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117-662: Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon (born 19 July 1970) is a Scottish politician who served as First Minister of Scotland and Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) from 2014 to 2023. She has served as a member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) since 1999, first as an additional member for the Glasgow electoral region , and as the member for Glasgow Southside (formerly Glasgow Govan ) from 2007. Born in Ayrshire , Sturgeon

234-519: A 4.7% swing to the SNP in the Glasgow Govan constituency . This was one of many swings to the SNP, as the party emerged as the largest party, winning one seat more than the governing Scottish Labour Party . Although the SNP was recognised as the winners of the election, it failed to obtain a majority and Labour was not willing to allow the SNP to enter government. Sturgeon led coalition negotiation talks between

351-406: A Westminster law that banned the promotion of homosexuality in schools. There was, however, significant public opposition to repeal and an unscientific postal vote on the issue – organised by SNP donor Brian Souter – suggested most Scots wanted to keep the clause. Acknowledging this, Sturgeon suggested: "That is why the SNP have urged a policy for many months that we believe can provide people with

468-670: A credible leadership campaign. Upon launching her campaign, Sturgeon also resigned as Depute Leader, triggering a concurrent depute leadership election ; the MSPs Angela Constance and Keith Brown and the MP Stewart Hosie all nominated themselves to succeed Sturgeon as Depute Leader. Nominations for the SNP leadership closed on 15 October, with Sturgeon confirmed as the only candidate. SNP convener Derek Mackay publicly congratulated Sturgeon as de facto leader in waiting, saying that she would be "a fantastic new leader" for both

585-602: A crisis or emergency is considered to affect the entirely of either the United Kingdom or the British Isles, such as the 2007 Glasgow Airport attack , the UK Government and Scottish Government (along with the governments of both Wales and Northern Ireland), will develop a co-ordinate response to a UK wide emergency or crisis. The First Minister is directly responsible for co-ordinating this policy and would be called to attend

702-512: A different direction; she collaborated with Elliot Aronson. In January 1978, Soviet endocrinologists LA Lavrova (ЛА Лаврова) and MS Bilyalov (МШ Билялов) found that in 125 patients with neurasthenia, there were substantial hormonal differences from normal. In June 1978, a team led by Australian psychiatrist Gavin Andrews found that neurasthenic neurosis was defined by two features, "anxiety proneness" and "inability to cope with stress." In 1980,

819-744: A firm of solicitors in Stirling , and later at the Drumchapel Law Centre and a Money Advice Centre in Glasgow from 1997 until her election to the Scottish Parliament in 1999. In her early teens, Sturgeon joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and in 1986, at the age of 16, she became a member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), quickly becoming the party's Youth Affairs Vice Convener and Publicity Vice Convener. She joined

936-656: A magazine article the impact of interpersonal stress on human service workers (e.g., social workers, psychiatrists, poverty lawyers, etc.). The impact manifested itself in symptoms such as fatigue, quickness to anger, cynical attitudes toward the people the service workers were supposed to help. Also in 1976, Israeli-American psychologist Ayala Pines and American psychologist Elliot Aronson began treating burnout through group workshops. Pines collaborated with Maslach in writing essentially data-free papers about burnout in individuals who worked in day care centers and mental health facilities. By 1981, Pines's research on burnout took

1053-567: A member of the Education, Culture and Sport Committee and the Health and Community Care Committee. On 22 June 2004, John Swinney resigned as Leader of the SNP following poor results in the European Parliament election . His then-depute, Roseanna Cunningham , immediately stood for the leadership. The previous leader, Alex Salmond, at the time refused to stand. On 24 June 2004, Sturgeon also entered

1170-479: A physiological state of alarm, followed by resistance, followed by either recovery or exhaustion. In 1957, Swiss psychiatrist Paul Kielholz coined the term Erschöpfungsdepression - ' exhaustion-depression ' . The concept was one of a number of new depression-subtypes that gained traction in France and Germany during the 1960s. In 1961, British author Graham Greene published the novel A Burnt-Out Case ,

1287-940: A reserved matter under the devolution settlement, and advice on the appointment of the Lords Lieutenants in Scotland, the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and members of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution and the Forestry Commission. There are also matters where a Minister of the Crown gives advice to the reigning monarch and the First Minister would need to be consulted by

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1404-403: A set of symptoms that includes exhaustion resulting from work's excessive demands as well as physical symptoms such as headaches and sleeplessness, "quickness to anger", and closed thinking. He observed that the burned-out worker "looks, acts, and seems depressed." After the publication of Freudenberger's paper, interest in the concept grew. The American psychologist Christina Maslach described in

1521-629: A statement made in May 2019, the WHO said "Burn-out is included in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an occupational phenomenon. It is not classified as a medical condition." The ICD's browser and coding tool both attach the term "caregiver burnout" to category "QF27 Difficulty or need for assistance at home and no other household member able to render care." QF27 thus acknowledges that burnout can occur outside

1638-627: A stronger and more competitive country, and would change spending priorities to address "the scandal of soaring poverty in a country as rich as Scotland". While campaigning for a Yes vote in August 2013, she told The Guardian that if Scots voted for the Union: "Will there be another referendum round the corner? No. We can't bind our successors, but we've made very clear our belief that constitutional referenda are once-in-a-generation events." In November 2013, Sturgeon joined Salmond to launch Scotland's Future –

1755-547: A surge of depression health insurance claims in Sweden. They found that the symptoms of many cases did not match the typical presentation of depression. Complaints like fatigue and decreased cognitive ability dominated, and many believed their working conditions to be the cause. In 2005, the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare adopted a refined conceptualisation of severe burnout it described as " exhaustion disorder ." This led to

1872-559: A terraced council house , which her parents bought through the right-to-buy scheme . Sturgeon was a quiet child and has been described by her younger sister as "the sensible one" of the two. Sturgeon was shy and has said that she "much preferred to sit with my head in a book than talking to people". She developed a passion for books and reading which continued into adult life. She has described herself as being an "austere" teen whose style tended towards goth , adding that "if you see pictures of me back then, you would struggle to know whether I

1989-481: A third term , and she subsequently entered a power-sharing agreement with the Scottish Greens . The calls from Sturgeon's government and the wider independence movement for a second referendum were unsuccessful, as successive Conservative prime ministers refused to grant a Section 30 order . From 2022, Sturgeon received heavier criticism for her positions on gender reforms . On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon resigned

2106-534: A wide range of work-caused anxieties and other mental problems. By the late 1930s, this condition was well known by American health professionals. It became known as berufsneurose in German. In 1936, the Austrohungarian-Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye first published about the concept of the general adaptation syndrome . This posits that in response to continuing stress, the human body goes into

2223-586: A year, in his second cabinet . She was supported in her role as Health Secretary by Shona Robison , the Minister for Public Health and Sport , and by Alex Neil , the Minister for Housing and Communities . She launched her programme for government, the Better Health, Better Care: Action Plan , which settled a new vision for NHS Scotland . She reversed the decision to close casualty units at University Hospital Ayr and University Hospital Monklands . Sturgeon oversaw

2340-533: Is a complaint of increased fatigue after mental effort, often associated with some decrease in occupational performance or coping efficiency in daily tasks. The mental fatiguability is typically described as an unpleasant intrusion of distracting associations or recollections, difficulty in concentrating, and generally inefficient thinking." This category specifically excluded cases of "burn-out" (Z73.0), defined only as "State of vital exhaustion." In 1998, Swedish psychiatrists Marie Åsberg and Åke Nygren investigated

2457-558: Is a law graduate of the University of Glasgow . She worked as a solicitor in Glasgow before her election to the Scottish Parliament in 1999 . She served successively as the SNP's shadow minister for education, health, and justice. Sturgeon entered the leadership of the SNP but later withdrew from the contest in favour of Alex Salmond , standing instead as depute leader on a joint ticket with Salmond. Both were subsequently elected; as Salmond

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2574-466: Is also independently recognised by some health practitioners. According to Kaschka, Korczak and Broich, "Burnout as a phenomenon has probably existed at all times and in all cultures." These authors note that the condition is described in the Book of Exodus (18:17–18). Gordon Parker believes the ancient European concept of acedia refers to burnout, and not depression as many others believe. By 1834,

2691-580: Is an NHS worker . Her family has some roots in North East England ; her paternal grandmother, Margaret Sturgeon ( née Mill), was from Ryhope in what is now the City of Sunderland . Her grandmother married Robert Sturgeon, a gardener from Ayr , at St Paul's Parish Church in 1943, and they both eventually moved back to the south west of Scotland. Sturgeon grew up in Prestwick and in the village of Dreghorn , in

2808-623: Is an official consultee regarding selections for membership of the Supreme Court . The Office of the First Minister has responsibility for all functions relating to reports made by the Interception of Communications Commissioner and Intelligence Services Commissioner as detailed in both Sections 58 and 60 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. During times of national crisis, such as flooding, terror attacks or public health emergencies,

2925-855: Is defeated in a general election, they do not immediately vacate office. The first minister only leaves office when the Scottish Parliament nominates a successor individual. After accepting office, the first minister takes the Official Oath , as set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868. The oath is tendered by the Lord President of the Court of Session at a sitting of the Court in Parliament House in Edinburgh. The oath is: I, [ name ], do swear that I will well and truly serve His Majesty King Charles in

3042-953: Is further defined as being a "state of vital exhaustion," which historically had been called neurasthenia . The ICD-10 also contained a medical condition category of "F43.8 Other reactions to severe stress." In 2005, the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare added “exhaustion disorder” (ED; F43.8A) to the Swedish version of the ICD-10, the ICD-10-SE, representing what is typically called "burnout" in English. Swedish sufferers of severe burnout had earlier been treated as having neurasthenia. According to Lindsäter et al., "The diagnosis has become almost as prevalent as major depression in Swedish health care settings, and currently accounts for more instances of long-term sick-leave reimbursement than any other single diagnosis in

3159-531: Is no term of office for a first minister; they hold office " at His Majesty's pleasure ". In practice, a first minister cannot remain in office against the will of the Scottish Parliament; indeed, the Scotland Act explicitly requires the first minister to either resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution (and with it, new elections) if his or her government "no longer enjoys the confidence of the Parliament." Whenever

3276-451: Is not the same as medical recognition as a discrete disease .) The ICD-10 (current 1994–2021) classified "burn-out" as a type of non-medical life-management difficulty under code Z73.0. It was considered to be one of the "factors influencing health status and contact with health services" and "should not be used" for "primary mortality coding". It was also considered one of the "problems related to life-management difficulty". The condition

3393-499: Is overseen by the First Minister and Scottish Government ministers: The First Minister is directly responsible for each of the corresponding resilience levels in Scotland, and has the responsibility of the Scottish Government Liaison Offices who can be deployed in emergencies and national crisis to act as the principal point of contact for the First Minister, Scottish Government and other Scottish ministers. If

3510-438: Is then formally appointed by the monarch . Although any member of the Scottish Parliament can be nominated for first minister, the government must maintain the confidence of the Scottish Parliament in order to gain supply (access to exchequer funds) and remain in office. For this reason, every permanent first minister has been the leader of the largest party, or the leader of the senior partner in any majority coalition . There

3627-434: The 2011 election , and thus had enough numbers to vote in its leader, Alex Salmond , as first minister for a second term. After the election of the Scottish Parliament , a first minister must be nominated within a period of 28 days. Under the terms of the Scotland Act, if the Parliament fails to nominate a first minister, within this time frame, it will be dissolved and a fresh election held. If an incumbent first minister

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3744-524: The 2017 general election . Despite losing her majority, Sturgeon secured a second term in office in 2016, forming a minority government . Sturgeon led the Scottish Government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic , implementing a series of restrictions on social gatherings and the rollout of the vaccine programme . A seat short of a majority in 2021 , Sturgeon became the only first minister to serve

3861-467: The Bridgeton ward on Glasgow City Council in 1995. In the mid-1990s Sturgeon and Charles Kennedy went together on a political study visit to Australia. The 1997 general election saw Sturgeon selected to fight the Glasgow Govan seat for the SNP. Boundary changes meant that the notional Labour majority in the seat had increased substantially. However, infighting between the two rival candidates for

3978-455: The Court of Session in a ceremony presided by Lord Gill , after receiving the royal warrant of appointment by Queen Elizabeth II . She became the first woman to hold office . During her first First Minister's Questions after being sworn in, Sturgeon tried to strike a conciliatory tone, saying that she came into her new post "with an open mind and a willingness to hear proposals from all sides of

4095-505: The DSM-III was released. It abolished the concepts of neurasthenia and asthenic personality, both with the explanation "This DSM-II category was rarely used." Neither was directly replaced, although the DSM-III index refers people looking for the former to " dysthymic disorder " (a long-term and relatively mild form of depression), and the latter to " dependent personality disorder ". Also in 1980,

4212-657: The First Minister and Keeper of the Scottish Seal , is the head of government of Scotland and the leader of the Scottish Government , the executive branch of the devolved government of Scotland. The first minister also serves as the keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland whilst in office. The first minister chairs the Scottish Cabinet and is primarily responsible for the formulation, development, and presentation of

4329-562: The House of Commons' decision to replace the Trident nuclear weapon system, and the SNP's plans to replace council tax in Scotland with a local income tax . Sturgeon quickly grew a reputation in Holyrood as opposition leader, becoming known as "nippy sweetie" – Scottish slang for the "sharp-tongued and strong-minded". In the 2007 Scottish Parliament election , Sturgeon defeated Gordon Jackson QC with

4446-514: The Scotland Act 1978 . This would have established an autonomous Scottish Executive with a leader termed 'First Secretary', a post for which Strathclyde political leader Geoff Shaw was widely expected to be chosen. Shaw died prematurely and the failure of the referendum of 1979 led to the Act not being implemented. Following the 1997 referendum and Scotland Act 1998 , Scottish devolution led to

4563-787: The Scottish Liberal Democrats and the Scottish Greens , but these talks failed to reach an agreement, with the Lib Dems backing out and the Greens instead supporting a ' confidence and supply ' agreement. Ultimately, Salmond formed a minority government and he was appointed First Minister of Scotland . He appointed Sturgeon as Deputy First Minister and tasked her with the Cabinet position of Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing . Sturgeon served as Health Secretary in Salmond's first , and for

4680-656: The Scottish Parliament in the first Scottish Parliament election in 1999 as the SNP candidate for Glasgow Govan . Although she failed to win the seat, she was placed first in the SNP's regional list for the Glasgow region , and was thus elected as a Member of the Scottish Parliament . The SNP emerged as the second largest party and sat in opposition to the Labour-Lib Dem coalition . In Alex Salmond 's shadow cabinet, she served as Shadow Minister for Children and Education from 1999 to 2000. As Shadow Education minister, Sturgeon backed Labour's efforts to repeal Section 28 –

4797-684: The World Health Organisation (WHO). Burnout is not recognized as a distinct mental disorder in the DSM-5 (published in 2013). Its definitions for Adjustment Disorders , and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder in some cases reflect the condition. 2022's update, the DSM-5-TR, did not add a definition of burnout. As of 2017, nine European countries may legally recognise burnout in some way, such as by providing workers' compensation payments. (Legal recognition for financial purposes

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4914-421: The fair work secretary . Fiona Hyslop and Richard Lochhead remained in their portfolios of culture secretary and rural affairs secretary , respectively. Sturgeon's cabinet was 50/50 gender balance, with five men and five women, including herself. Sturgeon led the Scottish National Party through a landslide victory in the 2015 UK general election , winning 56 out of 59 Scottish seats at Westminster ,

5031-471: The presiding officer would appoint an interim first minister, until the Scottish Parliament determined on a new nominee to be appointed by the monarch. During their tenure in office, the First Minister is supported by the Chief of Staff to the First Minister , who acts at the first minister's principal adviser on the first minister's strategic programme in government, inter-governmental relations, co-ordination of

5148-566: The Commonwealth Games city of Glasgow. If Scotland was outside Europe, they would lose the right to stay here." On 19 September 2014, independence was rejected in the Scottish independence referendum, with 55.3% of the voters voting no and 44.7% voting yes. Following the defeat of the Yes Scotland campaign, Salmond resigned as First Minister and Leader of the SNP. Sturgeon immediately entered

5265-528: The English parliament, forming the Parliament of Great Britain . The re-establishment of a dedicated legislature and executive for Scotland was known as devolution and initiated a measure of home rule (self-governance) in its domestic affairs, such as health , education and justice . The devolution movement came to a head in the 1970s, and resulted in a Royal Commission on the Constitution , leading to

5382-535: The First Minister chairs the Scottish Government Resilience Room (SGoRR). The function of the resilience room committee is to co-ordinate policy and response to major events in Scotland that affect the population and, with the help of specialist teams within the division assist department, develop detailed risk assessments which are used to inform policy across Scotland. There are currently different levels of resilience response in Scotland which

5499-469: The German concept of Berufskrankheiten ( occupational diseases ) had become established. This covered all negative health effects of employment, both mental and physical. In 1869, New York neurologist George Beard used the term " neurasthenia " to describe a very broad condition caused by the exhaustion of the nervous system, which was thought to be particularly found in "civilized, intellectual communities." The concept soon became popular, and many in

5616-729: The ICD, ICD-11, was released in June 2018, for first use in January 2022. The new version has an entry coded and titled "QD85 Burn-out". The ICD-11 describes the condition as follows: Burn-out is a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. It is characterized by three dimensions: 1) feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; 2) increased mental distance from one’s job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and 3) reduced professional efficacy. Burn-out refers specifically to phenomena in

5733-542: The Labour nomination, Mohammed Sarwar and Mike Watson , along with an energetic local campaign, resulted in Glasgow Govan being the only Scottish seat to see a swing away from Labour in the midst of a Labour landslide nationwide. Sarwar did, however, win the seat with a majority of 2,914 votes. Shortly after this, Sturgeon was appointed as the SNP's spokesperson for energy and education matters. Sturgeon stood for election to

5850-411: The Minister of the Crown, or would be required to give advice to that Minister of the Crown. The Scotland Act 1998 confers upon the First Minister various functions of advising the monarch directly. Such functions include seeking the monarch's approval regarding the appointment of Scottish Ministers as well as recommending to the monarch nominations for appointment as Scottish Law Officers. Section 95 of

5967-403: The Privy Council and is appointed by the Monarch. There are a variety of matters in which the Prime Minister would offer advice to the monarch on the exercise of their functions and on which it would be appropriate for the Prime Minister to consult or to take advice from the First Minister. Such matters include the recommendations of Scottish candidates for honours and dignities, which are currently

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6084-454: The SNP and for Scotland. On this date, Sturgeon also came out on top in a trust rating opinion poll, conducted for the SNP, which indicated that 54% of the Scottish population trusted her to "stand up for Scotland's interests". At a speech in Dundee's Caird Hall on 7 November, Sturgeon pledged to be "the most accessible First Minister ever" when she took over. She also promised to hold a monthly Facebook question and answer session with members of

6201-486: The SNP following an assumption by her English teacher, who was a Labour councillor, she would be a Labour supporter. In the 1987 UK General election , Sturgeon got her first taste of campaigning, going door-to-door to get her local SNP candidate, Kay Ullrich , elected to Westminster . Despite Ullrich failing to win the seat, Sturgeon ploughed her political energy into the Young Scottish Nationalists (now Young Scots for Independence ), joining its national executive when she

6318-442: The SNP's landslide majority in 2011, she was appointed Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Capital Investment and Cities , which saw her in charge of the legislative process for the 2014 Scottish independence referendum . The defeat of the Yes Scotland campaign resulted in Salmond's resignation as SNP leader. Sturgeon was elected unopposed as SNP leader in November 2014 and was subsequently appointed as first minister, becoming

6435-432: The Scotland Act highlights the arrangements for the First Minister to nominate for the appointment as Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice Clerk. Additionally, the Scotland Act also grants the First Minister to recommend to the monarch the appointment of other judges. The First Minister is the head of the Scottish Government and is responsible for the overall development, implementation and presentation of

6552-410: The Scotland Act. The First Minister has the power to sign royal warrants on behalf of the monarch. As Keeper of the Great Seal, First Minister Humza Yousaf was the first First Minister to oversee the departure of the Stone of Scone , an ancient symbol of Scotland's nationhood, for Westminster Abbey for usage in the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla on 6 May. The First Minister is a member of

6669-410: The Scottish Government's policies. Additional functions of the first minister include promoting and representing Scotland in an official capacity, at home and abroad. The first minister is nominated by the Scottish Parliament by members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), and is formally appointed by the monarch . Members of the Scottish Cabinet, junior ministers of the Scottish Government, as well as

6786-411: The Scottish Government's policy agenda. The First Minister is directly responsible for the management of the civil service in Scotland, as well as civil service staff within the Scottish Government. The First Minister has responsibility in respect of the exercise of operation and functions during vacancies which may arise in the offices of Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice Clerk and

6903-566: The Scottish Government's prospectus for independence. Sturgeon was one of the white paper's most high-profile media champions and frequently debated its contents with opposition politicians and sceptical Scots. When the British Government turned down the Scottish Government's idea of a formal currency union – on the grounds that the rationale for sharing a currency with a foreign country was "not clear" – Sturgeon accused Westminster of trying to "bully Scotland" and said it would "cost their own businesses hundreds of millions in transaction costs". During

7020-450: The Scottish Parliament for their actions and the actions of the overall Scottish Government. MSPs can scrutinise the activities of the first minister and their Cabinet by tabling written questions or by asking oral questions in the Scottish Parliament. Direct questioning of the first minister takes place at First Minister's Questions (FMQs) each Thursday at noon when Parliament is sitting. The 30-minute session enables MSPs to ask questions of

7137-414: The Scottish Parliament. Additionally, the First Minister has various functions and responsibilities regarding the appointments and removal of Scottish judges within the Scottish court system. The Permanent Secretary to the Scottish Government is nominated by the First Minister. The permanent secretary is the most senior civil servant in Scotland who serves to promote, implement, develop and communicating

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7254-401: The Scottish Parliament. Ministers hold office at His Majesty's Pleasure and may be removed from office, at any time, by the first minister. The first minister also has the power to appoint the law officers and chief legal officers of the Scottish Government – the lord advocate and the solicitor general but only with the support of the Scottish Parliament. The first minister is responsible to

7371-421: The Scottish law officers, are appointed by the first minister. The first minister is directly accountable to the Scottish Parliament for their actions and the actions of the wider government and cabinet. The office is currently held by John Swinney , the MSP for Perthshire North and the leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP). Swinney was elected first minister by the Scottish Parliament on 7 May 2024, and

7488-504: The UK Government's emergency room, COBRA , for instances such as a significant terrorist attack, a serious outbreak of animal disease or emergencies affecting large numbers of British citizens overseas. The First Minister is the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland which is considered to be one of the highest privileges of the office. The First Minister has additional responsibility over how Wafer Scottish Seals are to be kept and how they are to be taken under section 38(4) & 38(5)(b) of

7605-439: The United States believed themselves to have it. Some came to call it "Americanitis". The rest cure was a commonly prescribed treatment (though there were many others). Beard yet further broadened the potential symptoms of neurasthenia over time, so that almost any symptom or behaviour could be deemed to be caused by it. Don R Lipsitt would later wonder if the term "burnout" was similarly too broadly defined to be useful. In 2017

7722-511: The campaign, the European Commission said that if Scots decided to leave the United Kingdom, it would also mean leaving the European Union. Scotland would then have to reapply for EU membership and European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso predicted this would be "extremely difficult, if not impossible". In July 2014 Sturgeon said this would put at risk the right of EU citizens to continue living in Scotland: "There are 160,000 EU nationals from other states living in Scotland, including some in

7839-502: The chamber." Sturgeon began making appointments to her first cabinet on 21 November 2014, beginning with the appointment of finance secretary John Swinney to become her Deputy First Minister . Shona Robison , a close ally to Sturgeon, became the health secretary , while Keith Brown and Angela Constance , who were both unsuccessful in their bids for the deputy leadership of the SNP , were appointed infrastructure secretary and education secretary , respectively. Michael Matheson

7956-408: The compulsory basic package in 2012. Practitioners were told that more serious cases of the condition may qualify for classification as depression or anxiety disorder . According to the Dutch College of General Practitioners, there is overstrain if these four criteria are met: "Burnout" is deemed to be when overstrain persists for more than six months and fatigue is prominent. A new version of

8073-477: The concept of neurasthenia became part of the new condition of bodily distress disorder (6C20). The WHO also modified their definition of burnout that year. The two main classification systems of psychological disorders are the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM, used in North America and elsewhere) from the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD, used in Europe and elsewhere) from

8190-519: The contest and declared her support for Salmond, standing instead as his running mate for the depute leadership. It was reported that Salmond had privately supported Sturgeon in her leadership bid, but decided to run for the position himself as it became apparent she was unlikely to beat Cunningham. The majority of the SNP hierarchy lent their support to the Salmond–Sturgeon bid for the leadership, although MSP Alex Neil backed Salmond as leader, but refused to endorse Sturgeon as depute. On 3 September 2004,

8307-443: The country." The Royal Dutch Medical Association defined "burnout" as a subtype of adjustment disorder as part of the ICD-10 system. In the Netherlands, overspannenheid (overstrain) is a condition that leads to burn-out . In that country, burnout is included in handbooks and medical staff are trained in its diagnosis and treatment. A reform of Dutch health insurance resulted in adjustment disorder treatment being removed from

8424-546: The couple, since the authorities do not classify them as "close contacts". On 11 June, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the influenza virus a pandemic . Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament that containment of the virus had failed and that the Scottish Government was taking steps to mitigate the spread of the virus. "We have seen a rapid increase in the number of confirmed cases in Scotland over

8541-466: The development of a number of treatment programs in that country. In December 2007, the Swiss Expert Network on Burnout (SEB) was established. It has since held a number of symposia, and published treatment recommendations. In March 2015, French psychologist Renzo Bianchi and his colleagues provided a literature review on the burnout–depression overlap (based on 92 studies) and concluded that

8658-536: The election to replace him, and received huge support from the SNP hierarchy. Sturgeon said that there would be "no greater privilege" than to lead the SNP. On Salmond's resignation, Sturgeon said: The personal debt of gratitude I owe Alex is immeasurable. He has been my friend, mentor and colleague for more than 20 years. Quite simply, I would not have been able to do what I have in politics without his constant advice, guidance and support through all these years. [...] I can think of no greater privilege than to seek to lead

8775-593: The establishment of a post of first minister as head of the devolved Scottish Government. Since 1999, the Secretary of State for Scotland of the British Government has had a much reduced role at the renamed Scotland Office as a result of the transfer of responsibilities to the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government. The first minister is nominated by the Scottish Parliament at the beginning of each term, by means of an exhaustive ballot among its members, and

8892-516: The expiration of the four-year term, but only if two-thirds (or more) of elected MSPs vote for such action in a resolution of the Scottish Parliament. If a simple majority of MSPs voted a no-confidence motion in the first minister or government, that would trigger a 28-day period for the nomination of a replacement; should that time period expire without the nomination of a new first minister, then an extraordinary election would have to be called. The first minister, once appointed, continues in office as

9009-545: The first known academic work to use the term for this concept. By 1970, the concept of hypasthenia in Russia was characterized by "fatigue, depression, tearfulness, anorexia, and work inefficiency." In 1971, Paul Kielholz further publicised the idea of Erschöpfungsdepression in the German-speaking world through his book Diagnose und Therapie der Depressionen für den Praktiker . His work inspired further writing on

9126-679: The first minister, on any issue. The leaders of the largest opposition parties have an allocation of questions and are allowed to question the first minister each week. Opposition leaders normally ask an opening question to the first minister, relating to their meeting with the Scottish Cabinet, or when they next expect to meet the Prime Minister, and then follow this up by asking a supplementary question on an issue of their choosing. Occupational burnout National health bodies in some European countries do recognise it as such however, and it

9243-482: The first woman to hold either position. She entered office amid a rapid surge in membership of the SNP, which was reflected in the party's performance in the 2015 general election , winning 56 of the 59 Scottish seats and replacing the Liberal Democrats as the third-largest party in the House of Commons . The SNP continued to enjoy electoral successes throughout Sturgeon's nine years in office, but lost 21 seats in

9360-578: The following year. During her time at the University of Glasgow she was active as a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association and the Glasgow University Students' Representative Council . Following her graduation, Sturgeon completed her legal traineeship at McClure Naismith , a Glasgow firm of solicitors, in 1995. After qualifying as a solicitor , she worked for Bell & Craig,

9477-411: The government's policies, as well as responsible promoting and representing Scotland at home and overseas. The role and powers of the first minister are set out in sections 45 to 49 of the Scotland Act 1998 . Following their appointment, the first minister may then nominate ministers to sit in the Scottish Cabinet and junior ministers to form the Scottish Government. They are then formally elected by

9594-415: The head of the Scottish Government until they resign, are dismissed or die in office. Resignation can be triggered by the passage of a Motion of No Confidence in the first minister or the Scottish Government or by rejecting a motion of confidence in the Scottish Parliament. In those situations, the first minister must tender their resignation and the resignation of their government. In such circumstances,

9711-649: The incapacity of the holders of those offices as outlined in the Senior Judiciary (Vacancies and Incapacity)(Scotland) Act 2006. Additionally, the First Minister considers any action relating to recommendations made by the Standards Commission or Chief Investigating Officer in regards of Crown Appointments under Section 23 of the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc (Scotland) Act 2000. The First Minister

9828-476: The infection of NHS patients with Hepatitis C and HIV from tainted blood products. As Health Secretary, Sturgeon became more widely known internationally for her handling of the 2009 flu pandemic . On 26 April 2009, the Scottish Government confirmed that two people who had returned from Mexico had been admitted to Monklands Hospital in Airdrie after experiencing "mild flu-like symptoms". Sturgeon stated that there

9945-703: The leadership contest resulted in Salmond and Sturgeon elected as Leader and Depute Leader respectively. As Salmond was still an MP in the House of Commons , Sturgeon led the SNP at the Scottish Parliament until the 2007 election , when Salmond was elected as an MSP. As leader of the SNP in the Scottish Parliament, she served as the Leader of the Opposition in Holyrood . Sturgeon became a high-profile figure in Scottish politics and often clashed with First Minister Jack McConnell at First Minister's Questions . This included rows over

10062-464: The leadership contest, with Kenny MacAskill as her running mate. The political columnist Iain Macwhirter declared that while she "didn't inspire great warmth", she was "quick on her feet, lacks any ideological baggage and has real determination – unlike... Roseanna Cunningham". However, once Cunningham emerged as the favourite to win, Salmond entered the contest and Sturgeon subsequently withdrew from

10179-635: The leadership of the SNP claiming occupational burnout ; she was succeeded by her health secretary, Humza Yousaf , the following month. Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon was born in Ayrshire Central Hospital in Irvine on 19 July 1970. She is the eldest of two daughters born to Joan Kerr Sturgeon ( née Ferguson, born 23 October 1952), a dental nurse , and Robin Sturgeon (born 28 September 1948), an electrician. Her younger sister, Gillian Sturgeon,

10296-652: The necessary reassurance, by providing a statutory underpinning to the guidelines, and resolve this difficult debate. We believe that the value of marriage should be clearly referred to in the guidelines, without denigrating other relationships or children brought up in other kinds of relationship." The compromise had the support of Souter but an amendment to that effect was voted down by MSPs who expressed concerns it would stigmatise children from single parent and unmarried families. Sturgeon served as Shadow Minister for Health and Community Care from 2000 to 2003, and Shadow Minister for Justice from 2003 to 2004. She also served as

10413-409: The occupational context and should not be applied to describe experiences in other areas of life. This condition is classified under "Problems associated with employment or unemployment" in the section on "Factors influencing health status or contact with health services." The section is devoted to reasons other than recognized diseases or health conditions for which people contact health services. In

10530-464: The office of first minister falls vacant, the sovereign is responsible for appointing the new incumbent upon nomination by the Scottish Parliament; the appointment is formalised at a meeting between the sovereign and the first minister designate. Given the additional member system used to elect its members, it is difficult for a single party to gain an overall majority of seats in the Scottish Parliament. The SNP did gain an overall majority of seats in

10647-489: The office of first minister of the Scottish Government , So help me God. The period in office of a first minister is not linked to the term of members of the Scottish Parliament . The Scotland Act set out a four-year maximum term for each session of Parliament. The Act specifies than an election to the Scottish Parliament will be held on the first Thursday in May, every four years, starting from 1999. Parliament can be dissolved and an extraordinary general election held, before

10764-588: The party I joined when I was just 16. However, that decision is not for today. Following the referendum defeat, Sturgeon said that "further devolution is the route to independence". She also opined that Scottish independence was a matter of "when, not if". On 24 September 2014, Sturgeon officially launched her campaign bid to succeed Salmond as Leader of the Scottish National Party at the November leadership election . It quickly became apparent that no other candidate would be able to receive enough required nominations to run

10881-1322: The party's best ever performance. The party received 50% of the vote share in Scotland and replaced the Liberal Democrats as the third largest party in the British House of Commons . Sturgeon had stated that the party's success in the election was not a mandate for another independence referendum, but primarily for a stronger voice for Scotland in London. First Minister of Scotland Charles III William , Duke of Rothesay Swinney government The Rt Hon John Swinney MSP The Rt Hon John Swinney MSP Kate Forbes MSP Sixth session Alison Johnstone MSP Angela Constance MSP Dorothy Bain KC The Rt Hon Lord Carloway KC PC United Kingdom Parliament elections European Parliament elections Local elections Referendums Starmer ministry The Rt Hon Keir Starmer MP The Rt Hon Ian Murray MP The first minister of Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic : prìomh mhinistear na h-Alba , [ˈpʰrʲiəv ˈvinɪʃtʲɛr nə ˈhal̪ˠapə] , formally known as

10998-570: The past 10 days", she told Parliament. "Based on this experience, Health Protection Scotland has expressed the view that sustained community transmission appears to be taking place." Four days later, a Scottish woman with underlying health conditions died at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Paisley . This marked the first death in Scotland and Europe. To tackle Scotland's poor relationship with alcohol , Sturgeon passed legislation to increase

11115-510: The popular book Career Burnout: Causes and Cures, an updated version of a book they had published in April 1981 with fellow American psychologist Ditsa Kafry. They found that "marriage burnout" was just as prevalent as "job burnout". The WHO's ICD-10 began being used in 1994. The classification removed the condition of asthenic personality, however continued to include neurasthenia (F48.0). Two overlapping types were defined, in one "the main feature

11232-813: The popular book Staff Burnout: Job Stress in the Human Services was published by American psychologist Cary Cherniss. In April 1981, Maslach and fellow American psychologist Susan E. Jackson published an instrument for assessing occupational burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). It was the first such instrument of its kind, and soon became the most widely used occupational burnout instrument. The two researchers described occupational burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (feeling low-empathy towards other people in an occupational setting), and reduced feelings of work-related personal accomplishment. In 1988, Pines and Aronson wrote

11349-542: The price of alcohol per unit to help reduce sales, in particular, for those addicted . In June 2012, the Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012 was passed after receiving support from the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Greens. Labour refused to support the bill as they claimed it failed to tackle windfall profit from alcohol retailers. At the 2011 election , the SNP won a large overall majority. Sturgeon

11466-449: The psychologist Wilmar Schaufeli pointed out similarities between Beard's concept of neurasthenia and that of contemporary burnout. In 1888, the English neurologist William Gowers coined the term occupation neurosis to describe nerve damage caused by repetitive strain injury , translating the German concept of Beschäftigungsneurosen (occupational diseases affecting the nerves). The related term occupational neurosis came to include

11583-542: The public, regular town hall meetings and that the Scottish Cabinet would meet outside Edinburgh once every two months. Sturgeon was formally acclaimed as the first female Leader of the SNP on 14 November 2014 at the Autumn Conference in Perth , with Hosie as her depute. This also made her First Minister-Designate, given the SNP's absolute majority in the Scottish Parliament. In her first speech as leader, Sturgeon said that it

11700-434: The scrapping of prescription charges In Scotland, an election pledge by the SNP originally for the chronically ill and those with cancer . Sturgeon also outlined a guaranteed maximum 18-week wait for patients after they had seen their GP and vowed to do away with deferred or "hidden" waiting lists. She ordered a review of the issue of hospital car parking charges – as high as £7 in some areas – and launched an inquiry into

11817-446: The story of an architect who became greatly fatigued by his work, and who took much time to recover. In 1968, the WHO's DSM-II replaced "psychophysiologic nervous system reaction" with the condition neurasthenic neurosis (neurasthenia) . This condition was "characterized by complaints of chronic weakness, easy fatigability, and sometimes exhaustion." Another condition added to this edition

11934-677: The studies fail to prove consistently the nosological distinctiveness of the burnout phenomenon. In May 2015, the WHO adopted a new conceptualisation of "occupational burnout". It was consistent with Maslach's. However, occupational burnout was "not itself classified by the WHO as a medical condition or mental disorder." As of 2017, nine European countries (Denmark, Estonia, France, Hungary, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden) legally recognized burnout syndrome as an occupational disorder, for example, by awarding workers' compensation payments to affected people. The WHO's ICD-11 began official use in 2022. Within this categorisation,

12051-412: The team of special advisers to the first minister. As detailed in the Scotland Act 1998, the First Minister is responsible for recommending to the monarch a nominee for the position of Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland . The First Minister is also responsible for advocating whether a Lord Advocate or Solicitor General who is currently in post should be removed, subject to the approval of

12168-444: The topic by Volker Faust ( de ). In 1973, Canadian psychiatrist David M Berger proposed that "neurasthenia is a stress-intolerance syndrome". In 1974, Herbert Freudenberger , a German-born American psychologist, used the term "burn-out" in his academic paper "Staff Burn-Out." The paper was based on his qualitative observations of the volunteer staff (including himself) at a free clinic for drug addicts. He characterized burnout by

12285-528: The two cities to under 30 minutes. Sturgeon said the Scottish Government would "not wait" for Westminster to build a high-speed line to Scotland. However, in 2016 the plan was abandoned and the Scottish Government blamed Westminster. Salmond put Sturgeon in charge of the Scottish Government's legislative process for a referendum on Scottish Independence and she was essentially in charge of the SNP's referendum campaign. In December 2012, Sturgeon said that she believed that independence would allow Scotland to build

12402-587: The varied ways clinicians and others used the then-current ICD and DSM classifications with burnout was published by Dutch psychologist Arno Van Dam in 2021. The US government's National Institutes of Health includes the condition as "psychological burnout" in its index of the National Library of Medicine , and provides a number of synonyms. It defines the condition as "An excessive reaction to stress caused by one's environment that may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with

12519-493: The work context. The ICD-11 also has the medical condition "6B4Y Other specified disorders specifically associated with stress", which is the equivalent of the ICD-10's F43.8. If, after treatment, a person with burnout continues to have persistent physical symptoms triggered by the condition, in Iceland they may be considered to have " somatic symptom disorder " (DSM-5) and "bodily distress disorder" (ICD-11). Further detail about

12636-648: The youngest ever parliamentary candidate in Scotland in the 1992 general election . Aged 21, Sturgeon was selected as the SNP candidate in the Glasgow Shettleston constituency. She was unsuccessful, having been beaten by almost 15,000 votes by Labour. Sturgeon also stood unsuccessfully as the SNP candidate for the Irvine North ward on Cunninghame District Council in May 1992, for the Baillieston / Mount Vernon ward on Strathclyde Regional Council in 1994, and for

12753-435: Was "no immediate threat to public health in Scotland", but added, "monitoring of those who have been in close contact with the two people is also being carried out as an additional precaution." The following day, she confirmed that these were cases of the swine influenza A (H1N1) virus . Authorities in both Scotland and England stated that there were no plans to trace the fellow airline passengers who may have travelled alongside

12870-480: Was "the privilege of her life" to lead the party she joined as a teenager. Although Salmond officially tendered his resignation as First Minister on 18 November 2014, Sturgeon was not sworn in until two days later. From 18 November until her official appointment on 20 November, she served as the acting First Minister, essentially the First Minister-elect. On 20 November 2014, Sturgeon was sworn into office at

12987-489: Was 17. In an interview with the BBC's Woman's Hour , Sturgeon revealed that it was Margaret Thatcher who inspired her to enter politics, because, due to rising unemployment in Scotland at the time, she developed "a strong feeling that it was wrong for Scotland to be governed by a Tory government that we hadn't elected". Thatcher was the motivation for my entire political career. I hated everything she stood for. Sturgeon became

13104-461: Was a boy or a girl". Sturgeon was a fan of Wham! and Duran Duran , and enjoyed spending Saturday nights at Frosty's Ice Disco in Irvine . Sturgeon attended Dreghorn Primary School from 1975 to 1982 and Greenwood Academy from 1982 to 1988. She later studied law at the University of Glasgow School of Law , graduating with a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) in 1992 and a Diploma in Legal Practice

13221-429: Was promoted as justice secretary . The departure of Kenny MacAskill and Michael Russell signalled a generational shift away from the " 79 group ". Alex Neil , who many speculated would be dismissed, remained in cabinet but in a "less prominent portfolio" of social justice, communities and pensioners' rights . Roseanna Cunningham , who had difficult relationship with Sturgeon, was surprisingly promoted to cabinet as

13338-487: Was retained as Deputy First Minister and Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing until a reshuffle one year later, when she was appointed as Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Capital Investment and Cities and an additional role overseeing the referendum on Scottish independence , essentially putting her in charge of the SNP's referendum campaign. In 2012 she pledged to build a high-speed railway line between Glasgow and Edinburgh by 2024, cutting journey times between

13455-416: Was still an MP, Sturgeon led the SNP in the Scottish Parliament as Leader of the Opposition from 2004 to 2007. The SNP emerged as the largest party following the 2007 election and Salmond headed the first SNP minority government , with Sturgeon as his deputy . From 2007 to 2012, she served as health secretary , overseeing the scrapping of prescription charges and the 2009 swine flu pandemic . Following

13572-571: Was sworn in on the following day. Following the referendum in 1997 , in which the Scottish electorate gave their consent, the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive (later the Scottish Government) were established by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Labour government of the prime minister , Tony Blair . Under the Acts of Union 1707 , the former Parliament of Scotland merged with

13689-417: Was the similar asthenic personality , which was " characterized by easy fatigability, low energy level, lack of enthusiasm, marked incapacity for enjoyment, and oversensitivity to physical and emotional stress." In 1969, American prison official Harold B Bradley used the term burnout in a criminology paper to describe the fatigued staff at a centre for treating young adult offenders. This has been cited as

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