Misplaced Pages

#590409

59-435: The town's name evolved slightly over time: in 1280 Leckerlant, in 1331 Niewe Leckerland, and in 1903 Nieuw Lekkerland. It means "land of or near the river Lek" with the addition of " nieuw " ("new") to distinguish it from Old Lekkerland (now Lekkerkerk ) across the river. The name Nieue-Leckelant appears for the first time around 1325. The most notable building used to be Castle Schoonenburg. Because of its elevated location on

118-543: A pH between 6.0 and 6.8. For optimal growth, there must be adequate levels of nitrogen in the soil, especially during the early head formation stage, and sufficient phosphorus and potassium during the early stages of expansion of the outer leaves. Temperatures between 4 and 24 °C (39 and 75 °F) prompt the best growth, and extended periods of higher or lower temperatures may result in premature bolting (flowering). Flowering induced by periods of low temperatures (a process called vernalization ) only occurs if

177-562: A superior ovary that is two-celled and contains a single stigma and style . Two of the six stamens have shorter filaments. The fruit is a silique that opens at maturity through dehiscence to reveal brown or black seeds that are small and round in shape. Self-pollination is impossible, and plants are cross-pollinated by insects. The initial leaves form a rosette shape comprising 7 to 15 leaves, each measuring 25–35 cm (10–14 in) by 20–30 cm (8–12 in); after this, leaves with shorter petioles develop and heads form through

236-647: A Mediterranean origin of cultivated brassicas. While unidentified brassicas were part of the highly conservative unchanging Mesopotamian garden repertory, it is believed that the ancient Egyptians did not cultivate cabbage, which is not native to the Nile valley, though the word shaw't in Papyrus Harris of the time of Ramesses III has been interpreted as "cabbage". The ancient Greeks had some varieties of cabbage, as mentioned by Theophrastus , although whether they were more closely related to today's cabbage or to one of

295-416: A compound associated with goiter formation when iodine intake is deficient. The characteristic flavor of cabbage is caused by glucosinolates , a class of sulfur -containing glucosides . Although found throughout the plant, these compounds are concentrated in the highest quantities in the seeds; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue, and they decrease as the tissue ages. Cooked cabbage

354-440: A familiar staple of the poor: in the lean year of 1420 the "Bourgeois of Paris" noted that "poor people ate no bread, nothing but cabbages and turnips and such dishes, without any bread or salt". French naturalist Jean Ruel made what is considered the first explicit mention of head cabbage in his 1536 botanical treatise De Natura Stirpium , referring to it as capucos coles ("head-coles"). In Istanbul, Sultan Selim III penned

413-667: A few millimeters across that are often grouped around the midrib. In pepper spot, tiny black spots occur on the areas between the veins, which can increase during storage. Fungal diseases include wirestem , which causes weak or dying transplants; Fusarium yellows , which result in stunted and twisted plants with yellow leaves; and blackleg (see Leptosphaeria maculans ), which leads to sunken areas on stems and gray-brown spotted leaves. The fungi Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola cause dark leaf spots in affected plants. They are both seedborne and airborne, and typically propagate from spores in infected plant debris left on

472-513: A landlord. The basement houses the kitchen, the ground floor holds the common room and the second floor contains the room of the regent. Lekkerkerk Lekkerkerk is a town and former municipality on the Lek River , now part of the municipality of Krimpenerwaard , South Holland province, the Netherlands . Since 1 January 1985 Lekkerkerk is no longer an independent municipality. Lekkerkerk

531-536: A large scale in the Krimpenerwaard since around 1600. Circa 1930, the Opperduit area still consisted almost exclusively of hemp growers but today the whole Krimpenerwaard is used for cattle grazing. Cabbage Cabbage , comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea , is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. It

590-675: A mount, it served as a refuge for the people during floods before the reclamation of the Alblasserwaard. After 1456, the castle was abandoned and became a ruin. Its remains were thereafter probably used to rebuild a church tower. Only the mount is still visible. In 1848, the Reformed Church was built. Nieuw-Lekkerland's economy was based on agriculture, cattle raising, and fishing. In the 19th century, ship building and industry developed, resulting in an increasing population: from 770 in 1820, 1153 in 1840, 2000 in 1867, to 9400 in 2004. In 2013,

649-448: A second year and must be kept separate from other cole crops to prevent cross-pollination . Cabbage is prone to several nutrient deficiencies , as well as to multiple pests , and bacterial and fungal diseases. Cabbage was most likely domesticated somewhere in Europe in ancient history before 1000 BC. Cabbage use in cuisine has been documented since Antiquity . It was described as

SECTION 10

#1732872745591

708-589: A table luxury in the Roman Empire . By the Middle Ages , cabbage had become a prominent part of European cuisine , as indicated by manuscript illuminations . New variates were introduced from the Renaissance on, mostly by Germanic-speaking peoples . Savoy cabbage was developed in the 16th century. By the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was popularised as staple food in central, northern, and Eastern Europe. It

767-489: A table luxury, although Lucullus considered it unfit for the senatorial table. The more traditionalist Cato the Elder , espousing a simple Republican life, ate his cabbage cooked or raw and dressed with vinegar; he said it surpassed all other vegetables, and approvingly distinguished three varieties; he also gave directions for its medicinal use, which extended to the cabbage-eater's urine, in which infants might be rinsed. Pliny

826-529: A tongue-in-cheek ode to cabbage: without cabbage, the halva feast was not complete. In India, cabbage was one of several vegetable crops introduced by colonizing traders from Portugal, who established trade routes from the 14th to 17th centuries. Carl Peter Thunberg reported that cabbage was not yet known in Japan in 1775. Many cabbage varieties—including some still commonly grown—were introduced in Germany, France, and

885-407: A wide variety of other vegetables and pulses . Chrysippus of Cnidos wrote a treatise on cabbage, which Pliny knew, but it has not survived. The Greeks were convinced that cabbages and grapevines were inimical, and that cabbage planted too near the vine would impart its unwelcome odor to the grapes; this Mediterranean sense of antipathy survives today. Brassica was considered by some Romans

944-591: Is a common pest of cabbage plants. The mustard leaf beetle will often choose to feed on cabbage over their natural host plants as cabbage is more abundant in palatable compounds such as glucosinolates that encourage higher consumption. The cabbage looper ( Trichoplusia ni ) is infamous in North America for its voracious appetite and for producing frass that contaminates plants. In India, the diamondback moth has caused losses up to 90 percent in crops that were not treated with insecticide. Destructive soil insects such as

1003-454: Is a rich source of vitamin K , vitamin C , and dietary fiber . World production of cabbage and other brassicas in 2020 was 71 million tonnes , led by China with 48% of the total. Cabbage seedlings have a thin taproot and cordate (heart-shaped) cotyledons . The first leaves produced are ovate (egg-shaped) with a lobed petiole . Plants are 40–60 centimetres ( 15 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 23 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) tall in their first year at

1062-402: Is descended from the wild cabbage ( B. oleracea var. oleracea ), and belongs to the " cole crops " or brassicas, meaning it is closely related to broccoli and cauliflower (var. botrytis ); Brussels sprouts (var. gemmifera ); and Savoy cabbage (var. sabauda ). A cabbage generally weighs between 500 and 1,000 grams (1 and 2 lb). Smooth-leafed, firm-headed green cabbages are

1121-512: Is mostly an agricultural community with its housing, including attractive 17th, 18th, and 19th century farms, stretched out on the dike along the Lek River. Near the Reformed Church (Johanneskerk), the development is denser and forms the town centre. The oldest evidence of habitation in the Krimpenerwaard is no older than the 10th century. It is assumed that systematic cultivation only began in

1180-489: Is produced. Excessive consumption of cabbage may lead to increased intestinal gas which causes bloating and flatulence due to the trisaccharide raffinose , which the human small intestine cannot digest , but is digested by bacteria in the large intestine. Cabbage has been linked to outbreaks of some food-borne illnesses , including Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum . The latter toxin has been traced to pre-made, packaged coleslaw mixes, while

1239-647: Is tolerant of salt but not encroachment by other plants and consequently inhabits rocky cliffs in cool damp coastal habitats, retaining water and nutrients in its slightly thickened, turgid leaves. However, genetic analysis is consistent with feral origin of this population, deriving from plants escaped from field and gardens. According to the triangle of U theory of the evolution and relationships between Brassica species, B. oleracea and other closely related kale vegetables (cabbages, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower) represent one of three ancestral lines from which all other brassicas originated. Cabbage

SECTION 20

#1732872745591

1298-472: The Low Countries . During the 16th century, German gardeners developed the savoy cabbage . During the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was a food staple in such countries as Germany, England, Ireland and Russia, and pickled cabbage was frequently eaten. Sauerkraut was used by Dutch, Scandinavian and German sailors to prevent scurvy during long ship voyages. Jacques Cartier first brought cabbage to

1357-582: The "small cabbage white butterfly" ( Pieris rapae ), commonly known in the United States as the "imported cabbage worm", is a major cabbage pest in most countries. The large white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) is prevalent in eastern European countries. The diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) and the cabbage moth ( Mamestra brassicae ) thrive in the higher summer temperatures of continental Europe, where they cause considerable damage to cabbage crops. The mustard leaf beetle ( Phaedon cochleariae ),

1416-621: The 11th and early 12th century, with the river levees functioning as the base. Initially the name of the village and its surroundings was " Leckelant ". The name " Leckerkercke " was used for the first time in 1276 when a village centre formed around the new church and across the Lek River Nieuw Leckelant began to develop. In 1342 Lekkerkerk was a county with the subordinate fiefdoms of Krimpen ( Krimpen aan de Lek and Krimpen aan den IJssel ), Stormpolder, Ouderkerk aan den IJssel and Zuidbroek . The first real significant growth of

1475-845: The 17th century. At the end of Antiquity cabbage is mentioned in De observatione ciborum ("On the Observance of Foods") by Anthimus , a Greek doctor at the court of Theodoric the Great . Cabbage appears among vegetables directed to be cultivated in the Capitulare de villis , composed in 771–800 AD, that guided the governance of the royal estates of Charlemagne . In Britain, the Anglo-Saxons cultivated cawel . When round-headed cabbages appeared in 14th-century England they were called cabaches and caboches , words drawn from Old French and applied at first to refer to

1534-622: The 1830s and was frequently seen at the Sydney Markets . In Brno , Czech Republic there is an open-air market named after cabbage which has been in operation since 1325, the Zelný trh . Cabbage is generally grown for its densely leaved heads, produced during the first year of its biennial cycle. Plants perform best when grown in well-drained soil in a location that receives full sun. Different varieties prefer different soil types, ranging from lighter sand to heavier clay, but all prefer fertile ground with

1593-540: The Americas in 1541–42, and it was probably planted by the early English colonists, despite the lack of written evidence of its existence there until the mid-17th century. By the 18th century, it was commonly planted by both colonists and native American Indians . Cabbage seeds traveled to Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet , and were planted the same year on Norfolk Island . It became a favorite vegetable of Australians by

1652-721: The Elder listed seven varieties, including Pompeii cabbage, Cumae cabbage and Sabellian cabbage. According to Pliny, the Pompeii cabbage, which could not stand cold, is "taller, and has a thick stock near the root, but grows thicker between the leaves, these being scantier and narrower, but their tenderness is a valuable quality". The Pompeii cabbage was also mentioned by Columella in De Re Rustica . Apicius gives several recipes for cauliculi , tender cabbage shoots. The Greeks and Romans claimed medicinal usages for their cabbage varieties that included relief from gout , headaches and

1711-540: The Kerkweg (Church Road) was very polluted. The cost for removal and clean-up was 188 million Dutch guilders (85 million euros). On 1 January 1985, the municipalities of Lekkerkerk and Krimpen aan de Lek merged to form the new municipality of Nederlek . For centuries the economy of Lekkerkerk has been agriculture , fishing , shipping , and ship building . Like so many other peat areas in Holland and Utrecht, agriculture in

1770-464: The Krimpenerwaard was characterized by crop cultivation in the higher lands and the lower areas used for cattle grazing. The primary crop was grain, but hops and cabbage were also cultivated with some orchards and even vineyards present as well. As a result of the important fishing industries along the river, wood and ship building industries developed, as well as ropemaking . Ropemakers used to use hemp for ropes. So hemp has been cultivated on

1829-546: The ball of unopened leaves, the contemporaneous recipe that commences "Take cabbages and quarter them, and seethe them in good broth", also suggests the tightly headed cabbage. Manuscript illuminations show the prominence of cabbage in the cuisine of the High Middle Ages , and cabbage seeds feature among the seed list of purchases for the use of King John II of France when captive in England in 1360, but cabbages were also

Nieuw-Lekkerland - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-606: The cabbage head has been given importance in selective breeding, with varieties being chosen for shape, color, firmness and other physical characteristics. Breeding objectives are now focused on increasing resistance to various insects and diseases and improving the nutritional content of cabbage. Scientific research into the genetic modification of B. oleracea crops, including cabbage, has included European Union and United States explorations of greater insect and herbicide resistance. There are several Guinness Book of World Records entries related to cabbage. These include

1947-403: The cabbage root fly ( Delia radicum ) has larvae can burrow into the part of plant consumed by humans. Planting near other members of the cabbage family, or where these plants have been placed in previous years, can prompt the spread of pests and disease. Excessive water and excessive heat can also cause cultivation problems. Factors that contribute to reduced head weight include: growth in

2006-431: The compacted soils that result from no-till farming practices, drought, waterlogging , insect and disease incidence, and shading and nutrient stress caused by weeds. In 2020, world production of cabbages (combined with other brassicas) was 71 million tonnes , led by China with 48% of the world total (table). Other substantial producers were India, Russia, and South Korea. When overcooked, toxic hydrogen sulfide gas

2065-442: The growing, harvesting and packaging processes. Contaminants from water, humans, animals and soil have the potential to be transferred to cabbage, and from there to the end consumer. Whilst not a toxic vegetable in its natural state, an increase in intestinal gas can lead to the death of many small animals like rabbits due to gastrointestinal stasis. Cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables contain small amounts of thiocyanate ,

2124-413: The heaviest cabbage, at 62.71 kg (138 lb 4 oz), heaviest red cabbage, at 31.6 kilograms (69 lb 11 oz), longest cabbage roll , at 19.54 m (64 ft), and the largest cabbage dish, at 2,960 kg (6,526 lb). Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea or B. oleracea var. capitata , var. tuba , var. sabauda or var. acephala ) is a member of the genus Brassica and

2183-419: The last. Due to its high level of nutrient requirements, cabbage is prone to nutrient deficiencies , including boron , calcium , phosphorus and potassium . There are several physiological disorders that can affect the postharvest appearance of cabbage. Internal tip burn occurs when the margins of inside leaves turn brown, but the outer leaves look normal. Necrotic spot is where there are oval sunken spots

2242-510: The leaves cupping inward. Many shapes, colors and leaf textures are found in various cultivated varieties of cabbage. Leaf types are generally divided between crinkled-leaf, loose-head savoys and smooth-leaf firm-head cabbages, while the color spectrum includes white and a range of greens and purples. Oblate, round and pointed shapes are found. Cabbage has been selectively bred for head weight and morphological characteristics, frost hardiness, fast growth and storage ability. The appearance of

2301-479: The mature vegetative stage, and 1.5–2 metres (5– 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 feet) tall when flowering in the second year. Heads average between 0.5 and 4 kilograms (1 and 8 pounds), with fast-growing, earlier-maturing varieties producing smaller heads. Most cabbages have thick, alternating leaves, with margins that range from wavy or lobed to highly dissected; some varieties have a waxy bloom on the leaves. Plants have root systems that are fibrous and shallow. About 90% of

2360-455: The most common, with smooth-leafed purple cabbages and crinkle-leafed savoy cabbages of both colours being rarer. Under conditions of long sunny days, such as those found at high northern latitudes in summer, cabbages can grow quite large. As of 2012 , the heaviest cabbage was 62.71 kilograms (138 lb 4 oz). Cabbage heads are generally picked during the first year of the plant's life cycle , but plants intended for seed are allowed to grow

2419-568: The municipality of Nieuw-Lekkerland merged into the new municipality of Molenwaard . In 2019, Molenwaard merged into Molenlanden . The number one attraction nearby are the adjacent windmills at Kinderdijk . In Nieuw-Lekkerland, a retirement home on the Lek dike was built in 1885, designed by Aart den Boer . It was commissioned as a dike management house by Leendert Smit Fopzoon, Ambachtsheer van Nieuw-Lekkerland and his spouse Neeltje Smit. The eclectic-styled building has space for about 15 inhabitants and

Nieuw-Lekkerland - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-633: The mustard family Brassicaceae . Several other cruciferous vegetables (sometimes known as cole crops ) are cultivars of B. oleracea , including broccoli , collard greens , brussels sprouts , kohlrabi and sprouting broccoli . All of these developed from the wild cabbage B. oleracea var. oleracea , also called colewort or field cabbage. This original species evolved over thousands of years into those seen today, as selection resulted in cultivars having different characteristics, such as large heads for cabbage, large leaves for kale and thick stems with flower buds for broccoli. "Cabbage"

2537-805: The other Brassica crops is unknown. The headed cabbage variety was known to the Greeks as krambe and to the Romans as brassica or olus ; the open, leafy variety (kale) was known in Greek as raphanos and in Latin as caulis . Ptolemaic Egyptians knew the cole crops as gramb , under the influence of Greek krambe , which had been a familiar plant to the Macedonian antecedents of the Ptolemies. By early Roman times, Egyptian artisans and children were eating cabbage and turnips among

2596-407: The plant is past the juvenile period. The transition from a juvenile to adult state happens when the stem diameter is about 6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4  in). Vernalization allows the plant to grow to an adequate size before flowering. In certain climates, cabbage can be planted at the beginning of the cold period and survive until a later warm period without being induced to flower, a practice that

2655-553: The resources available to each plant (especially the amount of light) and increases the time taken to reach maturity. Some varieties of cabbage have been developed for ornamental use; these are generally called "flowering cabbage". They do not produce heads and feature purple or green outer leaves surrounding an inner grouping of smaller leaves in white, red, or pink. Early varieties of cabbage take about 70 days from planting to reach maturity, while late varieties take about 120 days. Cabbages are mature when they are firm and solid to

2714-428: The root mass is in the upper 20–30 cm (8–12 in) of soil; some lateral roots can penetrate up to 2 m ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) deep. The inflorescence is an unbranched and indeterminate terminal raceme measuring 50–100 cm (20–40 in) tall, with flowers that are yellow or white. Each flower has four petals set in a perpendicular pattern, as well as four sepals , six stamens , and

2773-458: The soil surface for up to twelve weeks after harvest. Rhizoctonia solani causes the post-emergence disease wirestem, resulting in killed seedlings ("damping-off"), root rot or stunted growth and smaller heads. One of the most common bacterial diseases to affect cabbage is black rot , caused by Xanthomonas campestris , which causes chlorotic and necrotic lesions that start at the leaf margins, and wilting of plants. Clubroot , caused by

2832-816: The soilborne slime mold -like organism Plasmodiophora brassicae , results in swollen, club-like roots. Downy mildew , a parasitic disease caused by the oomycete Peronospora parasitica , produces pale leaves with white, brownish or olive mildew on the lower leaf surfaces; this is often confused with the fungal disease powdery mildew . Pests include root-knot nematodes and cabbage maggots , which produce stunted and wilted plants with yellow leaves; aphids , which induce stunted plants with curled and yellow leaves; harlequin cabbage bugs , which cause white and yellow leaves; thrips , which lead to leaves with white-bronze spots; striped flea beetles , which riddle leaves with small holes; and caterpillars , which leave behind large, ragged holes in leaves. The caterpillar stage of

2891-405: The spores were found on whole cabbages that were otherwise acceptable in appearance. Shigella species are able to survive in shredded cabbage. Two outbreaks of E. coli in the United States have been linked to cabbage consumption. Biological risk assessments have concluded that there is the potential for further outbreaks linked to uncooked cabbage, due to contamination at many stages of

2950-435: The symptoms of poisonous mushroom ingestion. The antipathy towards the vine made it seem that eating cabbage would enable one to avoid drunkenness. Cabbage continued to figure in the materia medica of antiquity as well as at table: in the first century AD Dioscorides mentions two kinds of coleworts with medical uses, the cultivated and the wild, and his opinions continued to be paraphrased in herbals right through

3009-414: The touch. They are harvested by cutting the stalk just below the bottom leaves with a blade. The outer leaves are trimmed, and any diseased, damaged, or necrotic leaves are removed. Delays in harvest can result in the head splitting as a result of expansion of the inner leaves and continued stem growth. When being grown for seed, cabbages must be isolated from other B. oleracea subspecies, including

SECTION 50

#1732872745591

3068-468: The village started in 1900 when several alleys were built perpendicular to the river dike. After 1950 the growth accelerated. Especially after the inauguration of the Algera Bridge at Krimpen aan den IJssel, the Krimpenerwaard became a popular location for commuters to Rotterdam . In 1980 and 1981 Lekkerkerk gained national notoriety when it was found that the soil underneath the new neighbourhood west of

3127-482: The wild varieties, by 0.8 to 1.6 km ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 mi) to prevent cross-pollination. Other Brassica species , such as B. rapa , B. juncea , B. nigra , B. napus and Raphanus sativus , do not readily cross-pollinate. There are several cultivar groups of cabbage, each including many cultivars: Some sources only delineate three cultivars: savoy, red and white, with spring greens and green cabbage being subsumed under

3186-550: The word caboche ("head"), from the Picard dialect of Old French . This in turn is a variant of the Old French caboce . Although cabbage has an extensive history, it is difficult to trace its exact origins owing to the many varieties of leafy greens classified as "brassicas". A possible wild ancestor of cabbage, Brassica oleracea , originally found in Britain and continental Europe,

3245-555: Was Cruciferae , which derived from the flower petal pattern thought by medieval Europeans to resemble a crucifix . The word brassica derives from bresic , a Celtic word for cabbage. The varietal epithet capitata is derived from the Latin word for 'having a head'. Many European and Asiatic names for cabbage are derived from the Celto-Slavic root cap or kap , meaning "head". The late Middle English word cabbage derives from

3304-464: Was also employed by European sailors to prevent scurvy during long ship voyages at sea. Starting in the early modern era , cabbage was exported to the Americas , Asia , and around the world. They can be prepared many different ways for eating; they can be pickled , fermented (for dishes such as sauerkraut , kimchi ), steamed , stewed , roasted , sautéed , braised , or eaten raw . Raw cabbage

3363-510: Was common in the eastern US. Plants are generally started in protected locations early in the growing season before being transplanted outside, although some are seeded directly into the ground from which they will be harvested. Seedlings typically emerge in about 4–6 days from seeds planted 13 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2  in) deep at a soil temperature between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F). Growers normally place plants 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) apart. Closer spacing reduces

3422-571: Was originally used to refer to multiple forms of B. oleracea , including those with loose or non-existent heads. A related species, Brassica rapa , is commonly named Chinese, napa or celery cabbage, and has many of the same uses. It is also a part of common names for several unrelated species. These include cabbage bark or cabbage tree (a member of the genus Andira ) and cabbage palms, which include several genera of palms such as Mauritia , Roystonea oleracea , Acrocomia and Euterpe oenocarpus . The original family name of brassicas

3481-530: Was probably domesticated later in history than Near Eastern crops such as lentils and summer wheat . Because of the wide range of crops developed from the wild B. oleracea , multiple broadly contemporaneous domestications of cabbage may have occurred throughout Europe. Nonheading cabbages and kale were probably the first to be domesticated, before 1000 BC, perhaps by the Celts of central and western Europe, although recent linguistic and genetic evidence enforces

#590409