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120-460: The distance between the two abutments standing on either side of the river is 92.13 metres while the entire length of the stone bridge measures 167.3 metres. The entrance to the bridge on each side is broader, thus making the life of the herdsman easier as approaching animals being herded onto the bridge entered the funnel shaped opening of the bridge. The predecessor of the Nine-arched Bridge

240-687: A campaign against the Wallachian voievode Mircea I (1386–1418). In this campaign, Stefan personally led the Serbian heavy cavalry , while Serbian nobles Marko (1371–1395), Constantine Dragaš and Konstantin Balšić led their forces. Bayezid's forces crossed the Danube and the battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395, near present-day Pitești , with a Wallachian victory. In the battle, Marko and Dragaš were killed, and Bayezid annexed their lands. According to Constantine

360-607: A civil war between his sons for throne. From Bursa, Stefan and his brother Vuk Lazarević went to Constantinople, which was relieved after several years of Ottoman blockade. John VII Palaiologos (who ruled in place of his absent uncle Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos ) awarded Prince Stefan in August 1402 the high Byzantine title of Despot , which in Byzantine hierarchy was just beneath the Imperial. In addition, Stefan married Helen Gattilusio ,

480-661: A ghetto was issued on 28 April 1944, in the name of the town mayor Sandor Kolscey, who opposed the act, and was ousted by the Germans. Jews were forced to build the Ghetto walls, finishing it within less than a month on 15 May 1944. On 7 June 1944, all movement in or out of the Ghetto was prohibited and a week later all Debrecen Jews were deported to the nearby Serly brickyards, and stripped of their belongings, joining Jews from other areas. Ten families of prominent Jews, including those of Rabbi Weisz and orthodox chief Rabbi Strasser, along with

600-569: A joint command and thus poorly coordinated on the battlefield. Also, they were both unfamiliar and ignorant of the Ottoman army's war methods. After initial Crusader success, the Ottomans initiated a counterattack that ended after the entry of the Hungarian knights in battle, which began to suppress them. In this turning point of the battle, the Serbian heavy cavalry led by Stefan Lazarević himself broke through

720-577: A little later she settled permanently in Stefan's castle, in Belgrade . It is interesting to note that a group of imprisoned Serbs were taken to Samarkand where they were employed on construction works. On the other hand, Timur's forces had already left Asia Minor in 1403, and Timur himself died in early 1405, during his expedition to China. In the Ottoman Empire , Bayezid's capture, and then his death, brought on

840-457: A relatively strong state. There is no data of the activities of Vuk Branković during this period. It is certain that after the Battle of Kosovo he was sought to expand his area ( among other things, he has conquered the part of Polimlje ) and he used the same title that was used before him by Prince Lazar (lord of Serbs and Podunavije ). However, by early May 1390, he felt threatened and he asked

960-721: A sense of camaraderie with the forces of Timur. This allowed the Timur's forces to break Bayezid's left wing and encircle his center, where was located the Sultan with his janissaries (around 10,000 ). On the right wing, there were Bayezid's vassals, among whom were Đurađ Branković and his brother Grgur, Stefan's brother Vuk, and Stefan himself, who was also a commander of the right wing. He fought bravely, which caused admiration from Timur. Prince Stefan and his knights, which according to chronicler Duka and several contemporaries, were 5000 heavily armed men with spears, including cavalry, repeatedly attacked

1080-665: A short stay in Lesbos. Their first stop was Zeta , ruled by Đurađ II Balšić , the husband of Stefan's sister Jelena. Đurađ II received them at his capital in Ulcinj , after which Stefan began organizing the army for a confrontation with Branković. Stefan's mother gathered an army in Serbia, while at the same time Branković and Ottoman troops took control of roads in Kosovo to prevent the return of Stefan. In late October, Stefan's army from Bar , moved across

1200-681: A synod was formed in the city when the Second Helvetic Confession was adopted. Famous Calvinist colleges and schools were formed. Nickname of Debrecen commonly used in Hungary is the Calvinist Rome or the Geneva of Hungary because of the great percentage of the Calvinist faith in the city as well as the Calvinist church has significant influence in the city and the region. Debrecen is also home to

1320-563: A vassal of the Ottoman, while in the territorial sense, regain Thessaloniki and a number of cities on the coast of the Bosphorus and Black Sea. One of the provisions of this contract referred to Stefan, although he probably did not take part in its conclusion. Stefan kept his former possessions, but had to still pay tribute and send the Sultan support militarily, although he was not obliged to lead them himself. The Kingdom of Hungary at that time

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1440-477: Is Debreceni VSC which won the Nemzeti Bajnokság I seven times, the last one in 2014. Debreceni VSC also known at international level since they reached the 2009-10 UEFA Champions League group stage and the 2010-11 UEFA Europa League group stage . The club's newly built stadium was opened in 2014, where the club could celebrate their seventh title by winning the 2014-15 Nemzeti Bajnokság I . The stadium

1560-451: Is twinned with: Stefan Lazarevi%C4%87 Stefan Lazarević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Стефан Лазаревић , c. 1377 – 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall ( Serbian : Стефан Високи , romanized :  Stefan Visoki ), was a Serbian ruler as prince (1389–1402) and despot (1402–1427). He was also a diplomat, legislator, ktetor , patron of the arts , poet and one of

1680-597: Is also a rock school in the city which offers training and mentoring to young musicians. Classic media in the city include the newspaper Napló, two TV channels, a range of local radio stations and several companies and associations producing media material. Debrecen is the site of an important choral competition, the Béla Bartók International Choir Competition, and is a member city of the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing . Every August

1800-586: Is also the occasional home of the Hungary national football team . The team hosted Denmark in 2014 and Lithuania in 2015. The city had other association football clubs competing in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I . One of them was Bocskai FC who could also won the Magyar Kupa once in 1930. The other club from the city was Dózsa MaDISz TE who competed in the 1945-46 Nemzeti Bajnokság I . The city has hosted several international sporting events in recent years, such as

1920-473: Is known of her death or burial; and, most unusual, she did not appear in any of the post-1402 fresco portraits of Stefan". Luttrell concludes "Maybe she was too young for the marriage to be consummated, and perhaps she stayed on Lesbos and never traveled to Serbia; possibly she died soon after her marriage." Stefan Lazarević was born, probably, in 1377 in Kruševac , the capital of his father, Prince Lazar . After

2040-868: Is located on the Great Hungarian Plain , 220 km (137 mi) east of Budapest. Situated nearby is the Hortobágy National Park . The city used to be somewhat isolated from Budapest, Hungary's main transport hub. However, the completion of the M35 motorway means Budapest can now be reached in under two hours. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to handle more international flights, although almost all flights to and from Hungary still use Budapest's Ferihegy Airport (now called Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport). Cities that can be reached from

2160-602: Is nevertheless a war waged without major battles and a clear winner. In the negotiations on concluding a peace as a mediator intervened and Despot Stefan himself, but they were unsuccessful, although guided by a number of occasions. He was first in May 1406 mediated by the Venetians, then in June 1407 when he was with his sister Mara and Niketa Thopia supposed to guarantee that the Balša III fulfill

2280-540: The Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389, where his father was killed, Stefan became the new Serbian prince, but before he became of age the state was ruled by his mother, Princess Milica. In the battle of Kosovo in 1389, both rulers were killed, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Ottoman Sultan Murad I , a rare occurrence in history. (Murad I was the first and the last Ottoman ruler who was killed on the battlefield). He came to

2400-538: The Hungarian conquest . Debrecen became more important after some of the small villages of the area (Boldogasszonyfalva, Szentlászlófalva) were deserted due to the Mongol invasion of Europe . It experienced rapid development after the middle of the 13th century. In 1361, Louis I of Hungary granted the citizens of Debrecen the right to choose the town's judge and council. This provided some opportunities for self-government for

2520-547: The Order of the Dragon . At the same time (1403 or early in 1404) Stefan attacked lands of Branković around river Sitnica , and then began to attack the areas under Ottoman control, in which it might have had and Hungarian military support troops. It is not known exactly from which cities and regions has managed to push the Ottomans, but it is thought that his offensive was directed toward eastern Serbia, and Kosovo. After these successes, he

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2640-605: The Ottoman period, being close to the border and having no castle or city walls, Debrecen often found itself in difficult situations and the town was saved only by the diplomatic skills of its leaders. Sometimes the town was protected by the Ottoman Empire , sometimes by the Catholic European rulers or by Francis II Rákóczi , prince of Transylvania . Debrecen later embraced the Protestant Reformation quite early, earning

2760-767: The Perényi Pál Salakmotor Stadion in the south of the city. The stadium also regularly hosts international events including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Cup and the Speedway European Championship . The current mayor of Debrecen is Dr. László Papp (Fidesz-KDNP). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 33 members (1 Mayor, 23 Individual constituencies MEPs and 9 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: Debrecen

2880-531: The Republic of Ragusa to facilitate his safety, if it comes in a quandary, which could be linked with the Ottoman detachments who helped Stefan during the summer to suppress the Hungarians from their state. But there is no evidence that there was some hostility between Stefan and Vuk Branković. There was recorded in the sources that Vuk attended in formal transfer of Prince Lazar's holy body from his capital Priština to

3000-596: The Roman Catholic Church returned to Debrecen, and the town gave it a place to build a church, allowing the Piarist monks to build the St. Ann's Cathedral. By this time the town was an important cultural, commercial and agricultural centre, and many future scholars and poets attended its Protestant College (a predecessor of today's University of Debrecen and also of Debrecen Reformed Theological University ). In 1849, Debrecen

3120-671: The second World Youth Championships in Athletics in July 2001 and the first IAAF World Road Running Championships in October 2006. The 2007 European SC Swimming Championships and World Artistic Gymnastics Championships of 2002 also took place in Debrecen. Most recently, the city hosted the 19th FAI World Hot Air Balloon Championship in October 2010. In 2012, Debrecen hosted the 31st LEN European Swimming Championships . The Debrecen Speedway team race at

3240-513: The 1990s from the Faculty of Law to the newest addition of the Faculty of Informatics. Its main building, which now almost unanimously belongs to the Faculty of Arts, is still widely recognized work of architecture (mostly thanks to its main building). The university is the largest university in Hungary, has more than 100 departments and is a major research facility in Europe. The university is well known for

3360-451: The 2011 census, there were 177,435 (84.0%) Hungarians, 1,305 (0.6%) Romani, 554 (0.3%) Germans and 504 (0.2%) Romanians in Debrecen. 31,931 people (15.1% of the total population) did not declare their ethnicity. Excluding these people Hungarians made up 98.9% of the total population. In Hungary people can declare more than one ethnicity, so the sum of ethnicities is higher than the total population. Religion in Debrecen (2022) According to

3480-525: The 2011 census, there were 52,459 (24.8%) Hungarian Reformed ( Calvinist ), 23,413 (11.1%) Latin Catholic , 10,762 (5.1%) Greek Catholic , 899 (0.4%) Baptist , 885 (0.4%) Jehovah's Witnesses , and 812 (0.4%) Lutheran in Debrecen. 54,909 people (26.0%) were irreligious , 3,877 (1.8%) atheist , while 59,955 people (28.4%) did not declare their religion. From the 16th century, the Reformation took roots in

3600-559: The Crusader lines fell apart and a carnage ensued. One of the participants in the battle, Johann Schiltberger , described the Serbian attack: When all of (Turkish) warriors were killed, King was attacked by another unit consisting of cavalry. When the Turkish sultan saw king's attack, he was about to flee the battlefield, but the Duke of Rascia (Serbia), known as the despot, seeing this, rushed to help

3720-400: The Danube. Nicopolis, which had a large Ottoman garrison, was besieged. The siege broke the blockade of Constantinople, forcing Bayezid to send troops towards the Danube, joining forces with Stefan Lazarević's heavy cavalary near Plovdiv . A great battle took place on 25 September 1396 in which the Crusader forces were completely destroyed. Although numerically superior, the Crusader army lacked

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3840-727: The Debrecen Airport include Brussels , Eindhoven , London , Malmö , Milan , Tel Aviv , Moscow and Paris . There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU -funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006. There are many railway stations in Debrecen, the most significant is the main station of Debrecen, in addition other smaller stations exist, these include Debrecen-Csapókert, Debrecen-Kondoros, Debrecen-Szabadságtelep and Tócóvölgy. Debrecen's proximity to Ukraine , Slovakia and Romania enables it to develop as an important trade centre and transport hub for

3960-717: The Hungarian King Sigismund and with recognition directly Bayezid I supreme power gain independence in lands of Prince Stefan. The exact course of further events is not precisely known, but it is evident that Stefan knew of the plot, having known of it via Mihajlo. He invited Duke Novak, who had estates in Toplica (probably the lands around Kuršumlija ) and in Hvosno (the village of Crkolez near Peć ), to his castle and killed him. After that Belocrkvić, who had estates around Rudnik , and his family (wife and four daughters) fled to

4080-589: The Hungarian King Sigismund. Veliko Tarnovo was besieged and Bulgaria devastated; the Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shishman was Stefan's brother-in-law. After this, many Bulgarian scholars sought refuge in neighboring Christian countries, among which were Serbia. At the end of 1393 and early 1394, Bayezid I began gathering his Christian vassals at Serres . Byzantine sources tell that among the vassals were Stefan, Emperor Manuel II (1391–1425), his nephew John VII (1390) and his brother Theodore I of Morea (r. 1383–1407), and

4200-481: The Hungarian lines and surrounded King Sigismund, attacking the Hungarian banner troops of Nicholas II Garay. Garay's troops were dispersed, which had a decisive influence on the course of the battle, because some of the Crusaders thought that Sigismund had died and that the battle was lost, while the Hungarian commanders convinced Sigismund that the battle was practically lost and that it was better to withdraw. After that,

4320-575: The Jews were ordered to wear the Yellow star of David. Jewish cars were confiscated and phone lines cut. During the Passover week, many Jewish dignitaries were taken to a nearby prison camp, eventually reaching the number of 300 prisoners. A week later all Jewish stores were closed, and a public book-burning of Jewish books was presided over by the antisemitic newspaper editor Mihaly Kalosvari Borska. An order to erect

4440-716: The Kossuth Lajos University of Sciences (KLTE) was the bearer of the College's traditions with its arts and natural science faculties; the Medical University of Debrecen (DOTE) was the main medical school of Eastern Hungary; and the Debrecen University of Agriculture (DATE) was one of the two major agricultural universities of the country besides Gödöllő. The three entities formed the current University of Debrecen in 2000, with several new faculties being formed since

4560-663: The Ottomans retained strategic locations under their direct rule. In addition, the Ottoman forces marched into Hungary and plundered its southern parts, especially Zemun (which was devastated) and Sremska Mitrovica (which was burned down, and its population displaced). The Ottomans continued the offensive in the Balkans in January 1398 and attacked Bosnia . The leader of the action was one of Bayezid's sons, Musa Çelebi , and Prince Stefan joined them with Serbian extra squads. This campaign, besides looting Bosnia, did not achieve any success, and

4680-612: The Ottomans, and Priština, which we know that in March the same year, was part of the state of Stefan Lazarević. Great changes of events in Asia Minor and Southeastern Europe were caused by an invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tamerlane , one of the great conquerors in world history. His invasion into Asia Minor forced Bayezid I to gather his forces and try to confront him in battle, which took place 28 July 1402, near from Angora (Ankara,

4800-524: The Philosopher in his Life of Stefan Lazarević , before the battle Marko said to Dragaš: "I pray God to help the Christians and that I will be among the first dead in this war." The Ottoman forces then took over Vidin , and reinforced by Serbian detachments during the summer of 1396 marched into Banat , after attacking the lands of Vuk Branković and conquering a large part of it with Priština . However,

4920-710: The Reformed Theological University of Debrecen (Debreceni Református Hittudományi Egyetem), founded in 1538 and was the only Calvinist theological institute in the country permitted to function during the communist rule. The Hungarian Reformed Church has about 20 congregations in Debrecen, including the famous Reformed Great Church of Debrecen , which can easily accommodate about 5000 people (with 3000 seats). Jews were first allowed to settle in Debrecen in 1814, with an initial population count of 118 men within 4 years. Twenty years later, they were allowed to purchase land and homes. By 1919, they consisted 10% of

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5040-417: The Serbian lord Constantine Dragaš . It is believed that Bayezid I planned to kill the vassals at the meeting and take their lands. He gave the order to kill them, but it was not done immediately, then he changed his mind, after which some of them went home, while the rest of them completed the conquest of Thessaly and Thessaloniki (12 April). During the autumn of 1394, Bayezid started gathering forces for

5160-512: The State Assembly with the support of Serbian Patriarch Spyridon (1379–1389), decided on the conclusion of peace and acceptance of the supremacy of the sultan Bayezid I, after which they began negotiations with the Ottomans, who ended by concluding peace, before the middle of year 1390. Details of making this decision are not closely familiar, but it is certain that peace was made before the death of Patriarch Spirydon, 18 August 1389. According to

5280-541: The Sultan Bayezid in Bursa . The consequences of this peace were immediately visible because already in summer 1390, Serbian forces reinforced with extra Ottoman detachments, recaptured the lost cities, and probably in part of these operations the Ottomans took Golubac . Stefan militarily supported various Ottoman campaigns while Bayazid I in return supported Stefan against his nobles and his restoring of Serbia which would become

5400-505: The Turkish sultan, with 15,000 people and many other knights, and his men crushed king's banner and broke it. According to some, Serbian forces were hidden in a grove on the left wing of Bayezid forces, making a sudden attack on the Hungarians probably from the side. A significant role was played by Stephen II Lackfi and Mircea I, because they withdrew from the battlefield with their forces just before Stefan's attack, leaving Sigismund without support. They had probably dealt with Stefan before

5520-533: The battle. Sigismund managed to escape by a fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube. It is possible that Stefan left enough time for him to board the boat; Stefan saving Sigismund may be one of the causes of Stefan's later induction into the Order of the Dragon (as the first and foremost). There were disastrous consequences for the Balkan Christians after the defeat at the Battle of Nicopolis . Vidin

5640-434: The biggest culprit, according to Stefan's biographer, was a very bad winter, and some of the soldiers and prisoners returned to their lands. Some of the nobility tried to take advantage of Stefan's campaign to oust him from throne. Their leaders, Dukes Novak Belocrkvić and Nikola Zojić with help of Voivode Mihajlo , tried to show the failure of the invasion of Bosnia to Bayezid I, as a result of Stefan's connection with

5760-512: The border of the country. It was occupied by the Romanian army for a short time in 1919. Tourism provided a way for the city to begin to prosper again. Many buildings (among them an indoor swimming pool and Hungary's first stadium) were built in the central park, the Nagyerdő ("Big Forest"), providing recreational facilities. The building of the university was completed. Hortobágy, a large pasture owned by

5880-415: The bulk of their forces, commanded by Vuk, were defeated in the battle with the army led by Đurađ Branković. Victory in Battle of Tripolje , enabled Stefan to regain his throne and influence in Serbia, which was further strengthened in the coming years. However, the fight with Branković had not ended and in a sense, further complicated by the conflict that arose between Stefan and Vuk. His younger brother in

6000-452: The cactus research laboratory in the botanic gardens behind the main building. In the second half of the 19th century, the Debrecen press attracted several notable figures to the city. Endre Ady , Gyula Krúdy , and Árpád Tóth all began their journalistic careers in Debrecen. Prominent literary figures from the city have included Magda Szabó , and Gábor Oláh  [ hu ] . One of Hungary's best known poets, Mihály Csokonai Vitéz ,

6120-410: The capital of Turkey). In this battle Ottoman forces suffered defeat, Bayezid I and one of his sons, Musa Çelebi , were captured and the following year Bayezid died in captivity. One of the main reasons for the Ottoman defeat was due to the desertion of Turkic and Tartar cavalry from Anatolia , which prior to the beginning of the battle defected to Timur's side, unhappy with Bayezid's rule and due to

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6240-571: The city plays host to a flower festival. The development of Debrecen is mainly financed by agricultural, health and educational enterprises. The city is the main center of shopping centers in Eastern Hungary. The Forum Debrecen is the largest shopping center in the region. Debrecen is one of the most developed cities in Hungary, the regional center of international companies such as National Instruments , IT Services Hungary, BT, Continental , BMW , CATL and Healthcare Manufacturers ( Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. and Gedeon Richter Plc .). Debrecen

6360-413: The city, became a tourist attraction. During World War II, Debrecen was almost completely destroyed, 70% of the buildings suffered damage, 50% of them were completely destroyed. A major battle involving combined arms, including several hundred tanks ( Battle of Debrecen ), occurred near the city in October 1944. Debrecen was captured by Soviet troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front on 20 October. After 1944,

6480-404: The city. The appearance of the city began to change too: with new, taller buildings, parks and villas, it no longer resembled a provincial town and began to look like a modern city. In 1884, Debrecen became the first Hungarian city to have a steam tramway. After World War I , Hungary lost a considerable portion of its eastern territory to Romania , and Debrecen once again became situated close to

6600-428: The city; first Lutheranism, then Calvin 's teachings become predominant. From 1551, the Calvinist government of the city forbade Catholics from moving to Debrecen. Catholic churches were taken over by the Calvinist church. The Catholic faith vanished from the city until 1715 when it regained a church. Several Calvinist church leaders like Peter Melius Juhasz who translated the Genevan Psalms lived and worked here. In 1567,

6720-421: The coldest month is −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 542.7 millimetres (21.37 in), of which July is the wettest with 67.7 millimetres (2.67 in), while January is the driest with only 24.3 millimetres (0.96 in). Mainly thanks to the Reformation and the prestigious Reformed College of Debrecen, founded in 1538, Debrecen has been the intellectual and cultural centre of

6840-401: The combined Serbian-Ottoman attacks, while simultaneously trying to provide a strong base for the fight against the Ottomans and eventually expand to the south. The negotiations were most likely initiated by King Sigismund, and he sent emissaries to Stefan, among whom was his close associate of Florentine origin, Filippo Scolari . The objective of this delegation had been successful, and led to

6960-413: The conclusion of an agreement between the two rulers in late 1403 or early 1404. Under its provisions, Stefan accepted vassal relations to Sigismund, and received from him Mačva and Belgrade. With these new lands, including the Golubac Fortress , Stefan had strengthened his northern border, now delineated by the Sava and Danube rivers. As now a close ally to Sigismund, Stefan was among the first knights of

7080-434: The conclusion of peace, Prince Stefan pledged to send extra squads to the Ottoman sultan and pay tribute, and he and his brother Vuk Lazarević had to appear annually at the Sultan's Palace to confirm the allegiance to Bayezid I. In addition to these common vassal obligations, Bayezid I married youngest daughter of Prince Lazar and Princess Milica, Olivera, which, her brother and the new prince, Stefan, personally had to take to

7200-438: The conflict in Serbia, the year 1409 had several significant events that influenced the change of situation in the Balkans. Süleyman made peace with the Venetians in June, to whom they pledged to pay an annual tribute, as well as surrendering their former possessions in the area of Skadar and Zeta . His brother and rival in the struggle for power, Musa Çelebi moved to Europe and began to gather around him supporters and allies in

7320-415: The country of Balšić and Venetian lands, from Shkoder to Kosovo. Avoiding the main roads controlled by his opponents, Stefan's forces arrived at Gračanica 21 November near Tripolje, in the following battle the forces of Branković, strengthened by Ottoman detachments, were defeated. Stephen broke his army in two, with orders sent by his mother, before the battle, and his opponents did the same. Most of

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7440-478: The daughter of Florentine master of Lesbos Francesco II Gattilusio . These events are evidence of Stefan's new commitment as vassal to King Sigismund. While the Lazarević brothers were in Constantinople, they entered in open conflict with the Branković family . Đurađ Branković was imprisoned at the city dungeon on his return to Constantinople, on Stefan's command. The reason for this is unknown, and many later chroniclers, such as Mavro Orbini , claim that Đurađ

7560-470: The daughter of Francesco II of Lesbos . According to Konstantin the Philosopher , Stefan first saw his wife on Lesbos , where Francesco II offered him a choice among his daughters; the marriage was arranged "with the advice and participation" of Helena's sister, Empress Eirene . Surprisingly, there is no mention of Helena after her marriage to Stefan; this led British historian Anthony Luttrell to remark that "apparently there were never any children; nothing

7680-484: The development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate . At the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. In the field of architecture, he continued the development of the Morava school . His reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. He introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. He

7800-474: The enemy lines to rescue his master Bayezid I from hostile environments. He eventually succeeded in it, but Bayezid refused to withdraw, after which Stefan took with him his son Süleyman Çelebi and started to retreat towards Bursa under constant attacks of the hordes of Tatars . Byzantine chronicler Laonikos Chalkokondyles states that "the Serbs fought as real heroes, each worthy of praise", adding that "They attacked Tatars with great vigor, crushing them hard in

7920-435: The established Ostrvica and he became a monk, losing his possessions in Serbia but saving his life. It is also certain that their allegations reached Bayezid and in the second half of March, the Ottoman forces marched into Serbia. It is not known what they did in Serbia; there is no evidence of invasion of any of the neighboring countries. In the spring, Stefan's mother (nun Eugene) and nun Jefimija went to Bayezid, to smooth

8040-411: The fight", and about Serbian struggle there is evidenced toponym Srb-ghazi – Serbian winner, near Ankara . During the fight, Prince Stefan was wounded, while Gregory Branković was captured and later released. In the meantime, Bayezid was captured with his soldiers, his son Musa and his harem , where the Stefan's sister Olivera was. One of the reasons Stefan honored his vassal obligations to Bayezid

8160-466: The fighting by Sigismund I , whose forces were under the command of Philip de Skolarisa , late January through Kovin , joined to Serbia. His quick reaction testifies to the fact that Stefan and Sigismund were aware of Vuk's impending departure to Süleyman's side Ottoman attack. In early May, Sigismund went to Serbia, who was joined by Ban Jovan Morović from Mačva , but in June began Süleyman's new offensive. After fierce battles that were fought during

8280-452: The founding members of the Order of the Dragon . The son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović , he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders of his time. After the death of his father at Kosovo (1389) , he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a Nemanjić ), until he reached adulthood in 1393. Stefan led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving

8400-412: The heads of the Zionist (non orthodox) movement joined the Kasztner train . (According to some sources, the Strasshoff camps were filled with Jews for negotiations in case the Germans could receive something for releasing these Jews, among them 6841 from Debrecen.) 298 of these Debrecen Jews were shot by the SS in Bavaria, after being told they would reach Theresienstadt . Some young Debrecen Jews escaped

8520-429: The knights was Stefan Lazarević, the founding charter of 13 December 1408. He was present at the ceremony in honor of knights, which was held in Buda, and the dragon symbol was present at his court. At that time, the late 1408, Stefan protested against his younger brother Vuk. The reason for his dissatisfaction was that Stefan did not want to share throne with him and give him part of the state administration. In turn, Vuk

8640-629: The monastery Ravanica late 1390 and early 1391, and is also known that in his court, during the year 1392, came Princess Milica . The conflict in the Serbian-Hungarian border, has continued over the next two years, and in their suppression Sigismund was involved, who has repeatedly visited the army of the Danube . In Summer 1392, he was crossed the river near Kovin and march to the city of Ždrelo near Valjevo , then retreated and tried to win Golubac . At

8760-493: The monikers of "the Calvinist Rome" and "the Geneva of Hungary". At this period the inhabitants of the town were mainly Hungarian Calvinists . Debrecen came under Ottoman control as a sanjak between 1558 and 1693 and orderly bounded to the eyalets of Budin (1541–1596), Eğri (1596–1660) and Varat (1660–1693) as "Debreçin". In 1693, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor elevated Debrecen to free royal town status. In 1715,

8880-402: The name is of Slavic origin and means 'well-esteemed', from Slavic Dьbricinъ or from dobre zliem ("good land"). Thirdly and lastly, Professor Šimon Ondruš derived the toponym from Proto-Slavic term *dьbrь (gorge). The standard Romanian name for the city is Debrețin , however Romanian communities in Hungary use the version Dobrițân . The settlement was established after

9000-459: The next year, Stefan tried to avoid the renewal of hostilities with the Ottomans. In 1403, Süleyman was in Gallipoli negotiating with a number of Christian states ( Byzantium , Genoa , Venice , Knights Hospitaller and Naxos ) in the Balkans to secure an agreement with them and start an offensive against his brothers in Asia Minor. The terms of the agreement were that Byzantium was to cease being

9120-466: The number of Jews to 9142. In 1942, more Jews were drafted into the Hungarian forced labor groups and sent to Ukraine. German forces entered the city on 20 March 1944, (Two and a half weeks before Passover) ordering a Judenrat (Jewish Council) headed by Rabbi Pal (Meir) Weisz, and a Jewish police squad was formed, headed by former army captain Bela Lusztbaum. On 30 March 1944, (a week before Passover)

9240-405: The obligations, but peace was not concluded. A peace agreement was finally signed in June 1408th The and in it Stefan was mentioned as one of the guarantors of the signed contract, but it did not come into effect and the conflict continued. In December 1408, Hungarian King Sigismund founded the Order of the Dragon , gathering his supporters. The symbol of the order was a dragon, and the first among

9360-433: The population (with over 10,000 community members listed) and owned almost half of the large properties in and around the town. The Hungarian antisemitic laws of 1938 caused many businesses to close, and in 1939 many Jews were enslaved and sent to Ukraine, where many died in minefields. In 1940, the Germans estimated that 12,000 Jews were left in the town. In 1941, Jews of Galician and Polish origin were expelled, reducing

9480-433: The reconstruction began and Debrecen became the capital of Hungary for a short time once again. The citizens began to rebuild their city, trying to restore its pre-war status, but the new, Communist government of Hungary had other plans. The institutions and estates of the city were taken into public ownership, private property was taken away. This forced change of the old system brought new losses to Debrecen; half of its area

9600-425: The region. About 400 of those moved to Israel, and many others moved to the west by 1970, with 1,200 Jews left in the town, using two synagogues, one of them established before World War I. Debrecen, typically for its Central European location, has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The annual average temperature is 11.0 °C (51.8 °F), the hottest month in July is 21.9 °C (71.4 °F), and

9720-517: The regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the seat of Hajdú-Bihar County. A city with county rights , it was the largest Hungarian city in the 18th century and it is one of the Hungarian people's most important cultural centres. Debrecen was also the capital city of Hungary during the revolution in 1848–1849 . During the revolution, the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty

9840-582: The relations between them. They returned to Serbia prior to 23 May and managed to ensure that Stefan is received by Bayezid and justify himself before the sultan. In addition, they brought from Bursa the relics of St. Petka , which were most likely placed in the castle church in Kruševac , Lazarica . Bayezid is reported to have held Prince Stefan in high esteem, bestowing upon him a respect which he did not always accord his other Christian vassals, or even his own sons. Later, Bayezid married Stefan's sister. When some of Stefan's nobles complained to Bayezid that he

9960-427: The rights of Orthodox churches in the area under the supreme authority of Venice and a host of other abuses of power. In this opposition became involved Stefan's nephew Balša III (1403–1421) which sought to restore the cities which his father, Đurađ Stracimirović Balšić , once transferred to Venice (1396), to protect from the Ottoman invasion. He asked for help from Süleyman in fighting, and from Duke Vuk Lazarević, but

10080-470: The same time, the area of Vuk Branković has been under Ottomans attack. In early 1392, they have occupied Skoplje and continued marching of the north, forcing Vuk by the end of the year to make peace with Bayezid and become his vassal. In 1393, Stefan became an adult and took over the throne, and his mother became a nun and withdrew to her endowment, monastery Ljubostinja . That same year, Bayezid I dealt with his Bulgarian vassals for their alleged links with

10200-444: The summer 1403 left Serbia and headed to Süleyman, to ask him for help and force his older brother to cede part of the state administration. He was in fact told to stop by their mother, who followed him, but she failed to reach him before he arrived at the court of Süleyman. During his time at his court, she was able to reconcile the brothers prior to October 1404 and she succeeded in smoothing relations between Stefan and Süleyman. During

10320-568: The summer, Stefan withdrew and enclosed himself in Belgrade. He refused to conform with Süleyman, but was forced to negotiate with his brother, which practically led to the division of the country. Vuk was submitted to the administration of its southern part, which included the area south of the West Morava . He ruled on his own and accepted Süleyman suzerainty, as did the Branković family. In addition to

10440-502: The surrounding area since the 16th century. The College formed into a full-scale university in 1912, and its intellectual life developed a sphere of influence between Eger and Oradea (Hu: Nagyvárad , now in Romania). In 1949–1950, several departments of the university were shut down, due to Communist takeover, with many students and teachers being expelled. During the decades of the socialist regime, Debrecen had three separate universities:

10560-514: The throne in a specific time for the state of Lazarević, who found herself surrounded by powerful neighbors. On one side was Bayezid I , who withdrew after the Battle of Kosovo to consolidate his power among the Ottomans , while next door there was Vuk Branković, the husband of Stefan's sister Mara, who after the battle became the most powerful of Serbian aristocrats. The neighbor on the west was Bosnian king Tvrtko I (1353–1377 ban, king 1377–1391) which

10680-440: The throne of Serbia, due to an open conflict with Branković, who enjoyed the support of Süleyman. On the other hand, Hungary was in a deep internal crisis, and, until 1403, Sigismund was unable to return to the country and regain control, although the resistance of his opponent failed to break even after his return. It was therefore necessary for him to rely on a secure southern border, which had previously been constantly exposed to

10800-478: The title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. Becoming a Hungarian ally in 1403–04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress . He also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. During his reign, there was a long conflict with his nephew Đurađ Branković , which ended in 1412. Lazarević also inherited Zeta , and waged war against Venice . Since he

10920-463: The town, led by the high school principal Adoniyahu Billitzer and reached Budapest, joining resistance movements and partisans. Most of the remaining Debrecen Jews were deported to Auschwitz, reaching there on 3 July 1944. Debrecen was occupied by the Soviet Army on 20 October 1944. Some 4,000 Jews of Debrecen and its surroundings survived the war, creating a community of 4,640 in 1946 – the largest in

11040-514: The town. By the early 16th century, Debrecen was an important market town. King Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor , as part of a treaty with Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević , gave him the opportunity to rule Debrecen in September 1411. A year after Lazarević's death in 1426, his role was taken over by his successor, Đurađ Branković . Between 1450 and 1507, it was a domain of the Hunyadi family . During

11160-407: The troops were placed under the command of his brother Vuk and directed them against the forces commanded by Đurađ Branković, while he, with a smaller part of the army attacked the Ottomans. Forces under his command had won a victory, but the significance it played was small Caesar Uglješa Vlatković . He was still an Ottoman vassal, but he reported to Stefan with their war plan, and during the battle

11280-463: The victory at Rovine sparked a great crusade in which forces from England, France, Germany, and other European countries joined Hungarian king Sigismund and Mircea I with the Venetian fleet, which was to enter the Danube from the Black Sea and support the army on the mainland. The crusader forces gathered in Hungary, after which they crossed the Danube and took Vidin. After that, the march continued down

11400-456: The wider international region. Local transport in the city consists of buses , trolleybuses , and trams . There are two tram lines, five trolleybus lines, and 60 bus lines. It is provided by the DKV ( Debreceni Közlekedési Vállalat , or Transport Company of Debrecen ). Nearby towns and villages are linked to the city by Hajdú Volán bus services. The city's most famous association football club

11520-445: The wooden bridge was dismantled. This article about a bridge in Hungary is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Debrecen Debrecen ( / ˈ d ɛ b r ə t s ɛ n / DEB -rət-sen ; Hungarian: [ˈdɛbrɛt͡sɛn] ; German : Debrezin [ˈdɛbʁɛt͡siːn] ; Slovak : Debrecín [ˈɟɛbrɛt͡siːn] ) is Hungary's second-largest city , after Budapest ,

11640-459: The year and Despot with present Charter confirmed the privileges that they previously enjoyed. It also represents the charter of Serbian ruler, which was issued after the 1387th in Dubrovnik. At the end of the month, a charter was issued to them from Stefan's sister Mara Branković with sons. This includes Dubrovnik provide benefits to its merchants throughout Serbia, but it is noticeable that Stefan

11760-560: The years is not known from historical sources. It is known that they were able, with the most money that Vuk Branković is left on the guarding in the Kotor and Republic of Ragusa, to recover some of the former countries. In early 1402, their area included parts of Kosovo , Polimlje , Sjenica and Brskovo , and since the spring of that year they became Bayezid's vassals, with the same responsibilities Prince Stefan had. Beyond their control remained Zvečan , Jeleč and Gluhavica , which were held by

11880-636: Was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia , and his relics are kept in the Koporin Monastery . Stefan was the son of the prince of Moravian Serbia , Lazar , and his wife Milica , member of an elder, but collateral branch of Nemanjić dynasty . Milica's father Prince Vratko was a direct descendant of Vukan , the eldest son of Stefan Nemanja . In addition to Stefan, they had seven other children. On 12 September 1405, Stefan married Helena Gattilusio ,

12000-461: Was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love , which is characterized by Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed. On 1 August 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, he

12120-405: Was a wooden structure built in 1697 which deteriorated over time due to heavy traffic. In 1825, after years of costly maintenance of the wooden bridge, the nearby city of Debrecen decided to dismantle it and build a new stone bridge in its place. After a review of several designs, the plan of Ferenc Povolny was accepted. Construction of the new bridge began in 1827 and after its completion in 1833

12240-449: Was able to make peace with Branković, and at the same time through his mother reconciled with Süleyman. Immediately after the takeover of Belgrade, Stefan started the reconstruction of its fortifications, which were destroyed by the Ottomans in 1397. In addition, he began work on the development of the city, which were carried out by the end of his reign, but in the beginning of 1405, Stefan was transferred his capital to it, which until then

12360-410: Was also close to Debrecen. The Russians, allied to Habsburgs, defeated the Hungarian army close to the western part of the town. After the war, Debrecen slowly began to prosper again. In 1857, the railway line between Budapest and Debrecen was completed, and Debrecen soon became a railway junction. New schools, hospitals, churches, factories, and mills were built, banks and insurance companies settled in

12480-480: Was annexed to nearby towns, and the city also lost its rights over Hortobágy. In 1952, two new villages – Ebes and Nagyhegyes – were formed from former parts of Debrecen, while in 1981, the nearby village Józsa was annexed to the city. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Debrecen were 211,320, of whom 209,782 people (99.3%) spoke Hungarian. 49,909 (23.6%) also knew English, 22,454 (10.6%) German, and 5,416 (2.6%) could speak Russian. According to

12600-479: Was born and lived in the city. The city's theatre, built in 1865, was named in his honour in 1916, but can trace its roots back to the National Theatre Company founded in Debrecen in 1789, which at first gave performances in the carthouse of an inn. Celebrated actress Lujza Blaha is among those to have performed there. Debrecen is home to Tankcsapda , one of Hungary's most successful rock bands. There

12720-571: Was childless, he designated his nephew Đurađ as heir in 1426, a year before his death. On the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles , and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. In 1412 he issued the Code of Mines , with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo – the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. This code increased

12840-530: Was considered the legitimate successor of Nemanjić crown and he portrayed the Battle of Kosovo like his own victory over the Ottomans, while their possessions in the north bordering with Hungary, King Sigismund . On 7 July, three weeks after the battle, Sigismund sent his palatine Nicholas II Garay to negotiate with Vuk Branković about things that are in his and Serbian favor, where he confirmed in advance any agreements that they have achieved. Although both Nicholas and Vuk were married with sisters of Stefan, it

12960-594: Was declared in the Reformed Great Church . The city also served as the capital of Hungary by the end of World War II in 1944–1945. It is home to the University of Debrecen . There are at least three narratives of the origin of the city's name. The city is first documented in 1235, as Debrezun . One theory states that the name derives from the Turkic word debresin , which means 'live' or 'move.' Another theory says

13080-557: Was destroyed, Athens was occupied (1397), the Despotate of Morea was devastated once again, the fall of Constantinople became practically inevitable, and the area of Vuk Branković was taken by the Ottomans . Vuk Branković was captured and soon died in captivity (1397). Most of his area was transferred to the control of Stefan Lazarević, a small portion (centered in Vučitrn ) was left to his wife Maria and his sons (Đurađ, Grgur and Lazar), while

13200-508: Was destroyed, as evidenced by a letter that arrived in February in Dubrovnik, from the merchants of the city. Dubrovnik people in Serbia were also instructed that, as citizens of the Republic, could call for its neutrality during the conflict, but they were also told not to harm Stefan's people, as well as in the case of attacks on towns where they were engaged in their defense. Stefan was assisted in

13320-497: Was in Kruševac . In September of the same year, he married Helena Gattilusio , but only two months later, with his mother's death (11 November), Stefan remained without strong support. Nevertheless, the situation in Serbia have stabilized and start to grow in prosperity, as evidenced by the charter in Borač , 2 December of that year, issued from Dubrovnik ( Republic of Ragusa ). Negotiations about their shopping preferences are driven during

13440-541: Was in a crisis, King Sigmund I had lost the throne because part of the nobility was captured April 1401 in Buda . He was released in late 1401 and retired to Bohemia, where he spent the next year. Changed conditions in Southeast Europe in the early fifteenth century, led to a convergence of Despot Stefan and Hungarian king Sigismund . Stefan needed a strong ally who could help him get rid of Ottoman domination, but also stay on

13560-487: Was joined at his side. As a reward for this, Stefan gave him authority over Vranje , Inogoštem ( Surdulica ) and Preševo , which had previously belonged to his father and that area was connected to the Serbian despotate. Lazarević, having retreated after the battle in Novo Brdo , came into a verbal conflict with Vuk. The despot's younger brother accused him of ignorance of war casualties and his weak leadership skills, because

13680-489: Was not referred to the charter, even though her husband Vuk in their charters, always calling on those issued by Lazar of Prince Lazar. At the beginning of 1405 The great rebellion broke out in the local population in Skadar end against the Venetian rule. The reason for it lay in the arrogant and high-handed fashion of Venetian rule, which was manifested impounding the property, which were then shared to Venetian supporters, denying

13800-497: Was not uncommon at the time that strong neighbors, even relatives, to suppress the legitimate heirs to throne as juvenile. The outcome of these negotiations is not known, but already in the fall, Sigismund began an offensive against young Serbian prince Stefan. His forces have crossed the Sava River in October and early November were they occupied the fortresses of Borač and Čestin, near present day Kragujevac . In these circumstances,

13920-635: Was planning to join Bayezid I's son Süleyman, who established his rule in the European part of the Ottoman Empire. This is probably true, as Đurađ, after escaping from prison in September, went to Süleyman and asked him for military aid against Lazarević. Stefan's return to Serbia was thwarted due to Ottoman hostility; the returning Serbian troops were killed on their way home near Adrianople . The two brothers and about 260 remaining soldiers embarked for Serbia, with

14040-529: Was plotting with the Hungarians against the Ottomans, Stefan first sent his mother to Edirne to plead his case with the sultan, and then went there himself. Both mother and son were received generously by Bayezid, and the embarrassing situation was resolved: I think of you as my eldest and favourite son, who stands before me in such honour as you? I am already growing old, and soon will die perhaps in battle or of illness – and then your time will come. The relationship between Prince Stefan and Branković family over

14160-457: Was probably disappointed to Stefan's connecting with Sigmund I and the West. He therefore went to Süleyman and asked him for military assistance against Stefan. In return, he promised to recognize his sovereignty, if he receives his own state and if Branković and his brothers joined him. At the beginning of 1409, Süleyman's Ottoman forces broke into Serbia at the battlefield of Kosovo and nearby Priština

14280-453: Was the capital of Hungary for a short time when the Hungarian revolutionary government fled there from Pest-Buda (modern-day Budapest). In April 1849, the dethronization of Habsburgs (neglected after the fall of the revolution) and the independence of Hungary was proclaimed here by Lajos Kossuth at the Great (Calvinist) Church ( Nagytemplom in Hungarian.) The last battle of the war of independence

14400-503: Was the desire to keep the Serbian-Ottoman Alliance strong under looming Hungarian pressure. Another was that Stefan's sister Olivera that was married to the Sultan. She was captured in the battle and later released, through an agreement that was signed between Stefan and Timur. It seems that a ransom wasn't paid, thanks to the great respect that Timur had for Olivera's brother Stefan, and she returned to Serbia (Spring 1403), and

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