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67-571: The Expeed 4 image-processing engine enables the camera to capture 60  fps 1080p video in MPEG-4 format. And 24.2-megapixel images without optical low-pass filter (OLPF, anti-aliasing (AA) filter ) at 5 fps as the fastest for low-entry DSLR. It was Nikon's first DSLR camera with Easy (sweep) Panorama . As in the Nikon D5300 , the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer body and also the new retractable kit lens made it smaller and lighter. The camera body

134-421: A peak performance of up to 28 instructions per clock cycle and core. Due to the used four-way single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) vector processor units, data is processed with up to 112 data operations per cycle and core. An on-chip 32-bit Fujitsu FR RISC microcontroller core is used to initiate and control all processors, modules and interfaces. The Expeed versions designated EI-14x and

201-547: A DSP is usually to measure, filter or compress continuous real-world analog signals . Most general-purpose microprocessors can also execute digital signal processing algorithms successfully, but may not be able to keep up with such processing continuously in real-time. Also, dedicated DSPs usually have better power efficiency, thus they are more suitable in portable devices such as mobile phones because of power consumption constraints. DSPs often use special memory architectures that are able to fetch multiple data or instructions at

268-521: A DSP optimized instruction set. One implication for software architecture is that hand-optimized assembly-code routines (assembly programs) are commonly packaged into libraries for re-use, instead of relying on advanced compiler technologies to handle essential algorithms. Even with modern compiler optimizations hand-optimized assembly code is more efficient and many common algorithms involved in DSP calculations are hand-written in order to take full advantage of

335-552: A blackout-free viewing experience. As input/output (I/O) processor Nikon uses external 32-bit microcontrollers to connect additional sensors and displays : Viewfinder , top- display , flash ( Speedlight )/ hot shoe , shutter / aperture motors , metering / autofocus sensors and lens / battery grip / battery control. Used variants are the Fujitsu FR in the Expeed EI-14x series, which changed to MIPS architecture in

402-497: A broad range of external peripherals and various buses (PCI/serial/etc). TMS320C6474 chips each have three such DSPs, and the newest generation C6000 chips support floating point as well as fixed point processing. Freescale produces a multi-core DSP family, the MSC81xx. The MSC81xx is based on StarCore Architecture processors and the latest MSC8144 DSP combines four programmable SC3400 StarCore DSP cores. Each SC3400 StarCore DSP core has

469-486: A chip solution integrates an image processor in multi-core processor architecture, with each single processor-core able to compute many instructions/operations in parallel . Storage and display interfaces and other modules are added and a digital signal processor (DSP) increases the number of simultaneous computations. An on-chip 32-bit microcontroller initiates and controls the operation and data transfers of all processors, modules and interfaces and can be seen as

536-516: A clock speed of 1 GHz. XMOS produces a multi-core multi-threaded line of processor well suited to DSP operations, They come in various speeds ranging from 400 to 1600 MIPS. The processors have a multi-threaded architecture that allows up to 8 real-time threads per core, meaning that a 4 core device would support up to 32 real time threads. Threads communicate between each other with buffered channels that are capable of up to 80 Mbit/s. The devices are easily programmable in C and aim at bridging

603-657: A different architecture. Or the Nikon D200 processor (EI-126) uses the same, but greatly expanded firmware as the D80 (unofficial "Expeed"). The Expeed processor variant EI-137 is found in the Nikon D40, Nikon D40x and Nikon D80 – as it is officially in the later-released Nikon D60 and Nikon D3000. First used in the Nikon D3 and Nikon D300 in 2007, the Expeed was used later in

670-599: A dual-core ARM microcontroller are the main improvements. Its high speed allows the world's fastest speed (Nikon claim) of 60 frames per second (10 fps with full autofocus ). The Expeed 3A , a successor to the Expeed 3 EI-160 used in the Nikon 1 series, was first released in the Nikon 1 V2 and mainly features an increased world record image-processing speed of up to 850 megapixels per second. This enables 60 frames per second (15 fps with full autofocus ) speed even with

737-454: A group of programmers called "Nikon Hacker" develops custom firmware , making recent progress including an FR emulator for some DSLRs. It was shown that Nikon uses the Softune integrated development environment together with an μITRON realtime kernel . Currently there is some modified firmware available mainly removing time based video and uncompressed NEF files restrictions, but there

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804-627: A large number of tasks: Bayer filtering , demosaicing , image sensor corrections/ dark-frame subtraction , image noise reduction , image sharpening , image scaling , gamma correction , image enhancement/Active D-Lighting, colorspace conversion, chroma subsampling , framerate conversion, lens distortion / chromatic aberration correction, image compression / JPEG encoding , video compression , display / video interface driving, digital image editing , face detection , audio processing / compression / encoding and computer data storage / data transmission . Expeed's multi-processor system on

871-702: A low compression (high data rate) and behaves also in other uses like image extraction quite similar to Motion JPEG formerly used by Nikon. The Expeed 3 (FR) (variants EI-158 and EI-175) offers no significant change, but introduced the first DSLRs to offer uncompressed video output (8bit 4:2:2) over HDMI : Nikon D4 , Nikon D800 / D800E , Nikon D600 , Nikon D7100 and Nikon D5200 . The Expeed 3 (ARM) introduced high-speed video ( slow-motion ) in its enhanced H.264 HD video engine. Socionext specifies each Milbeaut generation with different numbers of processors. Nikon gives no details, but uses different designated processors in its professional and consumer lines. Although

938-516: A lower-cost solution, with better performance, lower latency, and no requirements for specialised cooling or large batteries. Such performance improvements have led to the introduction of digital signal processing in commercial communications satellites where hundreds or even thousands of analog filters, switches, frequency converters and so on are required to receive and process the uplinked signals and ready them for downlinking , and can be replaced with specialised DSPs with significant benefits to

1005-513: A new breed of DSPs offering the fusion of both DSP functions and H/W acceleration function is making its way into the mainstream. Such Modem processors include ASOCS ModemX and CEVA's XC4000. In May 2018, Huarui-2 designed by Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology of China Electronics Technology Group passed acceptance. With a processing speed of 0.4 TFLOPS, the chip can achieve better performance than current mainstream DSP chips. The design team has begun to create Huarui-3, which has

1072-493: A reprogramming: By using Motion JPEG encoding with 24p frame rate, Nikon achieved 720p HD video resolution. The advantages are easy JPEG image extraction, no motion compensation artifacts and low processing power enabling higher resolution, and the disadvantage is a larger file size, nearly reaching the 2 GB limit (for full compatibility) in 5 minutes. The Nikon D90 was the first DSLR with video recording capabilities. The Expeed 2 (variant EI-154) greatly expanded

1139-526: A special instruction set, with instructions like load-and-accumulate or multiply-and-accumulate. It could work on 16-bit numbers and needed 390 ns for a multiply–add operation. TI is now the market leader in general-purpose DSPs. About five years later, the second generation of DSPs began to spread. They had 3 memories for storing two operands simultaneously and included hardware to accelerate tight loops ; they also had an addressing unit capable of loop-addressing. Some of them operated on 24-bit variables and

1206-523: A specific task, ranging in price from about US$ 1.50 to US$ 300. Texas Instruments produces the C6000 series DSPs, which have clock speeds of 1.2 GHz and implement separate instruction and data caches. They also have an 8 MiB 2nd level cache and 64 EDMA channels. The top models are capable of as many as 8000 MIPS ( millions of instructions per second ), use VLIW ( very long instruction word ), perform eight operations per clock-cycle and are compatible with

1273-468: A technology that had previously not been mass-produced. It was designed as a microprocessor peripheral, for the Motorola 6800 , and it had to be initialized by the host. The S2811 was not successful in the market. In 1979, Intel released the 2920 as an "analog signal processor". It had an on-chip ADC/DAC with an internal signal processor, but it didn't have a hardware multiplier and was not successful in

1340-462: A typical model only required about 21 ns for a MAC. Members of this generation were for example the AT&;T DSP16A or the Motorola 56000 . The main improvement in the third generation was the appearance of application-specific units and instructions in the data path, or sometimes as coprocessors. These units allowed direct hardware acceleration of very specific but complex mathematical problems, like

1407-498: Is a dynamic range only at the level of competitors like the (higher priced) Canon EOS 600D ; lower than other Nikon DSLRs with the same Expeed 2 variant. The Expeed EI-15x and EI-17x A/D converters allow an increased image sensor readout clock frequency with improved A/D converter accuracy, especially when using 14-bit sampling. Expeed A/D converters used for EI-149 or all EI-142 need considerably reduced clock rates (1.8 fps on Nikon D3X) for higher accuracy, limiting for example

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1474-521: Is a specialized microprocessor chip, with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing . DSPs are fabricated on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit chips. They are widely used in audio signal processing , telecommunications , digital image processing , radar , sonar and speech recognition systems, and in common consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones , disk drives and high-definition television (HDTV) products. The goal of

1541-511: Is activated. The Expeed EI-15x are controlled by an integrated FR-80/FR-81 core. Power consumption is also decreased by the Socionext 65 nm process. The Nikon D3s processor  – although named Expeed 2 – uses nearly the same EI-142 processor as the previous D3/D3X featuring for example only 720p Motion JPEG video. It offers the same image sensor interface with identical speed and A/D converter accuracy, limiting

1608-476: Is also the first Expeed using digital image sensor readout – no analog image sensor interface is needed. In the Nikon 1 cameras introduced September 2011 it uses 1 GB fast DDR2 RAM packaged in 2x 4 Gbit chips. Nikon marked EI-160, manufactured in the Socionext 65 nm process. High-speed dual multi-core image-processing engines with world record (Nikon claim) 600 megapixels per second speed, enhanced H.264 HD video engine and controlled by

1675-1140: Is approx. 124 mm × 98 mm × 75.5 mm and weighs 460 g with and 410 g without battery and memory card. In April 2014, the D3300 received a Technical Image Press Association (TIPA) award in the category "Best Digital SLR Entry Level". The D3300 was superseded as Nikon's entry-level camera by the D3400 in late 2016. Nikon Z cameras >> PROCESSOR : Pre-EXPEED | EXPEED | EXPEED 2 | EXPEED 3 | EXPEED 4 | EXPEED 5 | EXPEED 6 VIDEO: HD video / Video AF / Uncompressed / 4k video   ⋅   SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed Without full AF-P lens support   ⋅   Without AF-P and without E-type lens support   ⋅   Without an AF motor (needs lenses with integrated motor , except D50 ) Expeed 4 The Nikon Expeed image / video processors (often styled EXPEED ) are media processors for Nikon's digital cameras . They perform

1742-556: Is based on the Socionext Milbeaut imaging processors with 16-bit per pixel multi-core FR-V processor architecture, using a highly parallel pipelined architecture which allows efficient hardware use, increasing throughput and reducing power consumption. Each core uses an eight-way 256-bit very long instruction word (VLIW, MIMD ) and is organized in a four-unit superscalar pipelined architecture ( Integer (ALU) -, Floating-point - and two media-processor-units) giving

1809-543: Is close to the Expeed 2 variant EI-154 with some improvements like DDR3 memory, and with increased computing power. The D5200 uses a package on package with a 4  Gbit DDR3 SDRAM on top. In the Nikon 1 series September 2011 Nikon introduced a new largely changed architecture – the main control unit it uses an ARM microcontroller which requires new firmware compared to the totally different Fujitsu FR microcontroller used in all former Milbeaut and Expeed processors. It

1876-459: Is generally easier to implement algorithms in floating point. Generally, DSPs are dedicated integrated circuits; however DSP functionality can also be produced by using field-programmable gate array chips (FPGAs). Embedded general-purpose RISC processors are becoming increasingly DSP like in functionality. For example, the OMAP3 processors include an ARM Cortex-A8 and C6000 DSP. In Communications

1943-520: Is highly increased. Marked EI-158, this variant is used by the Nikon D4 and Nikon D800 . The EI-158 was the first Expeed to offer uncompressed video output (8bit 4:2:2) over HDMI. The Nikon D600 (teardown ), Nikon D3200 and Nikon D5200 (teardown ) use an Expeed 3 (EI-175, differently marked ML-1131 on D5200), which is, according to Nikon, the same as used for the D4 and D800 series. Its architecture

2010-555: Is no stable alternative firmware available, as the project is still in an early state. The Nikon supplied firmware-updates normally include the firmware A for the I/O processor and the firmware B to control Expeeds by integrated FR microcontrollers (different for the ARM-based Expeed 3 ). Besides a general analysis of the hardware and software of the D7000, D5100 and D3100 and newer cameras,

2077-714: Is rarely the only task of a system. Some useful features for optimizing DSP algorithms are outlined below. By the standards of general-purpose processors, DSP instruction sets are often highly irregular; while traditional instruction sets are made up of more general instructions that allow them to perform a wider variety of operations, instruction sets optimized for digital signal processing contain instructions for common mathematical operations that occur frequently in DSP calculations. Both traditional and DSP-optimized instruction sets are able to compute any arbitrary operation but an operation that might require multiple ARM or x86 instructions to compute might require only one instruction in

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2144-704: Is used in the Nikon 1 V3 , Nikon 1 J4 and Nikon 1 S2 . Nikon announced EXPEED 5 processor engine in their new DX and FX cameras Nikon D500 and Nikon D5 at CES 2016, (Las Vegas, January 5, 2016) and also used in the Nikon D7500 and D850 . The EXPEED 5A image-processing engine is first seen in the Nikon 1 J5 , which was announced April 2, 2015. In the Nikon 1 J5 it is capable of 4k Ultra HD (3840*2160) at 15 fps, Full-HD (1920*1080) at 60 fps, HD (1280*720) at 120 fps, 800 x 296 at 400 fps and 400 x 144 at 1200 fps. It can handle 20MP burst photos at 20 fps with autofocus at each frame, and even 60 fps with autofocus fixed at

2211-496: The D3s dynamic range at low ISOs. The Expeed 3 (ARM) , first used in the Nikon 1 series , connects a data stream with 24 digital channels (bus) , using A/D converters integrated on the image sensor chip. The first variant, EI-14x originally included a video encoder capable of processing VGA resolution with 30 frames per second and MPEG-4 encoding. The software based video processor realized with FR-V processors enabled

2278-466: The Expeed 2 and 3 additionally include a HD video codec engine (FR-V based) and a 16-bit DSP with separate on-chip 4-block Harvard RAM which is usable for example for additional image- and audio-processing . The Expeed 3 (FR) (EI-158/175) is based on an improved Expeed 2 EI-154 with greatly increased processing speed. A new architecture in the Expeed 3 (ARM) offers a highly increased speed in its image processor (with even two pipelines on

2345-488: The Expeed EI-15x and EI-17x series. The professional series uses two or more Hitachi / Renesas H8SX controllers. Former DSLRs used H8S microcontrollers. The ARM-based Expeed in the Nikon 1 series with its dual ARM core needs no additional I/O processors. The Nikon 1 series also includes an Epson graphic processor . As with CHDK or Magic Lantern modified Canon digital cameras based on DIGIC processors,

2412-688: The Nikon D300 / D300s with 12 simultaneous, parallel analog signal readout channels. Mainly due to a larger settling time it allows improved conversion accuracy compared to the four channels in the previous Nikon D2X / D2Xs, Nikon D200 or the Canon EOS 5D Mark II . six-channel readout is supported by the EI-149 and EI-154 used on the D90, D5000, D7000 and D5100. The D3100 uses an Analog Devices sensor interface with integrated analog-to-digital converters. The result

2479-603: The Nikon D3X , Nikon D700 and Nikon D300s , marked EI-142, and the consumer line variant with reduced processor cores in the Nikon D90 and Nikon D5000 , marked EI-149. It is based on a Socionext Milbeaut imaging-processor with 720p Motion JPEG video encoder, DSP and FR-80 (EI-14x versions) core. It uses a 90 nanometer process technology . The EI-137 variant in the Nikon D60 and Nikon D3000  – additionally found in

2546-485: The Nikon D40 , Nikon D40x and Nikon D80  – is based on the older Milbeaut M-3 in 180 nanometer technology (like all former Expeed/Milbeaut since 2001). It includes a FR-71 core with only 12-bit, two-channel image sensor readout, no DSP, slower memory and has a reduced feature set. 1080p H.264/MPEG-4 HD video encoder, improved face detection , image noise reduction and image distortion correction are

2613-467: The Nikon Z 50II , Nikon Z 6III , Nikon Z 8 , Nikon Z 9 , and Nikon Z f mirrorless cameras. Expeed 7 has 10 times the image processing speed of its predecessor and is powerful enough for the camera to omit a dedicated autofocus engine. It can handle complex AF and AE calculations at 120 cycles per second, separately processes dual-streamed data from stacked image sensors, and enables features like 120 fps still shooting, internal 8k RAW video recording and

2680-527: The Speak & Spell concept to Paul Breedlove, Larry Brantingham, and Gene Frantz at Texas Instruments ' Dallas research facility. Two years later in 1978, they produced the first Speak & Spell, with the technological centerpiece being the TMS5100 , the industry's first digital signal processor. It also set other milestones, being the first chip to use linear predictive coding to perform speech synthesis . The chip

2747-689: The D3s dynamic range at 200 and especially 100 ISOs lower as the D7000/D5100. Variant used in some Coolpix compact cameras. Cheaper Nikon compact cameras use Sanyo or Zoran Coach image/video processors; both with a completely different technology and different firmware compared to the Expeed . Compared to the previous Expeed 1 (EI-142), it offers the same improvements as the Expeed 2 EI-154 with Socionext 65 nm process, including increased A/D converter accuracy and image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing rolling shutter. Computing power

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2814-575: The DSP core is hidden as a fixed-function block into a SoC , but NXP also provides a range of flexible single core media processors. The TriMedia media processors support both fixed-point arithmetic as well as floating-point arithmetic , and have specific instructions to deal with complex filters and entropy coding. CSR produces the Quatro family of SoCs that contain one or more custom Imaging DSPs optimized for processing document image data for scanner and copier applications. Microchip Technology produces

2881-730: The EI-160), its H.264 video encoder and is controlled by a dual-core ARM architecture microcontroller replacing the Fujitsu FR. CMOS / CCD image sensors are connected with additional external ICs , Nikon drivers, with the exception of the Nikon D3100 . This is done by a mixed analog / digital interface which controls the sensor digitally, but receives analog signals with parallel 14- bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converters . The Expeed variants EI-142 and EI-158 use Nikon ASICs to connect all full-frame (FX) digital SLR sensors and additionally

2948-643: The Fourier-transform or matrix operations. Some chips, like the Motorola MC68356, even included more than one processor core to work in parallel. Other DSPs from 1995 are the TI TMS320C541 or the TMS 320C80. The fourth generation is best characterized by the changes in the instruction set and the instruction encoding/decoding. SIMD extensions were added, and VLIW and the superscalar architecture appeared. As always,

3015-463: The Milbeaut ( Expeed ) is used in different Nikon designs and by other manufacturers, the software/ firmware specifies many of its functions and details and the number of processors or included modules may vary in this ASIC . DSLRs announced before August 2006 do not contain processors named Expeed (for example Nikon D70 /D70s processor: EI-118), although that does not mean that these processors use

3082-450: The PIC24 based dsPIC line of DSPs. Introduced in 2004, the dsPIC is designed for applications needing a true DSP as well as a true microcontroller , such as motor control and in power supplies. The dsPIC runs at up to 40MIPS, and has support for 16 bit fixed point MAC, bit reverse and modulo addressing, as well as DMA. Most DSPs use fixed-point arithmetic, because in real world signal processing

3149-406: The additional range provided by floating point is not needed, and there is a large speed benefit and cost benefit due to reduced hardware complexity. Floating point DSPs may be invaluable in applications where a wide dynamic range is required. Product developers might also use floating point DSPs to reduce the cost and complexity of software development in exchange for more expensive hardware, since it

3216-470: The advantage of higher quality (lower motion blur based on better motion compensation ) even with significant higher compression ratio . This compression requires considerably higher computing power. In 2012 the Canon 5D Mark III introduced a similar compression called "IPB". Also introduced was "All-I", which uses the simpler I‑frames (coded pictures) without processing any differences between them, but using

3283-497: The architectural optimizations. DSPs are usually optimized for streaming data and use special memory architectures that are able to fetch multiple data or instructions at the same time, such as the Harvard architecture or Modified von Neumann architecture , which use separate program and data memories (sometimes even concurrent access on multiple data buses). DSPs can sometimes rely on supporting code to know about cache hierarchies and

3350-409: The associated delays. This is a tradeoff that allows for better performance . In addition, extensive use of DMA is employed. DSPs frequently use multi-tasking operating systems, but have no support for virtual memory or memory protection. Operating systems that use virtual memory require more time for context switching among processes , which increases latency. In 1976, Richard Wiggins proposed

3417-474: The capabilities by its 1080p H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HD video encoder. It also offers an increased image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing rolling shutter . Compared to competitors from Canon ( DIGIC , "IPP" compression – MPEG-2 equivalent : Only one previous frame analyzed ) the Expeed 2 offers video compression also based on complex B-frames ( bi-directional differencing between frames and motion prediction ), which has

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3484-414: The clock-speeds have increased; a 3 ns MAC now became possible. Modern signal processors yield greater performance; this is due in part to both technological and architectural advancements like lower design rules, fast-access two-level cache, (E) DMA circuitry, and a wider bus system. Not all DSPs provide the same speed and many kinds of signal processors exist, each one of them being better suited for

3551-638: The family offering dual or quad 16-bit MACs. The CEVA-XC DSP family targets Software-defined Radio (SDR) modem designs and leverages a unique combination of VLIW and Vector architectures with 32 16-bit MACs. Analog Devices produce the SHARC -based DSP and range in performance from 66 MHz/198 MFLOPS (million floating-point operations per second) to 400 MHz/2400 MFLOPS. Some models support multiple multipliers and ALUs , SIMD instructions and audio processing-specific components and peripherals. The Blackfin family of embedded digital signal processors combine

3618-425: The features of a DSP with those of a general use processor. As a result, these processors can run simple operating systems like μCLinux , velocity and Nucleus RTOS while operating on real-time data. The SHARC-based ADSP-210xx provides both delayed branches and non-delayed branches. NXP Semiconductors produce DSPs based on TriMedia VLIW technology, optimized for audio and video processing. In some products

3685-473: The features of the Expeed 3 (FR) and older versions of Expeed, plus it consumes less power. The Nikon D4S 's processor is identical to the Nikon D4, marked EI-158, using its processing power with improved software enabling 1080p video capture at 50/60fps, 11 fps photos with improved autofocus, new noise reduction with image-content variable algorithm (context-adaptive) and other improvements. Version 4A

3752-447: The first frame, but note that the buffer size is yet unknown and probably very small. Nikon announced the Expeed 6 processor engine on 23 August 2018. It appears in their Nikon Z 7 , Nikon Z 6 , Nikon Z 5 , Nikon Z 50 , Nikon Z 30 , Nikon Z fc , Nikon D780 and Nikon D6 cameras. The Nikon Z 6II and Nikon Z 7II each have two Expeed 6 processors. Nikon announced the Expeed 7 processor engine on 28 October 2021. It appears in

3819-466: The gap between conventional micro-controllers and FPGAs CEVA, Inc. produces and licenses three distinct families of DSPs. Perhaps the best known and most widely deployed is the CEVA-TeakLite DSP family, a classic memory-based architecture, with 16-bit or 32-bit word-widths and single or dual MACs . The CEVA-X DSP family offers a combination of VLIW and SIMD architectures, with different members of

3886-509: The main control unit of the camera. In each generation Nikon uses different versions for its professional and consumer DSLRs / MILCs , whereas its compact cameras use totally different architectures. This is different from for example Canons DIGIC : its professional DSLRs double the processors of its consumer DSLR series. The Expeed is an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) built by Socionext specifically for Nikon designs according to Nikon specifications. The Nikon Expeed

3953-494: The main improved features compared to EI-14x Expeeds . Used in the Nikon D7000 , Nikon D3100 and Nikon D5100 and Nikon marked EI-154. Although image sensor readout clock frequency has increased by a factor of 1.75, A/D converter accuracy is improved, especially when using 14-bit. Image processor performance is increased, performing a higher continuous shooting frame rate even when high ISO noise reduction or Active D-Lighting

4020-507: The market. In 1980, the first stand-alone, complete DSPs – Nippon Electric Corporation 's NEC μPD7720 based on the modified Harvard architecture and AT&T 's DSP1 – were presented at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference '80. Both processors were inspired by the research in public switched telephone network (PSTN) telecommunications . The μPD7720, introduced for voiceband applications,

4087-502: The new 14 megapixel image sensor. It is developed exclusively for Nikon 1 cameras. Expeed 4 uses a processor with ARM central controller , and is used in the Nikon D810 , Nikon D750 , Nikon D5300 , Nikon D5500 , Nikon D5600 , Nikon D3300 , Nikon D3400 , Nikon D3500 and Nikon D7200 . It offers full HD (1080p) video capture at 50/60 fps with improved contrast detection autofocus and live preview autofocus. It includes all of

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4154-1589: The project focuses on: The changelog shows firmware also for newer variants like D800, D610, D5200 and D3200. This was not a firmware hack, but a method (Photopc – digital camera control ) calling an already implemented diagnostic mode on some old Nikon Coolpix cameras with Fujitsu Sparclite processors. Using this mode, they could write raw images . Nikon Z cameras >> PROCESSOR : Pre-EXPEED | EXPEED | EXPEED 2 | EXPEED 3 | EXPEED 4 | EXPEED 5 | EXPEED 6 VIDEO: HD video / Video AF / Uncompressed / 4k video   ⋅   SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed Without full AF-P lens support   ⋅   Without AF-P and without E-type lens support   ⋅   Without an AF motor (needs lenses with integrated motor , except D50 ) << Nikon DSLR cameras << Nikon 1 cameras PROCESSOR : EXPEED 6 | Dual EXPEED 6 | EXPEED 7 VIDEO: Slow-motion video , 4K video , 6K video , 8K video SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen BODY FEATURE: In-Body Image Stabilization , Weather Sealed Nikon Z cameras >> PROCESSOR : EXPEED 3 | EXPEED 4 | EXPEED 5 VIDEO: HD video / Video AF / Uncompressed / 4k video   ⋅   SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: In-Body Image Stabilization , Weather Sealed Digital signal processor A digital signal processor ( DSP )

4221-414: The same time. Digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms typically require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly and repeatedly on a series of data samples. Signals (perhaps from audio or video sensors) are constantly converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted back to analog form. Many DSP applications have constraints on latency ; that is, for

4288-526: The satellites' weight, power consumption, complexity/cost of construction, reliability and flexibility of operation. For example, the SES-12 and SES-14 satellites from operator SES launched in 2018, were both built by Airbus Defence and Space with 25% of capacity using DSP. The architecture of a DSP is optimized specifically for digital signal processing. Most also support some of the features of an applications processor or microcontroller, since signal processing

4355-402: The system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some fixed time, and deferred (or batch) processing is not viable. Most general-purpose microprocessors and operating systems can execute DSP algorithms successfully, but are not suitable for use in portable devices such as mobile phones and PDAs because of power efficiency constraints. A specialized DSP, however, will tend to provide

4422-509: Was made possible with a 7 μm PMOS fabrication process . In 1978, American Microsystems (AMI) released the S2811. The AMI S2811 "signal processing peripheral", like many later DSPs, has a hardware multiplier that enables it to do multiply–accumulate operation in a single instruction. The S2281 was the first integrated circuit chip specifically designed as a DSP, and fabricated using vertical metal oxide semiconductor ( VMOS , V-groove MOS),

4489-505: Was one of the most commercially successful early DSPs. The Altamira DX-1 was another early DSP, utilizing quad integer pipelines with delayed branches and branch prediction. Another DSP produced by Texas Instruments (TI), the TMS32010 presented in 1983, proved to be an even bigger success. It was based on the Harvard architecture, and so had separate instruction and data memory. It already had

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