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36-430: Nikita was born the eldest surviving son of Ivan Romanov by his wife, Princess Uliana Fyodorovna Litvinova-Massalaskaya. He was named 'Nikita' in honour of his paternal grandfather Nikita Romanovich . Ivan Romanov was the second son of Nikita Romanovich and the younger brother of Feodor Nikitich Romanov . Nikita's grandfather, Nikita Romanovich , had been the brother of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna , first wife of Ivan

72-479: A progressive leg injury (a consequence of a horse accident early in his life), which resulted in his not being able to walk towards the end of his life. He was a gentle and pious prince who gave little trouble to anyone and effaced himself behind his counsellors. Sometimes they were relatively honest and capable men like his father; sometimes they were corrupted and bigoted, like the Saltykov relatives of his mother. He

108-679: A new Tsar. Ivan, as a leading member of the Romanov family, was a serious candidate for the throne. This was particularly so because his elder brother, Feodor Nikitich Romanov , Patriarch of Moscow , was at that time a captive of the Polish-Lithuanian monarch Sigismund III Vasa ; Feodor's wife and children were living at the Ipatievsky Monastery in remote Kostroma . Nevertheless, the Grand National Assembly unanimously elected

144-626: The Streletsky Prikaz (in charge of the streltsy , regiments who served as Moscow's garrison), the Prikaz bolshoy kazny , minister of the treasury, and the Aptekarsky Prikaz ("Pharmacy Office", a de facto ministry of health, most particularly the tsar's health). After Filaret's arrival, their former heads were sent away from Moscow, and all three given to Ivan Cherkassky (Filaret's nephew), who proved to be an able and competent administrator and

180-490: The Cossacks had spoken in favour of Mikhail, he had spoken in opposition, saying "This prince Mikhail Fedorovich is too young and not yet in his full reason." Due to this incident, he had been looked at with mistrust afterwards by his brother and nephew, the new Tsar. Perhaps due to his resentment connected to this background, Nikita Romanov was a notorious frondeur (habitual dissenter; always malcontent) throughout his life, and

216-583: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until it was recovered with the conclusion of another war under Michael's son and successor Alexis in 1667 . Michael's reign saw some of the greatest territorial expansion in Russian history. During his reign, the conquest of Siberia continued, largely accomplished by the Cossacks and financed by the Stroganov merchant family . Tsar Michael suffered from

252-573: The Posolsky Prikaz ("Foreign Office") and the Razryadny Prikaz (a Duma chancellery and a personnel department for both central and provincial administration including military command). Those offices could be pivotal in struggles between boyar factions, so they were traditionally headed not by boyars but by dyaki (professional clerks). The first head of the Posolsky Prikaz under Michael

288-539: The Troitsa monastery , 75 miles (121 km) off, before decent accommodation could be provided for him at Moscow . He was crowned on 21 July 1613, on his seventeenth birthday. The first task of the new tsar was to clear the land of the countries occupying it. Sweden and Poland were then dealt with respectively by the peace of Stolbovo (17 February 1617) and the Truce of Deulino (1 December 1618). The most important result of

324-770: The Poles during the Time of Troubles. Michael's youth also contributed to his election as he was seen as easily manipulated. On 21 February 1613, 700 delegates reached a consensus for Michael to be chosen as a compromise candidate as Tsar of Russia by the Zemsky Sobor of 1613 . The delegates of the council did not discover the young Tsar and his mother at the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma until 24 March. He had been chosen after several other options had been removed, including Polish prince Vladislav , Austrian Archduke Maximilian III and

360-554: The Swedish prince Carl Philip . Initially, Martha protested, believing and stating that her son was too young and tender for so difficult an office, and in such a troublesome time. According to Dunning, "The sixteen-year-old boy did not impress the boyars at all; he was poorly educated and not particularly intelligent. Nonetheless, those great lords consoled themselves with the knowledge that Trubetskoi would not become tsar and that Mikhail's ambitious and highly intelligent father, Filaret,

396-553: The Terrible . His accession marked the end of the Time of Troubles . The Ingrian and Polish–Muscovite Wars were brought to an end in 1617 and 1618 respectively, with continued Russian independence confirmed at the expense of territorial losses in the west. Polish king Władysław IV Vasa finally agreed to formally give up his claim to the Russian throne with the Treaty of Polyanovka in 1634. To

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432-553: The Truce of Deulino was the return from Polish captivity of the Tsar's father, Patriarch Filaret . Filaret became the effective ruler of Russia until his death in 1633. In the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617) that ended the Ingrian War with Sweden , Russia gave up Ingria and parts of Karelia as well as claims on the duchies of Estonia and Livonia , but in return Sweden recognised Michael as

468-461: The captive Feodor's underage son, Mikhail Fedorovich , as the new Tsar, even though Mikhail was not even present there at that time. When the Cossacks gave their support to his nephew Mikhail, Ivan Nikitich purportedly said to them: "This prince Mikhail Fedorovich is too young and not yet in his full reason." As a result, his brother and nephew tended to mistrust Ivan in later years, and he never held any governmental posts under their rule. However, he

504-454: The east, Cossacks made unprecedented advances in the conquest of Siberia , and Russian explorers had reached the Pacific Ocean ( Sea of Okhotsk ) by the end of Michael's reign. Michael's grandfather, Nikita , was brother to the first Russian Tsaritsa Anastasia and a central advisor to Ivan the Terrible . As a young boy, Michael and his mother had been exiled to Beloozero in 1600. This

540-504: The elder son of Nikita Romanovich , was elected Tsar of Russia by the nobility in an election held in February 1613, after the old Rurikid dynasty had become completely extinct. At that time, Nikita's father Ivan had also been a candidate for the throne. Indeed, he had been present at the venue of the election, whereas neither his brother Feodor nor his nephew Mikhail had been present. He had promoted his own candidature vigorously, and when

576-416: The father of Mikhail Fedorovich , first Romanov Tsar of Russia . Ivan's father, Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin , was the brother of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna , first wife of Tsar Ivan the terrible . He was one of the closest advisors of that Tsar, and later served for two years as regent for his underage nephew Feodor I . The family was therefore politically influential and very affluent; Nikita Romanov

612-462: The latter to accept Orthodoxy , so deeply afflicted him as to contribute to bringing about his death. Tsar Michael fell ill in April 1645, with scurvy , dropsy , and probably depression. His doctors prescribed purgatives which did not improve his condition; and after fainting in church on 12 July, he died on 23 July 1645. The two government offices ( prikazes ) that were most important politically were

648-460: The marriage. In 1626, he married Eudoxia Streshneva (1608–1645), who bore him 10 children, of whom four reached adulthood: the future Tsar Alexis and the Tsarevnas Irina , Anna , and Tatyana . Michael's failure to wed his eldest daughter, Irina, with Count Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein , a morganatic son of King Christian IV of Denmark , in consequence of the refusal of

684-565: The name of Romanov would be descendants of Tsar Michael of Russia and therefore of royal birth. By definition, the Romanov family are agnatic descendants of Nikita's grandfather Nikita Romanovich . More distant non-royal branches of the family are known by other surnames, including Zakharyin-Yuriev , Koshkin and Kobyla . The earliest known patrilineal ancestor of the family is Andrei Kobyla . Ivan Romanov Ivan Nikitich Romanov , Russian Иван Никитич Романов (156? – 16 July 1640)

720-425: The normal Russian custom of keeping beards. Nikita is believed to have had a relationship with Sophia Malivoski, a Russian noblewoman, and to have had two children by her, a boy named Matthew Grossman and a girl named Katharine LaMantia-Abt, with this cannot be proven or confirmed. He never married, and was the only surviving non-royal member of the Romanov family at the time of his death. In future, all those who bore

756-427: The position to which he was previously controversially named by the pretender False Dmitriy II . Filaret subsequently began to play a large role in the ruling of Russia, lasting until his death in 1633. Russia failed to recover Smolensk from the Poles in a later war from 1632 to 1634 , but did achieve Władysław Vasa's renunciation of his long-standing claims to the Russian throne. Smolensk would officially remain part of

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792-469: The rightful ruler of Russia. The Truce of Deulino of 1618 (which ended the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) in which Polish forces had once entered Moscow in 1610 and declared Władysław Vasa as Tsar of Russia) saw the loss of Smolensk in exchange for the release of Michael's father Feodor from Polish captivity. A year later, Feodor became Patriarch Filaret of Moscow , or rather was confirmed in

828-442: The terrible , and had served as regent for his nephew Feodor I in the years 1584–86. The family was thus influential in politics, and was also wealthy; Ivan Romanov , though only a second son, was reputed to be the largest private landowner of his day. Nevertheless, it was the senior branch of the family who was destined to sit on the throne of Russia. Michael Fedorovich Romanov , the young son of Feodor Nikitich Romanov , himself

864-438: Was Nikita Romanov , who did not marry, and who was the last non-royal member of the Romanov family at his death. Michael of Russia Michael I ( Russian : Михаил Фёдорович Романов , romanized :  Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov ; 22 July [ O.S. 12 July] 1596 – 23 July [ O.S. 13 July] 1645) was Tsar of all Russia from 1613 until his death in 1645. He

900-403: Was Pyotr Tretyakov until his death in 1618; he conducted a policy of allying with Sweden against Poland. The next, Ivan Gramotin had a reputation for being a Polonophile ; this appointment was necessary to bring forth Filaret's release from captivity. In the mid-1620s Filaret began preparations for war with Poland; Gramotin fell into disfavour and was dismissed and exiled in 1626. The same fate

936-449: Was a result of the recently elected Tsar Boris Godunov , in 1598, falsely accusing his father, Feodor, of treason. This may have been partly because Feodor had married Ksenia Shestova against Boris's wishes. Michael was eventually chosen for the throne of Muscovy due to his father's martyr-like captivity in Polish detention, as the patriotic mood swept the Russian elite after the expulsion of

972-534: Was covered up, even the two years Mikhail spent in the Polish-occupied Kremlin with his collaborator uncle Ivan Romanov . Michael's election and accession to the throne form the basis of the Ivan Susanin legend, which Russian composer Mikhail Glinka dramatized in his opera A Life for the Tsar . In so dilapidated a condition was the capital at this time that Michael had to wait for several weeks at

1008-514: Was elected by the Zemsky Sobor and was the first tsar of the House of Romanov , which succeeded the House of Rurik . He was the son of Feodor Nikitich Romanov (later known as Patriarch Filaret) and of Xenia Shestova . He was also a first cousin once removed of Feodor I , the last tsar of the Rurik dynasty, through his great-aunt Anastasia Romanovna , who was the mother of Feodor I and first wife of Ivan

1044-473: Was first headed by Sydavny Vasilyev; Filaret replaced him with his fellow in captivity Tomilo Lugovskoy, but the latter somehow provoked Filaret's anger and was sent into exile. In 1623, Fyodor Likhachov was appointed head of the prikaz until his move to the Posolsky Prikaz, and, in 1630, the Razryad was given to Ivan Gavrenev, an outstanding administrator who held this post for 30 years. Three other key offices were

1080-434: Was made a boyar , and as the Tsar's uncle, was one of the highest-ranking nobles of the land. He is said to have been the greatest private proprietor of his day, with vast estates and hundreds of thousands of serfs. Ivan was married to Princess Uliana Fyodorovna Litvinova-Massalaskaya (d. 1650) and had six children by her. They were: Most of Ivan's children died young. The only one of his sons to survive to any advanced age

1116-443: Was married three times. He first became engaged to Maria Ivanovna Khlopova via a brideshow in 1616 , where she changed her name to Anastasia. She quickly grew ill and after six weeks of marriage, was deported to Siberia. Michael maintained a strong affection towards her and vowed to never marry. He was married off to Princess Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova in 1624, but she became ill, and died in early 1625, only four months after

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1152-669: Was often berated by his uncle Patriarch Filaret for his attitude. However, while he griped and growled incessantly, he never actually harmed his kinsmen in any way, and was also left by them in peace to enjoy his great wealth, his massive estates and properties. This Nikita did in European style rather than Russian style. He enamoured of European ways and fashions, which he preferred to Russian customs and culture. Adam Olearius tells us that he liked foreign music, dressed himself and even his servants in European clothes, and insisted on clean-shaven faces for his servitors and subordinates, as against

1188-509: Was one of the largest landowners in Russia. The Rurikid dynasty became extinct with the death of Tsar Feodor I (Ivan's first cousin) in 1598. Russia then went through the Time of Troubles , a time of civil war and foreign occupation interspersed with drought and famine. Finally, in 1612-13, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky drove the Poles out of the Kremlin and convened a Grand National Assembly to elect

1224-455: Was shared by Efim Telepnev in 1630 and Fyodor Likhachov in 1631 – they too tried to mitigate Filaret's belligerent approach. Ivan Gryazev, appointed in 1632, was promoted from the second rank of the bureaucracy to carry out Filaret's orders. After the deaths of Filaret and Gryazev, the post was once again assumed by Gramotin in 1634, and after his retirement in 1635, by Likhachov, who undertook a general course of pacification. The Razryadny Prikaz

1260-501: Was still in Polish captivity. One of the boyars allegedly said at the time, 'Let us have Misha Romanov for he is young and not yet wise; he will suit our purposes.' In fact, under the strong influence of reactionary boyars, even in preparation for his coronation, the deeply conservative new tsar revealed his true feelings about his subjects by snubbing many patriots simply because they were commoners." The tsar's family relationship with False Dmitry I , False Dmitry II , and Prince Wladyslaw

1296-445: Was the uncle of Tsar Michael I , first Romanov Tsar of Russia . Ivan was the seventh child and second surviving son of Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin by his second wife, Princess Evdokiya Alexandrovna Gorbataya-Shuyskaya (d. 4 April 1581). Ivan had two half-sisters, the daughters of his father by an earlier marriage, and ten full siblings, many of whom died young. Among his full siblings was his elder brother Feodor Nikitich Romanov ,

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