cues with its SUV counterpart, including the illuminated "V" shape at its front and its overall form, which, according to Nissan, "looks like it
3230-556: The EV company Togg is starting production of its electric vehicles. Batteries will be created in a joint venture with the Chinese company Farasis Energy . The most expensive part of an electric car is its battery. The price decreased from €605 per kWh in 2010, to €170 in 2017, to €100 in 2019. When designing an electric vehicle, manufacturers may find that for low production, converting existing platforms may be cheaper, as development cost
3315-558: The absorption of a proton or neutron . In most stars the fuel is provided by hydrogen, which can combine to form helium through the proton-proton chain reaction or by the CNO cycle . When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, nuclear fusion can continue with progressively heavier elements, although the net energy released is lower because of the smaller difference in nuclear binding energy. Once iron-56 or nickel-56 nuclei are produced, no further energy can be obtained by nuclear fusion as these have
3400-568: The area around modern Baku , Azerbaijan . These fields were described by the Arab geographer Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī in the 10th century, and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. With the development of the steam engine in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use, the combustion of which releases chemical energy that can be used to turn water into steam. Coal
3485-432: The best selling all-electric car at that time. Starting in 2008, a renaissance in electric vehicle manufacturing occurred due to advances in batteries, and the desire to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and to improve urban air quality . During the 2010s, the electric vehicle industry in China expanded rapidly with government support. Several automakers marked up the prices of their electric vehicles in anticipation of
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3570-587: The car is charged. Cost savings are also affected by the price of gasoline which can vary by location. Electric cars have several benefits when replacing ICE cars, including a significant reduction of local air pollution, as they do not emit exhaust pollutants such as volatile organic compounds , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , ozone , lead , and various oxides of nitrogen . Similar to ICE vehicles, electric cars emit particulates from tyre and brake wear which may damage health, although regenerative braking in electric cars means less brake dust. More research
3655-486: The car when parked; two models of the 2010 Toyota Prius include this feature as an option. The safety issues of BEVs are largely dealt with by the international standard ISO 6469. This document is divided into three parts dealing with specific issues: Research published in the British Medical Journal in 2024 indicates that between 2013 and 2017 in the United Kingdom, electric cars killed pedestrians at twice
3740-600: The correct proportions so that they are both fully consumed in the reaction. Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive nuclear energy . In theory, a wide variety of substances could be a nuclear fuel, as they can be made to release nuclear energy under the right conditions. However, the materials commonly referred to as nuclear fuels are those that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress. Nuclear fuel can be "burned" by nuclear fission (splitting nuclei apart) or fusion (combining nuclei together) to derive nuclear energy. "Nuclear fuel" can refer to
3825-593: The earliest fuel employed by humans is wood. Evidence shows controlled fire was used up to 1.5 million years ago at Swartkrans , South Africa. It is unknown which hominid species first used fire, as both Australopithecus and an early species of Homo were present at the sites. As a fuel, wood has remained in use up until the present day, although it has been superseded for many purposes by other sources. Wood has an energy density of 10–20 MJ / kg . Recently biofuels have been developed for use in automotive transport (for example bioethanol and biodiesel ), but there
3910-451: The electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels. Electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines in converting stored energy into driving a vehicle. However, they are not equally efficient at all speeds. To allow for this, some cars with dual electric motors have one electric motor with a gear optimised for city speeds and the second electric motor with a gear optimised for highway speeds. The electronics select
3995-546: The existence of less carbon-intensive and more efficient forms of transportation such as active mobility , mass transit and e-scooters and the continuation of a system designed for cars first. A 2022 survey found that 33% of car buyers in Europe will opt for a petrol or diesel car when purchasing a new vehicle. 67% of the respondents mentioned opting for the hybrid or electric version. More specifically, it found that electric cars are only preferred by 28% of Europeans, making them
4080-434: The first electric car some time between 1832 and 1839. The following experimental electric cars appeared during the 1880s: Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and an ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline-driven cars of the time. The electric vehicle fleet peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles at
4165-634: The form of methane clathrates . Fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years. This biogenic theory was first introduced by German scholar Georg Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century. It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in
4250-420: The fuel itself, or to physical objects (for example bundles composed of fuel rods ) composed of the fuel material, mixed with structural, neutron moderating , or neutron-reflecting materials. Nuclear fuel has the highest energy density of all practical fuel sources. The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in
4335-431: The generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes ) of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon
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#17330857964164420-513: The high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, and a market penetration far lower than originally predicted. The Mitsubishi i-MiEV , launched in 2009 in Japan, was the first highway-legal series production electric car, and also the first all-electric car to sell more than 10,000 units. Several months later, the Nissan Leaf , launched in 2010, surpassed the i MiEV as
4505-459: The highest nuclear binding energies. Any nucleii heavier than Fe and Ni would thus absorb energy instead of giving it off when fused. Therefore, fusion stops and the star dies. In attempts by humans, fusion is only carried out with hydrogen ( H (deuterium) or H (tritium)) to form helium-4 as this reaction gives out the most net energy. Electric confinement ( ITER ), inertial confinement (heating by laser) and heating by strong electric currents are
4590-656: The infrastructure on a country-by-country basis. In January 2008, Better Place announced a memorandum of understanding with Renault-Nissan to build the world's first Electric Recharge Grid Operator (ERGO) model for Israel. Under the agreement, Better Place would build the electric recharge grid and Renault-Nissan would provide the electric vehicles . Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013. The company's financial difficulties were caused by mismanagement, wasteful efforts to establish toeholds and run pilots in too many countries,
4675-489: The least preferred type of vehicle. 39% of Europeans tend to prefer hybrid vehicles , while 33% prefer petrol or diesel vehicles . 44% Chinese car buyers, on the other hand, are the most likely to buy an electric car, while 38% of Americans would opt for a hybrid car, 33% would prefer petrol or diesel, while only 29% would go for an electric car. Specifically for the EU , 47% of car buyers over 65 years old are likely to purchase
4760-468: The main source of fuel for stars . Fusion fuels are light elements such as hydrogen whose nucleii will combine easily. Energy is required to start fusion by raising the temperature so high that nuclei can collide together with enough energy that they stick together before repelling due to electric charge. This process is called fusion and it can give out energy. In stars that undergo nuclear fusion, fuel consists of atomic nuclei that can release energy by
4845-522: The market in 2021 at a starting price of $ 40,000, the Ariya production version was unveiled in July 2020. Due to the chip shortage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic , the Ariya's launch was delayed to 2022 from its original 2021 launch. In November 2021, pricing was revealed for the North American market. Deliveries began in the United States and Canada in the fall of 2022 for the 2023 model year. The Ariya
4930-489: The milestone of 1 million global sales in June 2021. In the third quarter of 2021, the Alliance for Automotive Innovation reported that sales of electric vehicles had reached six percent of all US light-duty automotive sales, the highest volume of EV sales ever recorded at 187,000 vehicles. This was an 11% sales increase, as opposed to a 1.3% increase in gasoline and diesel-powered units. The report indicated that California
5015-495: The motor that has the best efficiency for the current speed and acceleration. Regenerative braking , which is most common in electric vehicles, can recover as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking. Combustion powered cars harness waste heat from the engine to provide cabin heating, but this option is not available in an electric vehicle. While heating can be provided with an electric resistance heater, higher efficiency and integral cooling can be obtained with
5100-463: The need for engine cooling systems that are often large, complicated and maintenance-prone in ICE vehicles. The electric vehicle battery typically needs to be plugged into a mains electricity power supply for recharging in order to maximize the cruising range . Recharging an electric car can be done at different kinds of charging stations ; these charging stations can be installed in private homes , parking garages and public areas . There
5185-443: The occupants of a lighter vehicle; therefore, the additional weight brings safety benefits to the occupant, while increasing harm to others. On average, an accident will cause about 50% more injuries to the occupants of a 2,000 lb (900 kg) vehicle than those in a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) vehicle. Heavier cars are more dangerous to people outside the car if they hit a pedestrian or another vehicle. Fuel A fuel
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#17330857964165270-452: The point of origin directly to the place of consumption. Fuel gas is contrasted with liquid fuels and from solid fuels, though some fuel gases are liquefied for storage or transport. While their gaseous nature can be advantageous, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it can also be dangerous. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain areas, leading to
5355-509: The popular methods. Most transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles usually require high energy density . This occurs naturally in liquids and solids. High energy density can also be provided by an internal combustion engine . These engines require clean-burning fuels. The fuels that are easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids and gases. Thus, liquids meet the requirements of being both energy-dense and clean-burning. In addition, liquids (and gases) can be pumped, which means handling
5440-407: The primary source of propulsion . The term normally refers to a plug-in electric vehicle , typically a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which only uses energy stored in on-board battery packs , but broadly may also include plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), which can convert electric power from other fuels via
5525-779: The process of combustion . Chemical fuels are divided in two ways. First, by their physical properties, as a solid, liquid or gas. Secondly, on the basis of their occurrence: primary (natural fuel) and secondary (artificial fuel) . Thus, a general classification of chemical fuels is: Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating , usually released through combustion. Solid fuels include wood , charcoal , peat , coal , hexamine fuel tablets , and pellets made from wood (see wood pellets ), corn , wheat , rye and other grains . Solid-fuel rocket technology also uses solid fuel (see solid propellants ). Solid fuels have been used by humanity for many years to create fire . Coal
5610-465: The purchase price of electric cars and other plug-ins. As of 2020 , the electric vehicle battery is more than a quarter of the total cost of the car. Purchase prices are expected to drop below those of new ICE cars when battery costs fall below US$ 100 per kWh, which is forecast to be in the mid-2020s. Leasing or subscriptions are popular in some countries, depending somewhat on national taxes and subsidies, and end of lease cars are expanding
5695-420: The rate of petrol or diesel vehicles because "they are less audible to pedestrians in urban areas". Jurisdictions have passed laws requiring electric vehicles to be manufactured with sound generators. The weight of the batteries themselves usually makes an EV heavier than a comparable gasoline vehicle. In a collision, the occupants of a heavy vehicle will, on average, suffer fewer and less serious injuries than
5780-575: The risk of a gas explosion . For this reason, odorizers are added to most fuel gases so that they may be detected by a distinct smell. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is natural gas . Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass . Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power—known as biomass fuel . Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source that can be replenished rapidly e.g. plants. Many different plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacture. Perhaps
5865-450: The second hand market. In a June 2022 report by AlixPartners, the cost for raw materials on an average EV rose from $ 3,381 in March 2020 to $ 8,255 in May 2022. The cost increase voice is attributed mainly to lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Electricity almost always costs less than gasoline per kilometer travelled, but the price of electricity often varies depending on where and what time of day
5950-499: The shape of their container; the fumes of liquid fuels are flammable, not the fluids. Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure inside the Earth's crust. However, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel (for automotive uses), ethanol , jet fuel and bio-diesel , which are all categorized as liquid fuels. Emulsified fuels of oil in water, such as orimulsion , have been developed as
6035-457: The subsidy adjustments, including Tesla, Volkswagen and Guangzhou-based GAC Group, which counts Fiat, Honda, Isuzu, Mitsubishi, and Toyota as foreign partners. In July 2019 US-based Motor Trend magazine awarded the fully-electric Tesla Model S the title "ultimate car of the year". In March 2020 the Tesla Model 3 passed the Nissan Leaf to become the world's all-time best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered; it reached
6120-451: The transportation of material. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted depends on the emissions of the electricity source and the efficiency of the vehicle. For electricity from the grid , the life-cycle emissions vary depending on the proportion of coal-fired power , but are always less than ICE cars. The cost of installing charging infrastructure has been estimated to be repaid by health cost savings in less than three years. According to
6205-524: The turn of the 20th century. In 1897, electric cars first found commercial use as taxis in Britain and in the United States. In London, Walter Bersey 's electric cabs were the first self-propelled vehicles for hire at a time when cabs were horse-drawn. In New York City, a fleet of twelve hansom cabs and one brougham , based on the design of the Electrobat II , formed part of a project funded in part by
6290-519: The ultimate goal of a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models. These early cars were eventually withdrawn from the U.S. market, because of a massive campaign by the US automakers to discredit the idea of electric cars. California electric-auto maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 of what would become the Tesla Roadster , first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster
6375-473: The upcoming Tesla Roadster will go 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds. Internal combustion engines have thermodynamic limits on efficiency, expressed as a fraction of energy used to propel the vehicle compared to energy produced by burning fuel. Gasoline engines effectively use only 15% of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories; diesel engines can reach on-board efficiency of 20%; electric vehicles convert over 77% of
6460-486: The vehicle is plugged in. Some electric cars (for example, the Citroën Berlingo Electrique ) use an auxiliary heating system (for example gasoline -fueled units manufactured by Webasto or Eberspächer) but sacrifice "green" and "Zero emissions" credentials. Cabin cooling can be augmented with solar power external batteries and USB fans or coolers, or by automatically allowing outside air to flow through
6545-471: The wheels. The term generally refers to highway-capable automobiles, but there are also low-speed electric vehicles with limitations in terms of weight, power and maximum speed that are allowed to travel on public roads. The latter are classified as Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) in the United States , and as electric motorised quadricycles in Europe . Robert Anderson is often credited with inventing
6630-550: The world. Non-fossil sources in 2006 included hydroelectric 6.3%, nuclear 8.5%, and others ( geothermal , solar , tidal , wind , wood , waste ) amounting to 0.9%. World energy consumption was growing about 2.3% per year. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward
6715-438: Was also produced during the same period from oil shale and bitumen by heating the rock to extract the oil, which was then distilled. Rāzi also gave the first description of a kerosene lamp using crude mineral oil, referring to it as the "naffatah". The streets of Baghdad were paved with tar , derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in
6800-592: Was later used to drive ships and locomotives . By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate electricity , providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005. Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the Industrial Revolution , because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power. They have become
6885-407: Was presented on 24 October 2019 at the 2019 Tokyo Motor Show . It is a 100% electric coupe SUV concept car measuring 4.6 m (15 ft) in length. The concept car was fitted with 21-inch rims, LED headlamps and an illuminated logo on its grille, which itself takes the form of a large "V" characteristic of Nissan design. Inside, the dashboard is equipped with two 12.3-inch screens assembled to form
6970-491: Was shaped by the air itself". Tommaso Volpe, who is the manufacturer's global motorsports director, stated that the Ariya Single Seater Concept acts as "a powerful demonstration of just how thrilling electric vehicles could be." Battery-electric car An electric car or electric vehicle ( EV ) is a passenger automobile that is propelled by an electric traction motor , using electrical energy as
7055-547: Was the US leader in EV with nearly 40% of US purchases, followed by Florida – 6%, Texas – 5% and New York 4.4%. Electric companies from the Middle East have been designing electric cars. Oman's Mays Motors have developed the Mays i E1 which is expected to begin production in 2023. Built from carbon fibre, it has a range of about 560 km (350 miles) and can accelerate from 0–130 km/h (0–80 mph) in about 4 secs. In Turkey,
7140-664: Was the first highway-legal all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge. Better Place , a venture-backed company based in Palo Alto, California , but steered from Israel , developed and sold battery charging and battery swapping services for electric cars. The company was publicly launched on 29 October 2007 and announced deployment of electric vehicle networks in Israel , Denmark and Hawaii in 2008 and 2009. The company planned to deploy
7225-409: Was the fuel source which enabled the Industrial Revolution , from firing furnaces , to running steam engines . Wood was also extensively used to run steam locomotives . Both peat and coal are still used in electricity generation today. The use of some solid fuels (e.g. coal) is restricted or prohibited in some urban areas, due to unsafe levels of toxic emissions. The use of other solid fuels as wood
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