134-594: [REDACTED] Look up nipo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Nipo may refer to: People [ edit ] Nipo T. Strongheart (1891–1966), American lecturer Places [ edit ] Nipo (hill) [ ceb ] , Norway Nipo (mountain) [ ceb ] , Norway Organisations [ edit ] NIPO TNS Nipo See also [ edit ] Nipo-peruano , Peruvian citizens of Japanese origin or ancestry Topics referred to by
268-499: A Lubin film company production of the silent film The White Chief . Because he spoke enough English and a smattering of other Indian languages to act as a translator, he played a crucial role as a liaison between the non-Indian production staff and the Indian children they had picked for the movie. In 1910, Strongheart was reported to be in Oklahoma, which had recently been admitted to
402-474: A BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age. The prevalence of obesity among AI youth with Type II diabetes was 79.4 percent. Obesity prevalence was only 12.5 percent among youth with Type I diabetes. Other risk factors for Type II diabetes include family history and hypertension. The serious complications of diabetes are increasing in frequency among Native Americans. Of major concern are increasing rates of kidney failure, amputations, and blindness. Among people with diabetes,
536-472: A Native American healthcare workforce. A 2009 study finds that there is a strong prevalence of cross-cultural miscommunication, mistrust, and lack of satisfaction among Native American patients when it comes to healthcare. A connection between mistrust from a community and health disparities is established in a 2014 study on "Cultural Identity and Patient Trust Among Older American Indians". Native Americans have reported facing discrimination which has affected
670-451: A basket understood to have been gathered by the Lewis and Clark expedition, was returned to the museum voluntarily in 2011 when it was identified. The total donation included about 7,000 reference books and a variety of other materials Strongheart had gathered during his lifetime and travels. Native Americans and reservation inequality Native American reservation inequality underlies
804-546: A biological genetic predisposition to be especially susceptible to several diseases and ailments. According to a 1997 study, "with the exception of cardiovascular diseases and cancer, the risk of death from most causes are higher among Native Americans than the total US population." Diabetes mellitus is an especially large factor in Native American healthcare. Studies show that "rates of diabetes and its complications…are substantially higher among Native Americans than among
938-666: A brief stay at Yakima. In August he tried to register for a police badge in Los Angeles, for managing employment of Indians for film production. In August 1932, on the occasion of the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he was employed to create an exhibition about Indians at a store. In November 1932, he gave a presentation titled "Design and Color in the Art of the American Indian" at the Central Library . In December 1932, he performed
1072-735: A capacity in which they are needed. Pilot school-based programs in the Southwestern United States suggest that Native American communities are actively receptive towards interventions within a school setting and that over time there is the potential of having a lower number of children meeting the BMI threshold of being obese. The cultural diversity of the Native American community along with the geographic diversity of many reservations, makes one specific kind of policy difficult. In ideal circumstances, Native Americans with diabetes will have their disease under good control and be monitored frequently by
1206-555: A casting bureau for Indians in Hollywood. In 1940, McWhorter thanked Strongheart for researching records of the Nez Perce in his "acknowledgments" in " Yellow Wolf His Own Story". Strongheart was increasingly integrated into the Hollywood studio system . In 1946 he was contracted as a talent scout to hire 100 Indians for the première of the movie Canyon Passage in Portland, Oregon . It
1340-662: A change in the treatment of Indians. An event in Massachusetts was scheduled for November. There were further meetings in Pennsylvania and Ohio. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the market for lectures declined. He became more active in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The national Chautauqua audiences were dwindling with the rise in popularity of radio programs and movie-going. Classical Hollywood cinema
1474-632: A chief. In mid-1922 he embarked on a tour of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. In October 1922, he mainly appeared at Society of American Indians meetings, including those in Kansas, Utah, and Illinois. A Lyceum performance was held in November in Illinois, at which he accepted an invitation on behalf of the Society of American Indians to be hosted in one year's time. During this period Strongheart's first daughter
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#17330858484051608-688: A contract with the government to assume control over healthcare facilities, thus side-stepping the Indian Health Service and allowing tribes more autonomy over how they approach and deliver health care. It also gives tribes direct access to federal grants not available to the IHS. The Cherokee Indian Hospital in North Carolina is self-governed, with 50% of funds coming from the IHS. Other funds come from sources like Medicaid and casino revenue, which would not be available under IHS control. Construction of
1742-692: A correspondence until the latter died in 1944. Beginning in 1921, Strongheart embarked on an extended series of lectures-cum-performances as part of the Lyceum and Chautauqua fairs held across the United States. The Lyceum movement " ... reflected the increasing value Americans placed on public education ... [and] became a site for public discussion, debate, and controversy." Chautauqua events were called "the most American thing in America" and according to Andrew C. Rieser, were tailored to "appeal to
1876-416: A healthcare team knowledgeable in the care of diabetes. Because people with diabetes have a multi-system, chronic disease, they are best monitored and managed by highly skilled healthcare professionals trained with the latest information on diabetes to help ensure early detection and appropriate treatment of the serious complications of the disease. A team approach to treating and monitoring this disease serves
2010-426: A high proportion of sex offenders within the population. The low prosecution rates and rates of arrest result from numerous factors. Native American women have extremely low rates of reporting sexual assault. Some women's advocacy groups in Native American communities suggest that only 10% of all sexual offenses are reported. Many Native women report feelings of betraying the community by coming forward, especially if
2144-466: A historical narrative. The traditional Native American diet consisted wholly of lean meats, protein, fruits and vegetables and low in fat, non-processed sugars and sodium. Native people also hunted and fished quite extensively. This lifestyle persevered until the 1830s through the 1840s, when under the Indian Removal Act , Native American tribes signed treaties with the U.S. government that relocated
2278-401: A long news story about the enfranchisement of Indians. His talks received glowing reviews, one of which said: we have never had any attraction which gave us more satisfaction than [Strongheart]. He spoke for two and a half hours to a good house, and the attention was wonderful until the last word, and then we had what is a very unusual custom here, that is for the people to want to speak to
2412-477: A member of the Baháʼí Faith . Strongheart's mother, Chi-Nach-Lut Schu-Wah-Elks, was reportedly of Native American descent; his father was European American. According to some sources, Strongheart lived with his white father for most of his childhood away from the reservation and Indian culture. Another source says he was adopted after his mother's death by a Yakama woman and brought up and educated in her family on
2546-419: A model for Indian country to improve the rates of diabetes and obesity among tribal members. Proposals targeting sugary drinks with proposed bans, size limits, tax hikes and warning labels have not gained widespread traction across the country. The effort is really much more in the message of Navajo people making better choices for quality foods. The obesity rate for some age groups is as high as 60%. Diabetes
2680-404: A normal day of hunting, gathering, and normal activities, the pre-reservation Indians expended approximately 4,000 calories a day, while eating a high fiber, low fat diet. After the reservation system went into effect, Indians were no longer able to hunt or gather food, but expected to farm in a community that at certain places had no water source, or there was no money to buy supplies for a farm in
2814-410: A number of Native American reservations Native Women are murdered at a rate representing ten times the national average. Violent crime rates over all on Native American reservations are 2.5 times the national average while some individual reservations reach 20 times the national average of violent crime. Some scholars suggest that historically, physical and sexual violence in Native American communities
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#17330858484052948-570: A private capacity rather than as a performer, Strongheart attended a gathering of Indian Baháʼís in Arizona for a "Great Council Fire." Hand of the Cause Dhikru'llah Khadem attended, at a time when members of 34 American tribes had joined the Bahái faith and twenty six Native Americans were present. Asking attendees who had most recently joined the religion to speak up, and expressing a Baháʼí teaching on
3082-430: A range of societal issues that affect the lives of Native American populations residing on reservations in the United States. About one third of the Native American population, about 700,000 people, lives on an Indian Reservation in the United States. Reservation poverty and other discriminatory factors have led to persisting social inequality on Native American reservations. Disparities between many aspects of life at
3216-433: A report made to the U.S. Department of Education "only 17% of tribally controlled schools made Annual Yearly Progress under No Child Left Behind during the 2007-2008 school year." Much of the reasoning for this discrepancy is because of the widespread and disproportionate amount of reservation poverty . Consequently, "students from low socioeconomic families face unique academic challenges, as their families may lack access to
3350-759: A scene from the movie. In 1926, Strongheart again went on tour, giving one show in California in February, followed by a break until July, when he appeared in Missouri. He took another break until October, when he appeared in Ohio. In August that year, during that break between shows, he visited playgrounds in Los Angeles at the request of the city. Strongheart's first marriage ended in divorce around October 1926, being effected in Los Angeles California. In January 1927 he
3484-734: A sharpshooter and wanted to go in any capacity". Reportedly he was refused the chance to serve further because he was wounded. The attempt to form what were known as the Roosevelt Roster failed. The Sixteenth Infantry was committed to fight in World War I in France, leaving in June 1917. For World War I, Strongheart was employed by the YMCA War Work Council, which was established in May 1917 supporting
3618-873: A show in Pennsylvania. In January 1933 he spoke to a Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) meeting at the Hollywood Studio Club , followed by a series of performances in April, May and August in Eagle Rock, California , while he was in the process of divorcing Marion Campbell. In 1933, he suffered a robbery-cum-assault in Los Angeles, which may have affected his touring. Strongheart had begun to give talks in libraries and at cultural arts events. After 1933, his public talks were few in number, with one each in 1945, 1957, 1963, and 1964. In June 1934, he chaired an Indian arts exhibition at an arts festival. 1936
3752-621: A silent movie variously named Indiana , Historic Indiana , or The Birth of Indiana, which was released in mid-1916. In 1916, Strongheart joined the Society of American Indians , a progressive group composed mostly of Native Americans. It was organized to improve health, education, civil rights, and local government, and address the problems they faced. On May 18, 1917, a person referred to as "George Strongheart" tried to volunteer for service in Roosevelt's World War I volunteers as "an expert rider,
3886-525: A sub-set of the food stamp program, known as the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, or FDPIR, was started. The program provides culturally appropriate food to Native American communities. The logistical reality of the program is that it is a delivery system. The USDA purchases and ships FDPIR foods to the corresponding state agencies based on their orders from a list of available foods. These administering agencies store and distribute
4020-1044: A younger age compared to their peers and are less likely to have used contraception the last time they had sex compared to their peers. The low rates of contraceptive use are sometimes attributed to a historical disinclination of public discussions of sexuality and perceptions of shame associated with sexual behavior. Additionally access to sexual health organizations and family planning centers on Native American reservations remains limited. The high concentration of poverty and extreme poverty on Native American reservations has potentially severe consequences for pregnant teenagers . These negative consequences include educational deficits, economic strain, poor marital outcomes, as well as slowed cognitive, social, and physical development in children of adolescent parents. In 2006, 90% of teenage pregnancies among Native teenagers aged 15 to 19 were to unmarried mothers. Single parent, female headed households are at higher risk of impoverishment with almost 41% of all single parent female headed households in
4154-406: Is 3.4 deaths per 100,000, over ten times the national average of 0.3 deaths per 100,000 of the general population. Though alcohol usage varies by region and tribal affiliation, there remains a high risk factor for all Native American populations and particularly those on Native American reservations. Teenage pregnancy among the Native American population represents the third highest birth rate in
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4288-526: Is a member of a federally-recognized tribe. Diabetes is a prevalent issue in the American Indian and Native American communities. Some of the issues that arise from diabetes are accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, and loss of visual acuity, all of which contribute to excess morbidity and mortality rates. Akin to obesity, the increasing prevalence has been attributed to lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity. Among youth with Type II diabetes, an estimated 50 to 90 percent have
4422-715: Is a particularly important challenge to the health status of Native Americans because of a lack of resources and health interventions. Most studies of Native American infants, preschool children, schoolchildren, and adults have confirmed a high prevalence of being overweight. Researchers have hypothesized that there is a genetic component to being overweight as well as a large amount of environmental factors that contribute. Community-based interventions to modify diet and activity levels to prevent obesity in Native American communities are important steps in addressing obesity in Native American communities at an early age, but many of these programs are either grossly underfunded or do not exist in
4556-603: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Nipo T. Strongheart Nipo T. Strongheart (May 15, 1891 – December 31, 1966) was an American performer in Wild West shows, technical advisor to Hollywood film producers, and lecturer on the Chautauqua circuit. Throughout his life, which spanned several careers, he was an advocate for Native American issues. He spoke on religious issues several times, and late in life he became
4690-422: Is especially prevalent on reservations. Another explanation for the prevalence of alcoholism on reservations is advertising and the responsibility of beer and alcohol manufacturers and distributors. Marijuana and prescription drug use for Native American teens are twice the national average and young people have been shown to start experimenting with alcohol at the age of 14. The onset of alcohol usage before
4824-407: Is higher on Native American reservations than the national averages. According to research on alcoholism in Native American populations, "the problem of alcohol abuse is now defined as one that is both foreign to and destructive of the traditional culture" Native American youth show higher rates of drinking and drug use than most other racial or ethnic groups and those that live on reservations are at
4958-609: Is part of the problem. A study done by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that "only 42% of measures of health care quality and access tracked in the National Healthcare Disparities Report could be used to assess disparities among American Indians and Alaska Natives." The same source also argued that "data from American Indians and Alaska Natives need to be improved to allow better targeting of interventions to reduce health care disparities and monitoring
5092-493: Is to utilize section 1115 of the Social Security Act which allows states to waive Medicaid requirements in favor of their own programs. Arizona already implemented this in 2012 by directing funds to the IHS and tribal facilities to cover care health costs for Native Americans. American Indians of all ages and sexes have a generally high prevalence of obesity. Researchers have identified that issue has only come to light in
5226-446: Is very important to long-range planning and crucial to the success of the school and its students. Healthcare on Native American reservations faces many barriers to success. Genetic predisposition to many diseases as well as significant lack of government funding, lack of medical resources, and isolation from more populated areas with more medical resources, contribute to healthcare difficulties on reservations. Native Americans have
5360-556: The 16th Infantry Regiment , which was stationed there. Strongheart was reportedly wounded and his service ended. Strongheart said that in 1915 he advised David Belasco on the story used in the production of the silent film Heart of Wetona (1919), played the part of Nipo the Medicine Man, and appeared on stage between acts to tell the audience a portion of the true story. A May 1916 Logansport, Indiana newspaper article reported an Indian actor named Strongheart in connection with
5494-526: The American Journal of Epidemiology , describe the incidence of diabetes in the Pima Indians to be 19 times greater than a comparable white majority population. However, more than genetic predisposition plays a significant role the afflictions of Native American populations. According to the 1997 study, "genetic susceptibility plays a significant role in some diseases, such as diabetes, while for others,
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5628-677: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the act "gave authority to federally recognized tribes to contract with the BIA for the operation of Bureau-funded schools and to determine education programs suitable for their children." Later federal educational amendments furthered the capabilities of reservation schools and "provided funds directly to tribally operated schools, empowered Indian school boards, permitted local hiring of teachers and staff," and more. Schools on Native American reservations are disproportionately underachieving compared to other schools. According to
5762-588: The Bureau of Indian Affairs commissioner, Cato Sells , but did not find a partner in advocacy for change. Strongheart had read The Discards by Lucullus Virgil McWhorter , which dealt with troubles among Indians in the Pacific Northwest , around January 17, 1921. He wrote to McWhorter and told him of his commitment to help the Indians and teach non-Indian audiences about their culture and their contributions to their country. Strongheart and McWhorter carried on
5896-537: The Department of Health and Human Services (2016), about half of the clinics studied identified their remote location as a large obstacle for hiring and retaining staff. Issues surrounding isolation, lack of shopping centers, schools, and entertainment also dissuades providers from moving to these areas. Such vacancies lead to cutting of patient services, delays in treatment, and negative effects on employee morale. Studies show that these problems may be addressed by growing
6030-476: The Indian Citizenship Act passed in 1924. In 1924 he toured North Carolina and Texas, followed by an extended tour of California in May. A story about his Chautauqua shows was published in California, Texas, and Washington and he went to Utah, where he made an impassioned plea for better treatment of Indians. In July he went to the state of Washington and Montana. During this period his first son
6164-463: The Red Cross , Liberty Loan and Thrift Stamp projects in support of the war effort. He toured the eastern United States giving talks to support the war effort and encourage enlistment, apparently with some success. He discussed the injustice of foreigners being granted citizenship through naturalization only after a few years of residence while Indians on the reservations, whose ancestors had been on
6298-649: The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) spurred controversy among the Native American community in 2012. The act, having expired, lent itself to revisions in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate . The Senate's re-authorization worked to eliminate some of the limitations on criminal jurisdiction of the tribal courts. In the summer of 2012, the Republican majority in
6432-507: The Yakama Indian Reservation . He soon left and had a successful career in the Lyceum and Chautauqua circuits of fairs. He gave presentations on Native American culture and often spoke against the problems of life of reservations as enforced by government policy. He played an important role in the development of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 , which granted citizenship to all Native Americans who did not already have it;
6566-484: The unity of religions , Strongheart said he was making: "an acknowledgement rather than a declaration." He recalled that his father had taken him as a young man into the towering forests of the north-west and, sitting beneath majestic trees, had related to him the universal Indian tradition of brotherhood, counseling him, "The birds sing different songs, but they fly in the same sky; the trees have different bark and bear different fruit, but all grow from Mother Earth." He
6700-555: The 7th and 9th grade. 7% of females in a study of Native American schools report incidences of pregnancy but rates are skewed due to school drop out rates. Data from the ADD Health Survey conducted on students of Bureau of Indian Affairs schools show that high school students from schools on Native American land are more likely to have had sexual intercourse when compared to the national rates of high school students. In general Native youth are more likely to have sexual intercourse at
6834-1040: The AAMC reported that there American Indian and Alaskan natives constitute only 0.3% of the physician workforce. In 2018, they made up about 2% of the total US population. Assistant professors at the University of Minnesota School of Medicine have proposed creating new formal graduate medical education programs based in tribal communities which focus on delivery systems, social determinants of health, and community influenced solutions. The Indian Health Service offers loan repayment programs to encourage post-graduate doctors to take fellowships on reservations. Several institutions such as UCSF, The University of Washington, and Massachusetts General Hospital have fellowships dedicated to filling full-time coverage positions. Scholarships are also available to indigenous students pursuing medicine as well as those non-indigenous students who seek to work in tribal communities. A summit in 2018 called "Populating
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#17330858484056968-680: The American Indian in the Twentieth Century , after his mother's death, Strongheart was adopted or raised by one of his mother's relatives for several years, living with them and attending the reservation boarding school at Fort Simcoe . This was in keeping with Yakama tradition. These biographies—and others—agree that Strongheart and his father were employed as bareback trick riders for Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show and Pawnee Bill traveling shows. Full families, including women and children, were employed by these shows and traveled on tour. They often set up and lived in encampments on
7102-666: The Baháʼís held a meeting of the religion on the Yakama reservation. In 1969 the first Yakama Baháʼí community of nine adults – the number required to form a Baháʼí Spiritual Assembly – was inaugurated on the reservation. Strongheart died on December 31, 1966, aged 75, at the Motion Picture Country Hospital in Woodland Hills, California and was buried with a Yakima ceremony at Smohalla Cemetery on
7236-635: The Cultural Center, without the museum, was opened in 1980. The museum followed in 1982. These developments occurred while Strongheart's adopted kin, Leonard Tomaskin, was chairman of the General Council of the Yakama Nation. Some materials did not reach the Center until 2003. Some of the donated materials were later stolen; the curator arrested in 2008 and most of the items were recovered. One of them,
7370-634: The First Americans", "The Past and Present of a Vanishing Race" – in which he dwelt on the effects of many decades under the Bureau of Indian Affairs, – and "My People the Yakima". Each lasted between one and two hours. Strongheart worked for two film production companies: Famous Players Film Company and Essanay Studios . During his trip to California from March to May, he promoted petitions in favor of Indian citizenship. The tour included
7504-531: The Great Spirit and certain Christian concepts. In 1918, explaining the use of the calumet in Indian cultures, he is reported to have said: when the Indians wished peace, the word of the Great Spirit came to the medicine man, after three appeals, to manufacture the peace pipe. The smoke from the pipe circled up and formed a cloud, attracting to the place heads of many tribes. After watching for some time, they heard
7638-471: The Hollywood film industry. Named George Mitchell Jr. by his European-American father, also George Mitchell, and later known as Strongheart, the boy was believed to have been born to a Native American mother named Chi-Nach-Lut Schu-Wah-Elks. She was also known as Lenora (née Williams) Mitchell. Strongheart's mother reportedly died when he was a young boy. According to an article in the Encyclopedia of
7772-471: The House of Representatives proffered a separate re-authorization of VAWA. The House re-authorization stripped tribal protections from the jurisdiction of tribal courts. The House's Bill would disallow Indian tribal courts from accusing non-natives on the grounds of domestic violence within reservations. President Obama's White House administration vowed to veto any re-authorization of VAWA that failed to include
7906-614: The Indians' grievances against white culture was the "wanton and ruthless destruction of animals essential to man's sustenance". Possibly in late 1930, Strongheart married Marion Campbell Winton, whom he met in Florida among the Seminole . They divorced in 1933. In April 1931 he and his wife gave a joint performance-lecture at a church in Los Angeles. In July he took some time off to visit friends in Woodland, California, and traveled to Washington for
8040-512: The National Violence Against Women Survey, 34% of American Indian and Alaskan Native women have suffered from rape or attempted rape within their lifetimes. This is greater than the 18% of white women, 19% of African American women and 7% of Asian and Pacific Islander women that completed the survey. In South Dakota, only 10% of the population is Native American but Native women make up 40% of all sexual assault cases in
8174-541: The Native American reservation population are non-natives. As of 1978, under the Supreme Court case Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe , tribal courts are denied inherent jurisdiction to criminally prosecute non-natives. Tribal governments therefore have limited powers of legal processes over a significant portion of the resident population. This has negative impacts due to the high rates of intra-racial sexual assaults against Native American women. The re-authorization of
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#17330858484058308-815: The Native Health Care Workforce with American Indian and Alaska Native Physicians: Moving the Needle on Quality of Health Care in Indian Country" gathered tribal leaders, IHS administrators, and medical school leaders to find barriers and come up with solutions to low Native American provider rates. The solutions include garnering interest in medicine with students before college, creating a single online resource platform for AI/NA students, expanding financial aid opportunities, and enhance programs that aid students in academics. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 allows tribes to enter into
8442-513: The Navajo Nation. The uncertainty in benefits and pay from this transition contributed to their decision to leave. Several policy options have been proposed to help expand funding for Native American health initiatives that revolve around recognizing tribal sovereignty. One includes having the Navajo Nation create its own Medicaid agency, effectively designating it as a state. This would come with its own logistical issues of transferring those in
8576-504: The Navajo nation already under Medicaid through the state. However, without having to navigate the varying laws of the multiple states the Navajo Nation exists in, tribal sovereignty could be upheld and administration would be smoother. Another policy opportunity would be to prevent cuts to Medicaid programs under the IHS. This would allow for better continuity of care in addressing the many health disparities they face. Another proposition
8710-459: The US general population, and the frequency of diabetes among Native Americans is increasing." This increase is proposed to be based upon, as the same study states, "several potentially modifiable factors, including obesity, dietary composition, and physical inactivity." It is estimated that diabetes afflicts 40%-50% of adults in Native American communities, compared with the national average of around 8%. Multiple studies, including one presented in
8844-427: The Union. He was serving in the 5th Cavalry Regiment during the period of the United States' Border War (1910–1919) with Mexico, when it was engulfed in its own civil war. In 1910–12, he again worked in the Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show and Pawnee Bill traveling shows as a bareback trick rider. Later newspaper coverage reports that Strongheart was serving in the military in the West in 1914; it may have been with
8978-818: The United States residing below the national poverty line. The recent rise in teenage pregnancy in Native Teen populations coupled with the already high rates of poverty on Native American Reservations has potentially detrimental consequences for Native families. A Study completed by the United States Department of Agriculture found Native American young mothers on reservations show a tendency to begin prenatal care later than their peers. They were also found to have higher rates of substance use disorder during pregnancy and are more likely to have diabetes during pregnancy. Native Americans on reservations in particular showed greater rates of participation in public assistance services and their children suffered higher rates of nutritional, dietary, and clinical risks than children not born on
9112-417: The United States with 59 per 1,000 births in 2007. Between 2005 and 2007 the birth rate among Native Indian teen girls increased 12%, more than twice the national increase in teenage pregnancy. Rates of teenage pregnancy however differ by geographic region and tribal affiliation. Teen pregnancy of 15- to 19-year-old women in the Navajo Tribe have among the highest rates of teenage pregnancy, 15.8% higher than
9246-413: The Yakama Nation, many developments were delayed. The main effort began in 1970 when three vans of building materials arrived at the Yakama nation. However, in 1972 Strongheart was still being called a "white man" by the cemetery manager. The approval to move ahead with the idea of a Cultural Center with a museum was voted on in 1973, and construction started in 1978. Development continued in 1979, and
9380-444: The Yakama reservation in 1921, he said "that the 'Great Spirit' and 'Jesus Christ' were different names for the same God, who looked upon all His children" (paraphrased by scholar Lori Lynn Muntz). Strongheart's first known encounter with the Baháʼí Faith was February 27, 1932, at an inter-racial meeting and dinner in Los Angeles sponsored by the religion. The speakers included Chief Luther Standing Bear . In late February 1963, in
9514-487: The age of 15 has been found to be associated with lower achievement, academic problems, drug use and alcoholism later in life. Alcoholism in Native American populations has been shown to be associated with development of disease, including sprains and muscle strains , hearing and vision problems, kidney and bladder problems, head injuries, pneumonia , tuberculosis , dental problems, liver problems, and pancreatitis . Alcoholism death rates among young Native Americans
9648-450: The area. In some studies, researchers have found that rural residence was positively associated with food insecurity for American Indian households without children. In addition, American Indians had significantly higher levels of food insecurity than the rest of the population, even after controlling for a wide range of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. In order to combat the issue of food insecurity in Native American communities,
9782-452: The best interests of the patient. Patient education is critical. People with diabetes can reduce their risk for complications if they are educated about their disease, learn, and practice the skills necessary to better control their blood glucose levels, and receive regular checkups from their healthcare team. People with diabetes, with the help of their healthcare providers, should set goals for better control of blood glucose levels, as close to
9916-452: The bill was signed by President Calvin Coolidge . Strongheart believed the bill would help end reservations and empower Indian culture. In his early youth, Strongheart had some experience with the fledgling film industry . As the audiences for the lecture circuit declined, he became involved in filmmaking. He was involved in a number of projects in silent film (especially Braveheart ) and
10050-457: The classroom and many administrative difficulties as well. There are many reasons for poor teacher retention, mainly problems in "poverty, hunger, ignorance, and disease", as Reyhner's Teaching American Indian Students book argues, that discourage teachers when students are unable or unwilling to perform or even come to school. One of the implications of high teacher turnover is the lack of administrative stability it causes. Administrative stability
10184-438: The community. The conversion of traditional names to Christian names in the evangelical movement to Christianize Native populations also decreased female gender status. The historical tracing of lineage through maternal lines were changed to follow kinship ties through the father's last name. These changes in gender norms are suggested to contribute to the high rates of violent crimes against Native American women. According to
10318-445: The consumer focus of eating healthier food to just merely securing enough food to feed individuals. The geographical isolation of many reservations create logistical and cost challenges, limiting people's ability to access affordable nutritious food because they live far from large grocery stores. Many reservations also do not have adequate transportation in and out, so that increases the difficulty of being able to go to grocery stores in
10452-404: The continent for thousands of years, were not given "the same liberty and power". (This was prior to passage of the citizenship act.) During this work, he was presented as "Chief Strongheart", with a false lineage. He went on to tour over 200 soldiers' camps. Several of the events were reported in newspapers. A part of his 1919 presentation about Indians, who he said "invented" camouflage,
10586-531: The developing talkies ( Pony Soldier ). He also helped develop or found a number of organizations to support or represent Native Americans, including the Los Angeles Indian Center for urban Indians and the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). Through Strongheart's involvement in film production, he countered stereotypes about Native Americans ; he helped translate movie scripts into
10720-510: The diminishing of their land, Indians had to deal with diminishing health as well. The Indian Health Service is a federal program whose purpose is to provide medical service and support to Native Americans. The service covers all members of federally recognized tribes, over 4 million people. While it receives significant federal funds in the billions of dollars, this is still several times less than what it should be, as estimated by tribal leaders. Additionally, federal spending cuts have slashed
10854-704: The entire population to live on secluded land which became known as a reservation. This relocation also removed the Native people from their usual sources of food and the active lifestyle that hunting and gathering required. The removal created a significant dissonance in the ability to nourish properly. In addition, in 1890, the government placed a ban on Native Americans which prevented them from leaving their lands to fish, hunt or gather in their usual territories. In exchange, they were given government rations of flour, lard and sugar. These options were much cheaper but contained proportionally lower nutritional value. These foods became
10988-676: The first place, which led to more poverty. Poverty led to poor eating habits, which led to diseases such as diabetes mellitis. After the Indian Removal Act of 1830, subsequent treaties arose, such as the Dawes Act of 1887, which broke up reservations into smaller pieces. In 1868, the Federal Government established the Indian Peace Commission which took thousands of acres of land promised to Indians in previous treaties. With
11122-449: The food, determine applicant eligibility, and provide nutrition education to recipients. USDA provides the administering agencies with funds for program administrative costs. Individuals are eligible for the program if they 'qualify as American Indian or non-Indian households that reside on a reservation. You could also qualify if you belong to a household in approved areas near a reservation or in Oklahoma that contain at least one person who
11256-558: The generally lower socioeconomic status, higher prevalence of certain health risk behaviors and lower utilization of preventative services in the Native American population are important determinants." Also, before WWII, diabetes in Native American Communities was essentially non-existent. Because the traditional way of life had been taken away from the Native Americans, a domino effect of problems began to arise. During
11390-458: The highest risk of developing alcohol related problems. According to Kunitz study on alcoholism in Native American populations, reasons for the prevalence of alcoholism and alcohol consumption on reservations is attributable to "access to alcohol became much easier, and patterns of drinking that had not been particularly problematic in the past began to have measurable consequences in respect of morbidity and mortality." Such consumption and addiction
11524-425: The hospital was deliberate in incorporating cultural history and creating a reduced stress environment. Not all communities, however, have other significant sources of revenue such as the casino. One drawback to Tribal leadership in the context of provider retention is presented from a research survey of Navajo Area IHS physicians. A major reason cited for a provider leaving was due to the transfer of IHS control to
11658-638: The languages of the Native American peoples portrayed. He also dealt with wardrobe and props. When Strongheart died, his will included provisions for seed money and materials to enable the Yakama Nation to build a library and museum; they developed the Yakama Cultural Center. In 2014 the Yakama established a permanent exhibition about Strongheart. Scholarly interest in him arose in 1997 when researchers were studying military service by Native Americans and in 2006 when other scholars analyzed issues related to portrayal of and participation by Native Americans in
11792-489: The leading causes of death in adults. Chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus in particular, are strong indicators of an increasing prevalence of obesity in American Indians. Because the prevalence rates of obesity are higher in American Indians, studies have shown that the population will suffer from greater health complications later on in life as well. The problem of poor nutrition in Native American communities has
11926-753: The lecturer and compliment him on his work. For the rest of the year, Strongheart made only a few appearances, one in Pennsylvania in July, and in Nebraska in October. 1929 continues with appearances from February to December – mostly in Pennsylvania, which also resulted in coverage of Indian advocacy and the dispelling of stereotypes. He toured in Maine, Nebraska, Missouri, and went back to Pennsylvania, where again some news stories about problems faced by Indians were published. Then he undertook an extended tour of Ohio calling for
12060-775: The movie. He made a number of suggestions that resulted in corrections and improvements to the script. After Pony Soldier he worked on Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (also known as Burning Arrow ), Take the High Ground! (1953), and Rose Marie (1954). In the last years of Strongheart's career, he taught Indian arts and crafts for the University of Southern California and the University of Alaska. At times in his performing career, Strongheart had appeared at lyceums held at several Christian church venues and Jewish temples, as well as Theosophical and Masonic lodges. He made connections between Native American beliefs in
12194-407: The name "Nipo" was given to Strongheart in his infancy by his adoptive mother. At some point his official status as a member of the Yakama Nation ended. At a performance in 1927, he said that when his military service ended, he had been given the choice of returning to the reservation or losing his tribal rights. He did return but soon left the reservation again. In the 1930s, when the government
12328-417: The national average. Native American populations show some of the lowest documented rates of contraceptive use in the United States. A recent health study shows that 65% of males and 57% of females report having sexual intercourse by the 12th grade. Only 40% and 50% respectively report always using contraceptives and more than one third of males and one half of females had sex without contraceptives between
12462-403: The national level and at the reservation level, such as quality of education, quality of healthcare, substance use disorders , teenage pregnancy, violence, and suicide rates are significant in demonstrating the inequality of opportunities and situations between reservations and the rest of the country. Many contemporary disparities are rooted in the violence of colonialism. The reservation system
12596-564: The nations of Blackfoot , Shoshone and Nez Perce . Also in 1951 he worked on Westward the Women , which required Ute people to be portrayed by non-Indians and Navajos . Lone Star involves a group of Coushatta people, a group with whom Strongheart had dealings during his Lyceum tour in Texas. In the 1952 movie Pony Soldier , he worked with the Cree people and their language, and toured to promote
12730-470: The new staple for American Indians as they developed a taste for the only foods available to them by law. Overtime, these foods were introduced to subsequent generations and the food became socialized into the household. Near many Indian reservations, the access to healthy food can be a big challenge. Areas surrounding many reservations are large food deserts, which are defined as communities without ready access to healthy and affordable food. Food deserts shift
12864-406: The non-Native court systems are involved. Native Women also report a lack of faith in the local law enforcement to make arrests and prosecute offenders. Even when sexual assaults are reported to the authorities, prosecution is not certain. According to a study by Amnesty International in 2006, the local police often either do not respond to a sexual assault case or take hours or days to respond to
12998-464: The normal range as possible for them. The largest Indian reservation in the United States, the Navajo nation , approved a sales tax on junk-food sold within the reservation. The piece of legislation approved increased by 2% the sales tax on food with little to no nutritional value. The tax was placed until the year 2020, by the-Navajo nation council. Navajos in favor wanted to pass a bill that could serve as
13132-507: The past few generations and much of it is linked to many individuals having a lack of healthy food options and an increased amount of time spent being sedentary. The overall health of Native Americans is considerably worse than the general population. Since the early 1950s, the rate of mortality from infectious disease has decreased substantially. But mortality related to behavioral or lifestyle factors has increased, and chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and cancer are among
13266-405: The patriotic, churchgoing, white, native-born, mostly Protestant, northern and Midwestern middle classes". His tour included Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. One of Strongheart's programs, entitled "From Peace Pipe to War Trail and Back Again", highlighted the "nobility, patience, inherent goodness, romance, traditions, faith and suffering of his people". Other programs he developed were "Tales of
13400-599: The perpetrator as non-Indian. Although violent crime and sexual assault rates are high in Native American reservations, prosecution for these crimes is relatively low. In 2007, on the Navajo Nation , of the 329 rape cases reported among a population of 180,000 individuals, only 17 arrests were made in five years. In 2011, of all rape cases reported on Native American reservations the Justice Department only prosecuted 65%. Correspondingly, Native American reservations have
13534-461: The program down another $ 800,000 this year with sequestration cuts, further reducing the already under-funded program and further exacerbating the issues of healthcare for Native Americans. The lack of preventative medicine knowledge and resources, specifically, contributes to and exacerbates the medical predispositions of many Native Americans. The lack of research done on, and the lack of attention paid to Native Americans and reservation healthcare
13668-599: The quality of care they received. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) supports that doctor-patient relationships and communication can be improved if members of their tribal communities themselves become healthcare providers. Native American doctors Siobhan Wescott and Beth Mittelstet argue that greater funding should be directed towards educating and encouraging indigenous people to become physicians in order to help remedy issues with staffing, reduce discrimination in care, lower Native American poverty rates, and increase patient advocacy among physicians. In 2018,
13802-551: The rate of diabetic end-stage renal disease is six times higher among Native Americans. Diabetes is the most frequent cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations. Amputation rates among Native Americans are 3-4 times higher than the general population. Diabetic retinopathy is a term used for all abnormalities of the small blood vessels of the retina caused by diabetes, such as weakening of blood vessel walls or leakage from blood vessels. Diabetic retinopathy occurs in 18 percent of Pima Indians and 24.4 percent of Oklahoma Indians. Obesity
13936-647: The reservation. Advocates suggest the implementation of policies and programs that will delay sexual initiation and improve contraceptive use among Native teenagers as a possible solution to the rising rates of teen pregnancy. Native American women have the highest rates of violent crime victimization , more than double that of other racial groups. In the violent acts committed against Native women, Native American women are more likely to have injuries that require medical attention than crimes committed against other races. They are also more likely to face an armed assailant than female victims of violent acts of other races. On
14070-699: The reservation. Although there was no written proof of his tribal membership, the tribe granted him "honorary" membership and he proudly carried around his card displaying his status. Strongheart performed with his father in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show . His public performances began in 1917, when he was in his twenties and worked for the YMCA War Work Council. He toured military camps across New England, where he gave presentations on Native American culture and praised military service. His recruiting talks encouraged hundreds of men to volunteer for war service. After World War I and his job ended, Strongheart moved briefly to
14204-506: The reservation. He had requested to be buried near Kate Williams, a relative of his mother who may have cared for him in his infancy and called a foster mother, and was buried next to the site where many of the Tomaskin family were later buried. Some brief obituaries were printed in January 1967; it was reported that some of Strongheart's legacy was to be used for a Yakima library and museum, with
14338-459: The resources and socialization experiences necessary to adequately prepare and support student achievement in school" Furthermore, "the lack of academically successful role models and the need to provide additional financial support to the family contributed to the high number of dropouts among Native American students who live in poverty." Both student and teacher attrition are major issues in reservation schools as well. Censuses have demonstrated
14472-501: The rest of the estate going mostly to his son Daniel F. Strongheart. The LA Times printed a slightly longer obituary titled "Services Set Today for Chief Strongheart – Colorful Yakima Indian Was Lecturer, Actor and Adviser on Numerous Films", and Variety also published an obituary. The painter Chief Silver Moon of the Caddo nation was commissioned to paint a portrait of him. Though his will included money and materials for
14606-686: The rest of the year, before going to Pennsylvania in January 1927. This coverage also prompted a broader call for changes in the treatment of Indians. In February Strongheart continued in Pennsylvania, before going to Ohio to promote the film Braveheart and to give a performance at the theatre and the local high school, which resulted in further publicity for his cause. A performance-cum-lecture in West Virginia resulted in more publicity: "Indians are held in abject slavery says Strongheart". More performances in Ohio in April/May yielded more publicity for
14740-521: The road similar to the traditional Indian camps. In a sense this helped them preserve their culture at a time when it was being suppressed elsewhere. One biography states that he acquired the name Nipo (short for Nee-Ha-Pouw ) during a show after he fainted and regained consciousness. It was as if he had risen from the dead, and the name is interpreted as "he lives!" or the imperative "live!" He added "Nipo" to his Yakama name, Chtu-Tum-Nah , which he translated as "Strongheart". Another biography states that
14874-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nipo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nipo&oldid=1091475121 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
15008-699: The silent film era was drawing to a close. Strongheart had a part in the film, once again as a medicine man and Rod LaRocque played the character Strongheart. News stories covering the work were published in New York and California. During this time, he encouraged a boys' group, similar to boy scouts , in Woodland, California to rename themselves after the Yakimas rather than the (eastern) Mohawks. From then on, advertising sometimes depicted Strongheart wearing Indian regalia and sometimes dressed in normal attire as shown in
15142-507: The state of Washington , where he visited the Yakima reservation on July 3, 1921. On one occasion, in Washington, he did not wear the Native regalia and was still well received, though most of the time his advertising said he would be wearing the Native regalia so he did. However, the ornamentation he wore was appropriate to an actual chief which he was not - being only the son of a daughter of
15276-432: The state. Similarly, Alaska Natives make up only 15% of the population but represent 61% of victims of reported sexual assault cases. While nationwide most sexual offenses are intra-racial or between members of the same race, the sexual offenses against Native American women and Alaskan Native women are more often committed by white offenders. Between 1992 and 2002, 86% of Native American victims of sexual assault described
15410-424: The success of these activities." A lack of healthcare providers in reservations also detrimentally effects quality and continuity of care. A lack of healthcare providers in reservations also detrimentally effects quality and continuity of care. Tribal communities are often sequestered in unfavorable and isolated locations. According to a study of provider vacancies in the Indian Health Service (IHS), conducted by
15544-552: The suffering of Indians on reservations. In late May he attended a pow wow in the Culver City area in honor of Oglala Lakota Chief Luther Standing Bear . Then there was a break until November, when he appeared in Oregon. After another break of several months, with several "warm up" stories that sometimes also pleaded for the suffering Indians, he made several appearances and performances in late June 1928 in Texas, which resulted in
15678-706: The trend in reservation schools that, "despite a growth in population... enrollment in grades 1 through 12 has steadily declined..." The High School dropout rate for Native Americans is high, much higher than the national average, and as quoted in a UCLA Civil Rights project report, "Native students "...have a dropout rate twice the national average; the highest dropout rate of any United States ethnic or racial group. About three out of every ten Native students drop out of school before graduating from high school both on reservations and in cities (p. 1)."" Teachers are also remarkably and especially difficult to retain at reservation schools, which creates problems with regularity in
15812-443: The victims reports. Additionally due to the overlapping jurisdiction of tribal, state, and federal authorities, enforcement of protection orders for victims remains largely unreliable. Tension between these three groups hinders responsiveness and efficiency in the prosecution of sexual offenders and the protection of the victims. Tribal authorities also have limited jurisdiction over the prosecution of non-native offenders. 46% of
15946-535: The word of the Great Spirit ordering each to make a pipe, smoke, and exchange with his neighbor, as a sign of peace between them. The word came to them to be "united," as all were children of one father. In one place they were to build a temple to be known as a council lodge, as a tradition of peace for their descendants. He also talked about the calumet, or peace pipe, in lectures in 1925 in California and in New York in 1926. He continued to express his views of moral conduct and spiritual life. During an appearance at
16080-460: Was a year of transition for Strongheart. In August 1936 he hosted a pow wow associated with a community event in Hawthorne and co-founded the Los Angeles Indian Center. Strongheart gained publicity from his consulting work, and in late 1936 he was thanked for assisting Dan L. McGrath in a major biography of Chief Joseph . Around the same time in late 1936, there are reports of him operating
16214-521: Was also attended by several Yakama chiefs after the studio representatives failed to find opportunities with Indians in 1945. In 1947, he was listed in the credits of Black Gold (Indian history and ethnology) and in the R. G. Springsteen production of Oregon Trail Scouts . Strongheart hired 50 Indians, translated the script into an Indian language, and coached the non-Indian actors on their lines. A newspaper carried his critique on Hollywood standards of beauty and roles of women in 1949. In 1950, he
16348-441: Was asked to serve as a technical advisor. He included elements referring to the Yakama nation and had the hero succeed in preserving Indian fishing rights, a topic of some recent interest. The original film was 30 minutes long; the revised movie ran for 71 minutes. As the project was nearing completion, a canine star named Strongheart rose to prominence. The DeMille film was renamed and released as Braveheart (1925), just as
16482-613: Was born. From late 1922 to early 1923, there is a break in Strongheart's activities. A story was circulated based on a comment he made in 1918 concerning rights given to foreigners rather than Indians; this was published in several newspapers. In March 1923 he was in Wisconsin, in April in New York, May in Pennsylvania North Dakota, Illinois, then California in July. Strongheart's petitions and other advocacy work helped get
16616-400: Was born. In 1925, Strongheart became involved in a film project by Cecil B. DeMille . Initially it was named Strongheart after a play written by DeMille's brother William C. deMille c. 1904 and produced on Broadway in 1905 as his first major success. The play had been made into a film in 1914. As the play's success continued, a remake of the film was undertaken and Strongheart
16750-530: Was created following the expansion of the United States into tribal lands throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, during United States territorial acquisitions . This effort started with the Indian Appropriations Act of 1887, which created the first reservations. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA) resulted from culminating civil rights movements and calls for increased attention on Native American Affairs. According to
16884-480: Was elected Chairman of the General Council of the Yakama Nation, their tribal government, serving from 1968 to 1983. Strongheart wrote an article in 1954 that dates his involvement in what he called "historical ethnological studies" to around 1905, perhaps between seasons of the Buffalo Bill show. He claimed to have attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania. He also claimed to have participated in
17018-471: Was encouraging tribes to reorganize their governments under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 , Strongheart attempted to document his Yakama lineage. Strongheart was an honorary member of the Yakama tribe during the administration of the 1946 Yakima Enrollment Act after having helped the Tomaskin family. Leonard Tomaskin would have been 22 years old in 1946. Some 22 years later, he
17152-574: Was involved in an MGM production of The Outriders He appeared in Young Daniel Boone as an actor and worked as a technical advisor for the film. In 1951, Strongheart worked briefly on the production of The Painted Hills , liaising with the Miwok people . Next came Across the Wide Missouri , Strongheart translated the script, coached the stars, and worked with Lakota actors representing
17286-589: Was picked up in several newspapers. Newspapers also reported that he returned to Yakama in February 1919. He was back in the New York area in early 1920. Around 1920, he married Inez Wiley, daughter of a Calusa nation chief, in accordance with tribal custom and law, as arranged by her father. As early as 1919 Strongheart knew of Melville Clyde Kelly and his efforts in Congress on behalf of Indians, even though Kelly had no Indian constituents or political relationships with Indians. In December 1920 Strongheart met with
17420-755: Was rare in Pre-Colonial society, while others disagree. Traditional gender roles advocated co-dependence, where women's contributions were honored and respected and where violence against Native women was heavily punished by Native justice systems. Colonial and Post-colonial changes in Native American society spurred transformations in these traditional perceptions of gender norms and Native American societal structure. The General Allotment Act of 1887 allocated private lands to male heads of household that belied many traditions of maternal land inheritance. Women also were denied access to farming responsibilities that took away venues for accruing leadership and honor within
17554-565: Was scheduled to perform at a Pennsylvania high school. He campaigned for amendment of the Citizenship Bill of 1924, which had not implemented the full citizenship rights for which he had campaigned. In February Strongheart appeared at an Ohio high school, and in December in Connecticut. This show resulted in an extended story covering the sufferings of Indians. He then returned to New York for
17688-664: Was speaking, as a new Baháʼí, of a Native American religion . Later in October Strongheart addressed a public gathering sponsored by the Baháʼís, speaking on themes of race unity and citizenship. In 1965 Strongheart, with other Baháʼís, took part in an event sponsored by the United Nations Association on the 20th anniversary of the United Nations , performing the Lord's Prayer in a Plains Indian Sign Language . In 1965
17822-415: Was the fourth-leading cause of death in the Navajo area from 2003 to 2005, the health service said. With a junk-food tax, lawmakers looked to increase support among other neighboring reservations. The pilot project will last until 2020, after which the analysis of obesity and the health of Native Americans living on the Navajo Nation will be assessed. The use of drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes on reservations
17956-739: Was well underway and most studios had changed to producing talkies . He gave a few performance-lectures in early 1930: one in Pennsylvania and two in Wisconsin. In July 1930, Strongheart attended a congress of Native Americans from the United States and Canada. In October 1930, he joined the Izaak Walton League chapter in Los Angeles. He gave a talk in support of their call for protection of game animals. He recounted having served as an assistant State Humane Society officer in Washington State, where he personally saw 21 of 127 cases of elk that had been crippled or maimed by hunters. He said one of
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