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59-688: Nishiyama (Japanese: 西山 , "western mountain") may refer to: People with the surname [ edit ] Hidetaka Nishiyama , American martial arts exponent and founder of Shotokan Kazutaka Nishiyama , Japanese baseball player Keiki Nishiyama , Japanese volleyball player Kiyoshi Nishiyama ( 西山 清 , 1893–1983) , Japanese photographer Kiyoshi Nishiyama (handballer) ( 西山 清 , born 1959) , Japanese handball player Michitaka Nishiyama ( 西山 道隆 , born 1980) , Japanese baseball player Norio Nishiyama , Japanese mixed martial artist Rei Nishiyama , Japanese softball player Reiji Nishiyama , director of

118-462: A datotsu-bui of the opponent's kendo-gu with the shinai making contact at its datotsu-bu , the competitor displaying high spirits, correct posture and followed by zanshin . Datotsu-bui or point scoring targets in kendo are defined as: Datotsu-bu of the shinai is the forward, or blade side ( jin-bu ) of the top third ( monouchi ) of the shinai . Zanshin ( 残心 ) , or continuation of awareness, must be present and shown throughout

177-423: A motodachi . This is a process that requires patience. The kendōka and motodachi practice the technique slowly at first; as familiarity and confidence build, they increase the speed to the level used in matches and competitions. These attack techniques are used to create an opening in an opponent by initiating an attack, or striking boldly when the opponent has created an opening. Such techniques include: This

236-585: A character in the manga/anime Muteki Kanban Musume Places [ edit ] Nishiyama, Niigata Nishiyama Station (disambiguation) , name of two different railway stations in Japan Other uses [ edit ] Nishiyama Craters , volcanic craters in Shikotsu-Tōya National Park , Hokkaido 6745 Nishiyama , an asteroid See also [ edit ] 西山 (disambiguation) Xishan (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

295-406: A compromise of ten practice moves ( kata ) for police training. This integration effort led to the development of modern kendo. In 1878, Kawaji wrote a book on swordsmanship, Gekiken Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Swordsmanship), stressing sword styles should not disappear with modernization, but should be integrated as necessary skills for the police. He draws a particular example from his experience with

354-473: A film by Akira Kurosawa . He recalled that training in the honbu dojo was around 80% kata (patterns) and 20% kihon (basics), and that Funakoshi and his son, Gigō Funakoshi , would divide the teaching load evenly between them. Nishiyama served in the Imperial Japanese Navy before the end of World War II, and was unable to continue his karate training during this brief period. In 1946, he

413-513: A garment separated in the middle to form two wide trouser legs. A cotton towel ( 手拭い , tenugui ) is wrapped around the head, under the men , to absorb perspiration and provide a base for the men to fit comfortably. Kendo training is quite noisy in comparison to some other martial arts or sports. This is because kendōka use a shout, or kiai ( 気合い ) , to express their fighting spirit when striking. Additionally, kendōka execute fumikomi-ashi ( 踏み込み足 ) , an action similar to

472-437: A point to be awarded. Play is stopped after each point is awarded. Kendo competitions are usually a three-point match. The first competitor to score two points, therefore, wins the match. If the time limit is reached and only one competitor has a point, that competitor wins. In the case of a tie, there are several options: The All Japan Kendo Championship is regarded as the most prestigious kendo championship. Despite it being

531-610: A register of dan graded members of the AJKF, lists (as of September 2007) 1.48 million registered dan graded kendōka in Japan. According to a survey conducted by AJKF, the number of active kendo practitioners in Japan is 477,000, including 290,000 dan holders. From these figures, AJKF estimates that the number of kendōka in Japan is 1.66 million, with over 6 million practitioners worldwide, with registered dan holders and active kendo practitioners without dan grade. In 1975,

590-512: A rising-slide motion, with the right ( ura ) or left ( omote ) side of the shinai . Then strike in the direction of their shinai , or at the opening resulting from their composure's collapse. This technique needs to be smooth. That is, do not separate the rising-slide motion and the upward-sweeping motion or it will not be successful. Valid strikes include: men-suriage-men , kote-suriage-men , men-suriage-do , kote-suriage-kote , and Tsuki-suriage-men . This waza knocks an opponent's shinai to

649-697: A seminal textbook on karate; the cover of a 1990 reprint noted that over 300,000 copies had been sold. In June 1960, Nishiyama was promoted to the rank of 5th dan in Shotokan karate. In July 1961, Nishiyama moved to the United States of America at the invitation of his students from the SAC, and founded the All American Karate Federation (AAKF). It was around this time that Tsutomu Ohshima invited Nishiyama to take charge of his karate students in

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708-462: A stamp of the front foot, during a strike. Like some other martial arts, kendōka train and fight barefoot. Kendo is ideally practiced in a purpose-built dōjō , though standard sports halls and other venues are often used. An appropriate venue has a clean and wooden sprung floor , suitable for fumikomi-ashi . Kendo techniques comprise both strikes and thrusts. Strikes are only made towards specified target areas ( 打突-部位 , datotsu-bui ) on

767-476: A strike after responding or avoiding an attempted strike by the opponent. This can also be achieved by inducing the opponent to attack, then employing one of the Ōji-waza . Avoiding an attack from another, then instantly responding. Here, timing has to be correct. A response that is too slow or fast may not be effective. Therefore, close attention to an opponent's every move is required. If struck by an opponent's shinai , this technique sweeps up their shinai in

826-566: A voluntary surrender of swords, the government banned the use of swords by the surviving samurai and initiated sword hunts . Meanwhile, in an attempt to standardize the sword styles ( kenjutsu ) used by policemen, Kawaji Toshiyoshi recruited swordsmen from various schools to come up with a unified swordsmanship style. This led to the rise of the Battotai (抜刀隊, lit. Drawn Sword Corps ), consisting mainly of sword-wielding policemen. However, it proved difficult to integrate all sword arts, leading to

885-442: Is a technique used when one's opponent has weak kisei (spirit, vigor) or when they yield an opening under pressure. Always hold kisei and strike quickly. Body and shinai will lose balance as the initiator strikes or when being attacked. This technique takes advantage of this to help execute a strike. A good example is Hikibana-kote when a strike is made to an opponent's kote as they feel threatened and raise their kensen as

944-541: Is attributed to Naganuma Shirōzaemon Kunisato ( 長沼 四郎左衛門 国郷 , 1688–1767) during the Shotoku Era (1711–1715). Naganuma developed the use of this armor and established a training method using bamboo swords. Yamada Heizaemon Mitsunori (Ippūsai) ( 山田平左衛門光徳(一風斎) , 1638–1718) , third son of Naganuma and the 8th headmaster of the Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū Kenjutsu, is credited with improving

1003-411: Is broken. This technique involves striking the opponent as they are about to strike. This is because their concentration will be on striking and their posture will have no flexibility to respond. Thus debana-waza is ideal. This can be to any part of the opponent's body, with valid strikes being: debana-men , debana-kote , and debana-Tsuki . These counter-attack techniques are performed by executing

1062-542: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hidetaka Nishiyama Nishiyama was born on October 10, 1928, in Tokyo, Japan. His father was a lawyer and a kendo master, and he had two sisters, Sumiye and Michiko. During Nishiyama's childhood, karate was mostly unknown in Japan, and children were required to train in either judo or kendo in middle school. He started learning kendo in 1933 and judo in 1938. Recalling

1121-599: Is held every year, except in those years in which there is a world championship. Kendo is also one of the martial arts in the World Combat Games . Technical achievement in kendo is measured by advancement in grade, rank or level. The kyū ( 級 ) and dan ( 段 ) grading system, created in 1883, is used to indicate one's proficiency in kendo. The dan levels are from first-dan ( 初段 , sho-dan ) to tenth-dan ( 十段 , jū-dan ) . There are usually six grades below first-dan, known as kyu . The kyu numbering

1180-428: Is meant to represent a Japanese sword ( katana ) and is made up of four bamboo slats which are held together by leather fittings. A modern variation of a shinai with carbon fiber reinforced resin slats is also used. Age Group Shinai Size Kendōka also use hard wooden swords ( 木刀 , bokutō ) to practice kata . Kendo employs strikes involving both one edge and

1239-490: Is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across the world. Swordsmen in Japan established schools of kenjutsu (the ancestor of kendo). These continued for centuries and form the basis of kendo practice today. Formal kendo exercises known as kata were developed several centuries ago as kenjutsu practice for warriors. They are still studied today, in a modified form. The introduction of bamboo practice swords and armor to sword training

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1298-490: The All Japan Kendo Federation developed and published "The Concept and Purpose of Kendo" (reproduced below). Kendo is a way to discipline the human character through the application of the principles of the katana . Kendo is practiced wearing a traditional Japanese style of clothing, protective armor ( 防具 , bōgu ) and using one or, less commonly two, shinai ( 竹刀 , shinai ) . The shinai

1357-704: The International Olympic Committee to suspend its recognition of WUKO as amateur karate's international governing body. The ITKF and WUKO had been due to merge and form a unified karate organization, but this did not eventuate. The WUKO eventually became the World Union of Karate-Do Federations in late 2008. In 1999, the United States Senate honored Nishiyama by presenting him with the US flag that had been flown on October 10 (his birthday) that year over

1416-468: The Satsuma Rebellion . The Junsa Kyōshūjo (Patrolman's Training Institute), founded in 1879, provided a curriculum that allowed policemen to study gekiken during their off-hours. In the same year, Kawaji wrote another book on swordsmanship, Kendo Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Kendo), defending the significance of such sword art training for the police. While Junsa Kyōshūjo remained active only until 1881,

1475-580: The Strategic Air Command (SAC). The other karate instructors for this program included Masatoshi Nakayama and Isao Obata . The following year, United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay invited several instructors, including Nishiyama, to tour US air bases on the North American mainland. In 1960, Nishiyama published his first book, Karate: The Art of Empty-Hand Fighting (co-authored with Richard Brown). This work has been recognized as

1534-606: The US Capitol in Washington, D.C. The flag was awarded in recognition of his contributions to traditional karate. At the request of US Senator Slade Gorton , the accompanying letter stated: "I would like to thank you for your many years of service to this country. Your efforts in bringing the art of Karate to the United States Armed Forces has been immeasurable. On behalf of your grateful students and friends, I wish you

1593-764: The AAKF, and President of the ITKF. He was based in Los Angeles, where he had settled with his family, but travelled across the world to teach karate. Nishiyama was featured on the cover of the December 1986 issue of Black Belt magazine. In 1989, he published the Traditional Karate Coach's Manual . In the early 1990s, Nishiyama's refusal to align his ITKF organization with the World Union of Karate-Do Organizations (WUKO) caused

1652-540: The All Japan Collegiate Karate Union, and was elected its first chairman. In 1950, Funakoshi promoted him to 3rd dan in karate. Nishiyama received a Master of Arts degree in economics from Takushoku University in 1951. That year, he was appointed to the JKA's Board of Directors. He began working for Shell Oil , but his JKA role soon became his full-time occupation. He was appointed to take charge of

1711-403: The JKA instructors' training program, and continued to oversee it until the late 1950s. Recalling notable graduates of the course, he said, "There were many but I think Mr. Kanazawa was exceptional, even though he left the JKA. There were many very good people, like Mr. Enoeda , Shirai , Mikami and many others as well." In 1952, Nishiyama began teaching karate to US military personnel from

1770-458: The US, as Ohshima was planning to return to Japan following completion of his US university studies. The arrangement did not work out satisfactorily, and was to be a source of bitterness between the two men. Four years later, in 1965, Nishiyama organized the first United States vs. Japan Goodwill Karate Tournament. He wrote a long letter on the state of karate tournaments, published in 1967 by Black Belt magazine. In that letter, he warned of

1829-761: The anime Pita-Ten Shunta Nishiyama ( 西山 峻太 , born 1989) , Japanese footballer Soin Nishiyama , Tokugawa-era poet Taiga Nishiyama ( 西山 大雅 , born 1999) , Japanese footballer Takahisa Nishiyama , Japanese soccer player Takashi Nishiyama , Japanese video game developer Teppei Nishiyama , Japanese football player Tomoka Nishiyama , Japanese shogi player Uzō Nishiyama ( 西山 夘三 , 1911–1994) , Japanese architect, city planner and architectural scholar Yusuke Nishiyama (footballer) ( 西山 雄介 , born 1994) , Japanese footballer Yusuke Nishiyama (runner) ( 西山 雄介 , born 1994) , Japanese long-distance runner Fictional characters Kankuro Nishiyama ,

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1888-412: The art with Japanese wooden and bamboo swords, according to his gravestone's inscription. He is also credited with refining the armor by adding a metal grille to the headpiece (面; men ) and thick cotton protective coverings to the gauntlets that cover the wrists and hands (小手; kote ). Naganuma Sirozaemon Kunisato ( 長沼四郎左衛門国郷 , 1688–1767) inherited the tradition from his father Heizaemon in 1708, and

1947-408: The beginning of his martial arts training, Nishiyama said, "I began, as is the custom in Japan, on the 5th day of the fifth month at the age of five. I started in kendo." His kendo instructor, Moorio Mochida, had a strong and lasting influence on the youth's development in the martial arts. By the time Nishiyama reached 14 years of age, he had attained black belt status in judo. In 1943, Nishiyama

2006-833: The best in your many endeavors." In May 2000, Nishiyama was honored when the Nishiyama Cup was held in Moscow, the first official karate event conducted in Russia since the end of the Soviet Union . On November 3, 2000, the Emperor of Japan awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure , 4th Class (Gold Rays with Rosette), to him in a ceremony on the grounds of the Tokyo Imperial Palace . Nishiyama

2065-645: The dangers of unqualified competitors and officials. In 1968, he organized the first World Invitational Karate Tournament, held at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena . In 1973, Nishiyama co-founded the Pan American Karate Union and was elected its first Executive Director. He became Executive Director of the International Amateur Karate Federation (IAKF) in 1974. The first IAKF World Karate Championship

2124-603: The end of the Edo period , the use of bamboo swords and armor as a form of practice became popular. Modern kendo techniques, such as Suriage-Men and Oikomi-Men, were originally Hokushin Ittō-ryū techniques, were named by Chiba Shūsaku. After the Meiji Restoration in the late 1800s, Sakakibara Kenkichi popularized public gekiken for commercial gain, resulting in increased interest in kendo and kenjutsu. In 1876, five years after

2183-404: The execution of the strike and the kendōka must be mentally and physically ready to attack again. In competition, there are usually three referees ( 審判 , shinpan ) . Each referee holds a red flag and a white flag in opposing hands. To award a point, a referee raises the flag corresponding to the color of the ribbon worn by the scoring competitor. Usually, at least two referees must agree for

2242-445: The initiator pushes forward. This provides a surprise attack by lifting the shinai over the initiator's shoulder before striking. Here a skillful use of the kensen and spirited attack is crucial for effective katsugi-waza or luring the opponent into breaking their posture. There are two types. The first is for moving to the next waza after a failed first strike, and the second holds the opponent's attention and posture to create

2301-566: The national championship for only Japanese kendōka , kendo practitioners all over the world consider the All Japan Kendo Championship as the championship with the highest level of competitive kendo. The World Kendo Championships have been held every three years since 1970. They are organised by the International Kendo Federation (FIK) with the support of the host nation's kendo federation. The European championship

2360-413: The opening for a second strike. The former requires a continuous rhythm of correct strikes. The latter requires continuous execution of waza , to take advantage of the opponent's opening. This can be used if one's opponent's stance has no opening when the opponent tries to attack. The opponent's shinai is either knocked down from above or swept up from below with a resulting strike just when their stance

2419-405: The opponent parries their shinai with the initiator's. They then flip over (turn over the hands) and strike their opposite side. Valid strikes include: men-kaeshi-men , men-kaeshi-kote , men-kaeshi-do , kote-kaeshi-men , kote-kaeshi-kote , and do-kaeshi-men . A scorable point ( 有効打突 , yūkō-datotsu ) in a kendo competition ( tai-kai ) is defined as an accurate strike or thrust made onto

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2478-493: The opponent's neck, thrusting techniques in free practice and competition are often restricted to senior dan graded kendōka . Once a kendōka begins practice in armor, a practice session may include any or all of the following types of practice: Techniques are divided into shikake-waza (仕掛け技; to initiate a strike) and ōji-waza (応じ技; a response to an attempted strike). Kendōka who wish to use such techniques during practice or competitions often practice each technique with

2537-511: The police continued to support such practice. The Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) was established in 1895 to promote martial arts in Japan. It changed the name of the sporting form of swordsmanship, gekiken , ( Kyūjitai : 擊劍 and Shinjitai : 撃剣 , "hitting sword") to kendō in 1920. Kendo (along with other martial arts) was banned in Japan in 1946 by the occupying powers. This was part of "the removal and exclusion from public life of militaristic and ultra-nationalistic persons" in response to

2596-593: The rank of 10th dan . The ISKA reported that "Master Nishiyama at first tried to turn aside the honor, but was moved by the heartfelt affection of the ISKA leadership." The calligraphy for the certificate was executed by Eri Takase. Nishiyama died on November 7, 2008, in Los Angeles, following a long battle with lung cancer. His funeral was held on November 30 at the Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple in Los Angeles, with over 500 people in attendance. He

2655-411: The rank while he lived." Kendo Kendo ( 剣道 , Kendō , lit. 'sword way', 'sword path' or 'way of the sword') is a modern Japanese martial art , descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts , swordsmanship ), that uses bamboo swords ( shinai ) as well as protective armor ( bōgu ). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today, it

2714-412: The right or left. This neutralises a potential strike and gives the ideal chance to strike as an opponent is off-balance. For success, the distance between oneself and the opponent has to be correctly perceived, and then one knocks down their shinai before their arm fully extends. Valid strikes include: do-uchiotoshi-men and Tsuki-uchiotoshi-men . This technique is a response. As the opponent strikes,

2773-549: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nishiyama . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nishiyama&oldid=1253867643 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Japanese-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text Short description

2832-437: The side of the neck and shoulders. The forearms, wrists, and hands are protected by long, thickly padded fabric gloves called kote ( 小手 ) . The torso is protected by a breastplate ( 胴 , dō ) , while the waist and groin area are protected by the tare ( 垂れ ) , consisting of three thick vertical fabric flaps or faulds . The clothing worn under the bōgu comprise a jacket ( kendogi or keikogi ) and hakama ,

2891-412: The tip of the shinai or bokutō . Protective armor is worn to protect specified target areas on the head, arms, and body. The head is protected by a stylized helmet, called men ( 面 ) , with a metal grille ( 面金 , men-gane ) to protect the face, a series of hard leather and fabric flaps ( 突垂れ , tsuki-dare ) to protect the throat, and padded fabric flaps ( 面垂れ , men-dare ) to protect

2950-531: The two of them collaborated to improve what would become modern kendo training armor. Shūsaku Narimasa Chiba ( 千葉 周作 成政 , 1792–1855) , founder of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō (北辰一刀流兵法), introduced gekiken (撃剣) (full contact duels with bamboo swords and training armor) to the curriculum of tradition arts in the 1820s. Due to the large number of students of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō at

3009-399: The wartime militarization of martial arts instruction in Japan. The DNBK was also disbanded. Kendo was allowed to return to the curriculum in 1950, first as "shinai competition" ( 竹刀競技 , shinai kyōgi ) and then as kendo in 1952. The All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF or ZNKR) was founded in 1952, immediately after Japan's independence was restored and the ban on martial arts in Japan

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3068-412: The wrists, head, or body, all of which are protected by armor. The targets are men , sayu-men or Yoko-men (upper, left or right side of the men ), the right kote at any time, the left kote when it is in a raised position, and the left or right side of the dō . Thrusts ( 突き , tsuki ) are only allowed to the throat. However, since an incorrectly performed thrust could cause serious injury to

3127-608: Was held in Los Angeles in 1975. The organization would later become the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF) in 1985. In 1979, the AAKF became the American Amateur Karate Federation (and kept the same acronym). Nishiyama was elected as the inaugural President of the new AAKF. Through the 1980s, Nishiyama served in a variety of administrative leadership roles, including President of JKA International (USA), Chairman of

3186-639: Was lifted. It was formed on the principle of kendo not as a martial art , but as educational sport and it has continued to be practiced as such to this day. The International Kendo Federation (FIK) was founded in April 1970. It is an international federation of national and regional kendo federations, and the world governing body for kendo. The FIK is a non-governmental organization , and it aims to promote and popularize kendo, iaido and jodo . The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF), established in Kyoto 1952,

3245-701: Was one of only 11 recipients of the award from outside Japan in that year. During the first Traditional Karate World Cup, in October 2001, Poland honored Nishiyama with the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . The award was presented by the President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski . On November 1, 2003, the International San Ten Karate Association (ISKA) awarded Nishiyama

3304-465: Was promoted to the rank of 1st dan in karate, and in 1948, he was promoted to 2nd dan . With the war over, he was able to begin studying at university. While enrolled at Takushoku University , Nishiyama became a member of the university's karate team, and in 1949 he was named team captain. That same year, he helped to establish the Japan Karate Association (JKA). He also co-founded

3363-488: Was promoted to the rank of 1st dan in kendo (and would eventually reach 3rd dan in that art), and began training in Shotokan karate at the art's honbu dojo (headquarters training hall) under its founder, Gichin Funakoshi . His interest in karate had been sparked by two things: an old book written by a sword master (Nishiyama estimated the book to have been written around 1550), and Zoku Sugata Sanshiro (1945),

3422-477: Was survived by his wife, Yohko, and their three daughters: Yumi, Amy, and Nami. On October 10, 2009, the ITKF posthumously awarded the rank of 10th dan to Nishiyama; his daughter Nami accepted the honor on his behalf. ITKF Chairman Richard Jorgensen recalled, "[Nishiyama] always said he never wanted to achieve the level of 10th Dan because he believed to do so and acquire the highest rank meant that his learning and his life would be over ... he would never accept

3481-466: Was the first international organization founded since WWII to promote the development of martial arts worldwide. Today, IMAF includes kendo as one of the Japanese disciplines. Practitioners of kendo are called kendōka ( 剣道家 ) , meaning "someone who practices kendo", or occasionally kenshi ( 剣士 ) , meaning "swordsman". Additionally, the old term of kendoists is sometimes used. The Kodansha Meibo,

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