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51-674: The line started operation in late 1889, and was the second electric line in Atlanta, after the Edgewood line to Inman Park. The line was an extension of an earlier horsecar line: In its heyday in the 1890s, the Nine-Mile Circle line was one of the streetcar lines popular for pleasure trips. It also took visitors to the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895, held in what is today Piedmont Park . At some point (it seems around 1901 as

102-463: A circus band. That same year, Sousa began studying music under George Felix Benkert. Sousa was enlisted under a minority enlistment, meaning that he would not be discharged until his 21st birthday. In 1868, Sousa enlisted in the Marine Corps at age 13 as an apprentice musician (his rank listed as "boy"). Sousa completed his apprenticeship and left the Marine Corps 1875. He then began performing on

153-641: A cornet soloist with Sousa), Rosario Bourdon , Josef Pasternack , or Nathaniel Shilkret . Details of the Victor recordings are available in the external link below to the EDVR. After the introduction of electrical recording in 1925 Sousa changed his mind about phonograph records. After a demonstration of the Orthophonic Victrola on October 6, 1925, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel he said, "[Gentlemen], that

204-471: A deal with the Devil for a magic violin with five strings. The first four strings excite the emotions of Pity, Hope, Love, and Joy, but the fifth string, made from the hair of Eve, will cause the player's death once played. The violinist wins the love of the woman he desires, but out of jealous suspicion, she commands him to play the death string, which he does. Sousa published Pipetown Sandy in 1905, which includes

255-400: A different state. The many elaborate displays reflected a diversity of views spanning the mainstream social and domestic roles of Southern women, such as patriotism and the ideals of traditional motherhood to little-known achievements of women counter to mainstream stereotypes. The Legion of Loyal Women display presented an arrangement of 45 dolls, each one adorned with a small shield showing

306-516: A great deal of time on the streets looking at the strange crowds — American Indians, Circassians , Hindus, Japanese, and people from every corner of the globe — who had come as professional midway entertainers or fakirs. The exposition included many exhibits on Minerals and Forestry, Agriculture, Food and Accessories, Machinery and Appliances, Horticulture, Machinery, Manufacturers, Electricity, Fine Arts, Painting and Sculpture, Liberal Arts, Education, and Literature. About 6,000 exhibits were examined by

357-467: A modified helicon created in 1893 by Philadelphia instrument maker J. W. Pepper at Sousa's request, using several of his suggestions in its design. Sousa wanted a tuba that could sound upward and over the band whether its player was seated or marching. C.G. Conn recreated the instrument in 1898, and this was the model that Sousa preferred to use. Sousa held a very low opinion of the emerging recording industry. He derided recordings as "canned music",

408-549: A national fraternity for men in music, by the fraternity's Alpha Xi chapter at the University of Illinois . The World War II Liberty ship SS  John Philip Sousa was named in Sousa's honor. The Marine Band possesses the ship's bell, using it in performances of the "Liberty Bell March". In 1952, 20th Century Fox honored Sousa in their Technicolor feature film Stars and Stripes Forever with Clifton Webb portraying him. It

459-463: A reference to the early wax cylinder records that came in can-like cylindrical cardboard boxes. He argued to a congressional hearing in 1906: These talking machines are going to ruin the artistic development of music in this country. When I was a boy... in front of every house in the summer evenings, you would find young people together singing the songs of the day or old songs. Today you hear these infernal machines going night and day. We will not have

510-510: A satirical poem titled "The Feast of the Monkeys". He wrote a 40,000-word story entitled "The Transit of Venus" in 1920. Sousa also wrote the booklet "A manual for trumpet and drum", published by the Ludwig Drum Company with advice for playing drums and trumpet. An early version of the trumpet solo to "Semper Fidelis" was included in this volume. The marching brass bass or sousaphone is

561-510: A vocal cord left. The vocal cord will be eliminated by a process of evolution, as was the tail of man when he came from the ape. Sousa's antipathy to recording was such that he very rarely conducted his band when it was being recorded. Nevertheless, the band made numerous recordings, the earliest being issued on cylinders by several companies, followed by many recordings on discs by the Berliner Gramophone Company and its successor,

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612-413: Is a band. This is the first time I have ever heard music with any soul to it produced by a mechanical talking machine." Sousa also appeared with his band in newsreels and on radio broadcasts, beginning with a 1929 nationwide broadcast on NBC . In 1999, "Legacy" Records released some of Sousa's historic recordings on CD. Even after his death, Sousa continues to be remembered as "The March King" through

663-781: The "Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" March . In his later years, Sousa lived in Sands Point, New York . On March 6, 1932, he died of heart failure at age 77 in his room at the Abraham Lincoln Hotel in Reading, Pennsylvania . Sousa had conducted a rehearsal of " The Stars and Stripes Forever " the day before with the Ringgold Band as its guest conductor. Sousa is buried at Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Every year on November 6,

714-574: The John Church Company , and the Sam Fox Publishing Company , the last association beginning in 1917 and continuing until his death. Some of his more well-known marches include: Sousa wrote marches for several American universities, including the University of Minnesota , University of Illinois , University of Nebraska , Kansas State University , Marquette University , Pennsylvania Military College ( Widener University ), and

765-854: The Military Order of Foreign Wars . He was also a member of the New York Athletic Club and Post 754 of the American Legion . On December 30, 1879, Sousa married Jane van Middlesworth Bellis (February 22, 1862 – March 11, 1944), who was descended from Adam Bellis who served in the New Jersey troops during the American Revolutionary War . They had three children: John Jr. (April 1, 1881 – May 18, 1937), Jane Priscilla (August 7, 1882 – October 28, 1958), and Helen (January 21, 1887 – October 14, 1975). On July 15, 1881,

816-666: The New York City exhibit. An electric railway was built for the exposition by the Dixie Intramural Railway Company, founded and presided by Col. Ira Yale Sage . Pennsylvania 's first woman American architect , Elise Mercur (1864–1947) designed the Palladian style Woman's Building. The Women's Building showcased accomplishments of women throughout the South, and the country, in the areas of education, health care, and

867-664: The Order of Academic Palms of France. He also received the Royal Victorian Medal from King Edward VII of the United Kingdom in December 1901 for conducting a private birthday concert for Queen Alexandra . In 1922, Sousa accepted the invitation of the national chapter to become an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi , the national honorary band fraternity. In 1932, he was initiated as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia ,

918-589: The United States Marine Corps ), " The Liberty Bell ", " The Thunderer ", and " The Washington Post ". Sousa began his career playing violin and studying music theory and composition under John Esputa and George Felix Benkert. Sousa's father enlisted him in the United States Marine Band as an apprentice in 1868. Sousa left the band in 1875, and over the next five years, he performed as a violinist and learned to conduct. In 1880, Sousa rejoined

969-451: The University of Michigan . Sousa wrote many notable operettas, including: Marches and waltzes have been derived from many of these stage-works. Sousa also composed the music for six operettas that were either unfinished or not produced: The Devils' Deputy , Florine , The Irish Dragoon , Katherine , The Victory , and The Wolf . In addition, Sousa wrote a march based on themes from Gilbert and Sullivan 's comic opera The Mikado ,

1020-538: The Victor Talking Machine Company (later RCA Victor ). The Berliner recordings were conducted by Henry Higgins (one of Sousa's cornet soloists) and Arthur Pryor (Sousa's trombone soloist and assistant conductor). Sousa claimed that he had "never been in the gramophone company's office in my life". Sousa did conduct a few of the Victor recordings, but most were conducted by Pryor, Herbert L. Clarke , Edwin H. Clarke, Walter B. Rogers (who had also been

1071-566: The end of the war in November 1918 and returned to conducting his own band. In the early 1920s, Sousa was promoted to lieutenant commander in the Naval Reserve but did not return to active duty. He frequently wore his Navy uniform during performances for the remainder of his life. For his service during the war, Sousa received the World War I Victory Medal and was elected as a Veteran Companion of

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1122-504: The inaugural balls of James A. Garfield in 1881 and Benjamin Harrison in 1889 . In July 1892, Sousa requested a discharge from the Marine Corps to pursue a financially promising civilian career as a band leader. He conducted a farewell concert at the White House on July 30, 1892, and was discharged from the Marine Corps the next day. Sousa organized The Sousa Band the year that he left

1173-641: The "March King" was initiated into Freemasonry by Hiram Lodge No. 10 (Now Hiram-Takoma Lodge No. 10) in Washington, D.C. , where Sousa remained an active member until his death in 1932. Among other Masonic honors, Sousa was named the Honorary Band Leader of the Temple Band of Almas Shriners, the DC-based Chapter of Shriners International . A number of his compositions were for the organization, including

1224-463: The Award Committee. The Awards Committee awarded a total of 1,573 medals: 634 gold medals, 444 silver medals, and 495 bronze medals. In late September Charles Francis Jenkins demonstrated an early movie projector called the " Phantoscope ." Organist and composer Fannie Morris Spencer chaired the exposition’s music committee. John Philip Sousa composed his famous march, " King Cotton ", for

1275-545: The Marine Band and served there for 12 years as director. In 1892 he left the Marine Band and organized the civilian Sousa Band. From 1880 until his death, Sousa focused exclusively on conducting and writing music. He aided in the development of the sousaphone , a large brass instrument similar to the helicon and tuba . Upon the United States joining World War I , Sousa was awarded a wartime commission of lieutenant to lead

1326-497: The Marine Band performs Semper Fidelis at Sousa's grave. His house Wildbank has been designated as a National Historic Landmark, although it remains a private home and is not open to the public. Sousa has surviving descendants today; one of his great-grandsons, John Philip Sousa IV, works as a political activist for the Republican Party. Sousa was decorated with the palms of the Order of Public Instruction of Portugal and

1377-768: The Marine Band, and it toured from 1892 to 1931 and performed at 15,623 concerts, both in America and internationally, including at the World Exposition in Paris and at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In Paris, the Sousa Band marched through the streets to the Arc de Triomphe , one of only eight parades that the band marched in during its 40 years. Sousa was commissioned as a lieutenant in

1428-658: The Naval Reserve Band in Illinois. He then returned to conduct the Sousa Band until his death in 1932. In the 1920s, Sousa was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant commander in the naval reserve. John Philip Sousa was born in Washington, D.C. , the third of 10 children of João António de Sousa (John Anthony Sousa) (September 22, 1824 – April 27, 1892), who was born in Spain to Portuguese parents, and his wife Maria Elisabeth Trinkhaus (May 20, 1826 – August 25, 1908), who

1479-600: The Naval Reserve on May 31, 1917, shortly after the United States declared war on Germany and entered World War I . He was 62 years old, the mandatory retirement age for Navy officers. During the war, Sousa led the Navy Band at the Great Lakes Naval Station near Chicago, and he donated all of his naval salary except a token $ 1 per month to the Sailors' and Marines' Relief Fund. Sousa was discharged from active duty after

1530-504: The North and South." The exposition introduced new ideas to foster trade and collaboration between the Southern and Northern states and to also show ideas, products, and facilities to the rest of the nation and to Europe. The exhibitions presented prototypes for a hospital room, a nursery, a kindergarten classroom, and a model library—each one in working order. These functional rooms represented

1581-612: The Society of Artists and Composers. He was also a member of the Salmagundi, Players, Musicians, New York Athletic, Lambs, Army and Navy and the Gridiron clubs of Washington. Sousa wrote over 130 marches, 15 operettas , 5 overtures , 11 suites , 24 dances, 28 fantasies, and countless arrangements of nineteenth-century western European symphonic works. Sousa wrote over 130 marches, published by Harry Coleman of Philadelphia, Carl Fischer Music ,

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1632-619: The Transportation Building, and the United States Government Building. The grounds were designed by Joseph Forsyth Johnson . Over $ 2,000,000 was spent transforming the exhibition site. A pond was expanded to 11.5 acres (4.7 ha) Lake Clara Meer for the event. Tropical gardens, now known as the Atlanta Botanical Garden, were also constructed for the fair. The government allocated $ 250,000 for

1683-526: The authors. On September 18, 1895, Booker T. Washington gave the "Atlanta Compromise" speech was an address on the topic of race relations . Washington's speech laid the foundation for the Atlanta Compromise , an agreement between African American leaders and Southern white leaders in which blacks would work meekly and submit to white political rule, while whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process of law. The speech

1734-718: The construction of a government building. Many states and countries such as Argentina also had buildings. The Exposition was open for 100 days, beginning on September 18, 1895, and ending on December 31, 1895. It attracted nearly 800,000 visitors from the United States and thirteen countries. However, the exposition was plagued by financial issues. Walter McElreath described the fair in his memoirs: The railroad yards were jammed every morning with trains that brought enormous crowds. The streets were crowded all day long. Every conceivable kind of fakir bartered his wares. Dime museums flourished on every street   ... Vast stucco hotels stood on Fourteenth Street   ... I spent

1785-576: The elegant overture Our Flirtations , several musical suites, etc. He frequently added Sullivan opera overtures or other Sullivan pieces to his concerts. Sousa was quoted saying, "My religion lies in my composition." Sousa ranked as one of the all-time great trapshooters and was enshrined in the Trapshooting Hall of Fame. He organized the first national trapshooting organization, a forerunner to today's Amateur Trapshooting Association (ATA). He also wrote numerous articles about trapshooting. He

1836-412: The environments where women played important roles outside the home and family, and were equipped with the most up-to-date equipment, features, and furnishings. The model library included a collection of publications by women authors from every state in the nation. A photography exhibition featured portraits of women in every branch of literature, appended with a verse, letter, or section of a manuscript by

1887-460: The exposition and dedicated it to the people of Georgia . December   26, 1895, was "Negro Day" at the exposition. Famed African American quilter Harriet Powers attended this day and met with Irvine Garland Penn , the chief of the Negro Building. The National League of Mineral Painters, with Adelaïde Alsop Robineau and Mary Chase Perry , contributed decorative objects and artwork to

1938-1079: The exposition. Bradford Lee Gilbert was the supervising architect. He designed the Administration Building with the Main Entrance and Exits, the Agricultural Building, the Auditorium, the Chime Tower and Band Stand, the Electricity Building, the Fire Building, the Machinery Hall, the Manufacturers & Liberal Arts Building, the Minerals and Forestry Building, the Negro Building, the Semi-Circular Entrance and Exit Gateway,

1989-589: The fine and decorative arts. Its exhibitions were curated by women from Georgia. The contents were contributed by women around the country. Women culled historical artifacts, decorative arts objects, and industrial products to compose displays in each room, including the Baltimore Room, the Lucy Cobb Room, Mary Ball Washington Tea Room, the Columbus Room, Model Library, Assembly Hall, and others, each assigned to

2040-531: The line was frequently mentioned in the Atlanta Constitution and suddenly ceases to be mentioned after June 1901), service in a loop was discontinued (see map). Service to the area did continue as individual lines however: Cotton States and International Exposition The Cotton States and International Exposition was a world's fair held in Atlanta , Georgia , United States in 1895. The exposition

2091-527: The name of a state, to illustrate the American Patriotic salute. Other displays posed a challenge to the roles of women and other social conventions. The Colonial Room presented utensils and furnishings, as well as Dolly Madison 's spectacles, a gun carried in the Battle of Concord , and brass medallions belonging to George Washington ; the display was said to represent "the growing bond of cooperation between

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2142-522: The opening of the exposition remotely by flipping an electric switch from his house in Massachusetts on September 18, 1895. The event is best remembered for the "Atlanta Compromise" speech given by Booker T. Washington on September 18, promoting racial cooperation. The idea for an international exposition in Atlanta was first proposed in November 1893 by William Hemphill , a former mayor of Atlanta. Hemphill served as vice president and director of

2193-411: The park grounds remain largely as Joseph Forsyth Johnson designed it for the exposition. However, the stone balustrades scattered around the park are the only remaining part of the enormous main building. John Philip Sousa John Philip Sousa ( / ˈ s uː z ə , ˈ s uː s ə / SOO -zə, SOO -sə , Portuguese: [ˈso(w)zɐ] ; November 6, 1854 – March 6, 1932)

2244-535: The relationship between teacher and pupil was often strained, but Sousa progressed very rapidly and was also found to have perfect pitch . During this period, Sousa wrote his first composition, "An Album Leaf", but Esputa dismissed it as "bread and cheese", and the composition was subsequently lost. Sousa's father was a trombonist in the Marine Band, and he enlisted Sousa in the United States Marine Corps as an apprentice at age 13 to keep him from joining

2295-420: The violin and joined a theatrical pit orchestra where he learned to conduct. Sousa returned to the Marine Band as its head in 1880 and remained as its conductor until 1892. During this period, Sousa led the Marine Band through its development into the country's premier military band. He led "The President's Own" band under five presidents from Rutherford B. Hayes to Benjamin Harrison . Sousa's band played at

2346-450: Was German and from Bavaria . Sousa began his music education under the tuition of John Esputa Sr., who taught him solfeggio . However, this was short-lived due to the teacher's frequent bad temper. Sousa's real music education began in 1861 or 1862 as a pupil of John Esputa Jr., the son of his previous teacher under whom Sousa studied violin, piano, flute, several brass instruments, and singing. Esputa shared his father's bad temper, and

2397-515: Was a regular competitor representing the Navy in trapshooting competitions, particularly against the Army. Records indicate that Sousa registered more than 35,000 targets during his shooting career. "Let me say that just about the sweetest music to me is when I call, 'pull,' the old gun barks, and the referee in perfect key announces, 'dead'." In Sousa's 1902 novella The Fifth String , a virtuoso violinist makes

2448-462: Was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era known primarily for American military marches . He is known as "The March King" or the "American March King", to distinguish him from his British counterpart Kenneth J. Alford . Among Sousa's best-known marches are " The Stars and Stripes Forever " (National March of the United States of America ), " Semper Fidelis " (official march of

2499-418: Was designed "to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and Europe." The Cotton States and International Exposition featured exhibits from six states, including various innovations in agriculture and technology, and exhibits about women and African Americans. President Grover Cleveland presided over

2550-592: Was loosely based on Sousa's memoirs Marching Along . In 1987, an act of Congress named "The Stars and Stripes Forever" as the national march of the United States. In 2012, a crater on the planet Mercury was named in Sousa's honor. He was posthumously enshrined in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in 1976. Sousa was a member of the Sons of the Revolution , Military Order of Foreign Wars , American Legion , Freemasons , and

2601-463: Was presented before a predominantly white audience and has been recognized as one of the most important, influential, and controversial speeches in American history. The Cotton States Exposition successfully showcased Atlanta as a business center and attracted investment to the city. After the exposition, the grounds were purchased by the City of Atlanta and became Piedmont Park and the Atlanta Botanical Garden . The buildings were demolished, but

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