Nițchidorf (literally " Niczky 's village"; German : Niczkydorf ; Hungarian : Niczkyfalva , originally Kutas ) is a commune in Timiș County , Romania . It is composed of three villages: Blajova, Duboz and Nițchidorf (commune seat).
126-720: The commune totals an area of 6,412 ha (15,840 acres), of which 5,398 ha (13,340 acres) are agricultural land and 1,014 ha (2,510 acres) are non-agricultural land. It is located in the plain area of Timiș County , in the hydrographic basin of the Timiș River , bordering Caraș-Severin County and the hilly area on the river corridor. Traces of a fortress were discovered on the nearby Schlossberg ("Castle Hill"; Romanian : Dealul Cetății ). According to Hungarian historians Samu Borovszky [ hu ] and Felix Milleker , quoted by Nicolae Ilieșiu [ ro ] , there
252-460: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it
378-402: A second language , and 75–100 million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90 million people, or 16% of
504-533: A transfusion center . Regarding the pharmaceutical network in Timiș County, in 2019 there were 295 pharmacies (16 public and 279 private), seven pharmaceutical points and 34 pharmaceutical warehouses. Timișoara is nationally recognized as a center of excellence in medicine. Timișoara has made several breakthroughs in Romanian medicine, including the first in vitro fertilization , the first laser heart surgery and
630-587: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become
756-503: A bent sword, with a wide point, made of silver; in the upper right-hand corner is a golden sun, and in the upper left, a rising silver moon. At the bottom, on the blue field, is a wavy silver band. The lion with armed arm, characteristic of Banat of Temeswar , symbolizes the defenders of the land and of Christianity against the Ottoman armies; the lion carries the victorious sword of Pál Kinizsi , Count of Temes County . The gold wall symbolizes
882-556: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from
1008-521: A low share in GDP (5%), although that it places the county on the first place at national level from the perspective of the GVA obtained in agriculture. With several units of national and international banks operating here ( BCR , Raiffeisen Bank , BT , BRD , CEC Bank , OTP Bank , UniCredit Bank , Alpha Bank , Citibank , Credit Europe Bank , Garanti BBVA , ING Bank , Intesa Sanpaolo Bank , etc.), Timiș County
1134-402: A motorization index of 361.64 vehicles/1,000 inhabitants, being among the highest in the country. The railway network totals 795 km, of which 113 are electrified railways. With 91.4 km of railway per 1,000 km , Timiș County has the densest railway network in the country. On the territory of Timiș County, the railway network consists of a main line ( 900 ) and 18 secondary lines belonging to
1260-453: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained
1386-679: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In
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#17330925670761512-478: A population of 1,523 inhabitants at the 2011 census, down 4% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are Romanians (88.77%), larger minorities being represented by Ukrainians (3.22%), Hungarians (1.71%) and Germans (1.38%). For 4.4% of the population, ethnicity is unknown. By religion, most inhabitants are Orthodox (84.24%), but there are also minorities of Roman Catholics (3.48%), Baptists (3.02%), Adventists (2.63%) and Pentecostals (1.12%). For 4.46% of
1638-425: A predominantly industrial one, sometimes with significant losses due to the non-use of labor and capital endowments, into a tertiary one (based mainly on services ). The specialization of Timiș County stands out in the computer, automotive and electrical equipment industry, these registering high values of the location quotient (as of 2019). In 2021, Timiș County had a GDP per capita of 31,519 euros, 40% above
1764-475: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it
1890-472: A rich repertoire, consisting of national, folk songs or choral works composed by Ion Vidu , Filaret Barbu or Iosif Velceanu. Timișoara was a reputed city of music in the 19th century. Many famous musicians performed here, including Franz Liszt (1846), Johann Strauss II (1847), David Popper (1867), Leopold Auer (1867), Pablo de Sarasate (1877), Henryk Wieniawski (1877), Johannes Brahms (1879) and Joseph Joachim (1879). The only philharmonic in
2016-601: A series of waterfalls and caves. Areas with a rich hunting fund, as well as those with a diversified fishing fund are suitable for sport hunting and fishing . On the territory of Timiș County there are 86 hunting funds and 30 fishing funds. Canoeing and kayaking can be practiced on the Bega Canal , and rafting on the Timiș River . Spa tourism is practiced in Buziaș (declared a spa resort in 1911), Timișoara , Deta , as well as Călacea , Teremia Mare and Lovrin . Wine tourism
2142-422: A traditional economic activity, especially in the rural localities in the vicinity of urban centers. By cultivated area, the main crops are maize (165,643 ha), wheat and rye (133,657 ha), sunflower (78,242 ha), perennial fodder (38,060 ha) and soybeans (21,200 ha). Livestock farming is also an important, traditional branch of Timiș agriculture, and in recent years there has been a significant increase in
2268-478: A volume of 51 million m . In the county there are also two lakes with hot (20 °C) and mineral water at Românești , with an area of 50 m and the muddy volcano from Ohaba-Forgaci , in the Magheruș valley, of 50 m . The high density of the hydrographic network, the low slopes of the riverbeds in the plain sector, the reduced depth of the groundwater, the presence of ultisols , all favor the floods and marshes. To reduce
2394-417: A wide variety of fish, such as pike , barbel , Prussian carp , wels , perch , carp , etc.). The climate has a moderate temperate continental character, with hot summers and mild winters due to both the influences of the oceanic (from the west) and Mediterranean (from the south and southwest) air masses and the fact that over 85% of the territory belongs to the plain climate (the remaining 15% belongs to
2520-702: Is Timișoara North , with over 1.7 million passengers in 2011. German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and
2646-456: Is a national leader in the field of financial intermediation. As of 2021, the turnover of companies with financial and insurance activities was 69 million euros in Timișoara alone. The geographical position of the county in the immediate vicinity of the border with Hungary and Serbia leads to a high transit tourism, but with short and medium length of stay. The main form of tourism practiced in
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#17330925670762772-580: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as
2898-596: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German
3024-546: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic
3150-472: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German
3276-766: Is characterized by fatty, wholesome and tasty food; it can be individualized by the unusual association of salty and sweet taste, by the prevalence of soup to the detriment of stew and by showy desserts with multiple influences. Among the traditional dishes in this area are noodle soup , goulash , papricache [ hu ] , sauerkraut , sarme , pljeskavica , rasol , cotoroage and fresh pork preparations and semi-preparations ( caltaboș [ ro ] , sângerete , maioș , sausages , slănină , șonc , tobă , etc.). Desserts include krofne , scovergi , bejgli with walnuts or poppy seeds, Cremeschnitte , Apfelküchle , knedles , dobostorta , ischler [ hu ] and vargabéles [ hu ] . In
3402-625: Is characterized by the small-scale presence of forest-steppe plants and by a higher frequency of hydro- and hygrophilous vegetation in low plains and meadows with excess moisture. The extensive agricultural crops in the plain alternate with small areas of secondary meadows dominated by fescue associations ( Festuca valesiaca , Festuca rupicola and Festuca pseudovina ) mixed with wormwood ( Artemisia austriaca ) and others. The deciduous forests, made up of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ), Austrian oak ( Quercus cerris ) and Hungarian oak ( Quercus frainetto ), occupy insularly or on compact areas
3528-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25 million speak it as
3654-520: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in
3780-595: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as
3906-559: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are
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4032-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and
4158-587: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as
4284-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German
4410-562: Is represented by the Recaș – Buziaș area, renowned both in the country and abroad for its wines. Timiș County has a rich musical history. Notable in this respect are the choirs of Banat Bauer . Banat choirs have their origins in church music , learned in schools, where the teacher was both organist, choir conductor, and not infrequently, composer. The choirs, which were to become a real movement in Banat, were an important means of national manifestation of
4536-508: Is strong and diversified, due to the high rate of greenfield and brownfield investments, the western location of the county, the high qualification of the labor force, as well as the entrepreneurial tradition. The most significant share in the total production of the county is held by the manufacturing industry , having as sub-branches: electronics industry , food industry , chemical industry , textile industry , metal and wood processing industry and construction . Although with only 8% of
4662-510: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c. 1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period
4788-629: Is the largest county in Romania, occupying 8,696.7 km , i.e. 3.65% of the country's area. It is crossed by the 46th parallel north , the 21st meridian east and the 22nd meridian east . On its territory is the westernmost point of Romania, i.e. Beba Veche , at 20°15'44", in the Triplex Confinium point. Timiș County is part of the West Development Region along with the counties of Arad , Caraș-Severin and Hunedoara , being located in
4914-566: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish
5040-680: Is the seat of the Archbishopric of Timișoara, the see of the Metropolis of Banat . The archbishopric has jurisdiction over the territory of Timiș County, which is divided into 273 parishes organized in six deaneries (Timișoara I, Timișoara II, Lugoj , Făget , Deta and Sânnicolau Mare ). Timișoara is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Timișoara and the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara and one of
5166-481: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers
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5292-673: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to
5418-627: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as
5544-708: The Danube , to Pančevo . Bega River springs from the Poiana Ruscă Mountains and flows into the Tisza after a route of 244 km, being its southernmost tributary. Downstream, towards the western edge, up to the border, the course of the Bega River is completely canalized. The Bega Canal is navigable both in Romania and in Serbia, having a length of 44 km only in Romania. The natural lakes, with small areas and depths, are represented by
5670-841: The Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion . The name of the county comes from the Timiș River , known in Roman antiquity as Tibisis or Tibiscus . According to Lajos Kiss' etymological dictionary , the name of the river probably comes from the Dacian language : thibh-isjo ("marshy"). In Hungarian , Timiș County is known as Temes megye , in German as Kreis Temesch , in Serbian as Тамишки округ/ Tamiški okrug , in Ukrainian as Тімішський повіт, and in Banat Bulgarian as okrug Timiš . Timiș
5796-522: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share
5922-417: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language
6048-514: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout
6174-724: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in
6300-526: The Ministry of Education , gathering about 8% of the total number of students at national level. Higher education takes place in eight universities in the county, four public and four private : At the county level, there are 22 hospitals (15 public and seven private), five medical dispensaries , three mental health centers, 522 medical offices (school, student and family medicine ), 846 dental offices, 115 medical laboratories , 87 dental laboratories and
6426-644: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c. 765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in
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#17330925670766552-640: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung
6678-536: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit. ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this
6804-503: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German
6930-399: The fortress of Timișoara . The golden sun symbolizes, through its position, the lofty goals for which the heroes of this land fought. The silver moon represents the pair of the sun. The wavy silver band on the blue field symbolizes the Timiș River , which gives the county its name. Timiș County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. The county's economy gradually transformed from
7056-462: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from
7182-552: The 15th-century Săraca Monastery, the 15th-century Serbian Orthodox St. George Monastery of Birda , the 18th-century Cebza Monastery and, more recently, the Izvorul Miron Monastery (1912; nicknamed the " Voroneț of Banat") and the Timișeni Monastery (1944). Ecotourism is practiced mainly in the mountainous area in the east of the county, where Lake Surduc is located (the largest lake in western Romania), but also
7308-695: The CFR lines 900 ( Bucharest – Timișoara ), 200 ( Brașov – Curtici ) and 300 ( Bucharest – Episcopia Bihor ). The railway line 900 , whose route is Bucharest (north)– Roșiori (north)– Craiova – Filiași – Caransebeș – Timișoara (north), crosses the county on the Lugoj – Timișoara relation. It is part of the Pan-European Corridor IV . In Timiș County there are 133 stations operated by state and private railway operators such as Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Astra Trans Carpatic and Regio Călători . The busiest of them
7434-714: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In
7560-609: The European transport network by the Central and Global TEN-T networks, so the main corridor that serves it is the Rhine–Danube Corridor , which provides the connection with Vienna , with the central-southern part of Germany ( Munich , Stuttgart and Nuremberg and with Strasbourg . The Orient/East–Med Corridor also crosses the county's territory and connects with Budapest . Inter- and intra-county connections are provided by
7686-414: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of
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#17330925670767812-427: The German lands of the Habsburg Empire. Religious tourism includes many places of worship, churches and historic monasteries. Among the monastic ensembles are the historic wooden churches in Țara Făgetului, all built after the liberation of Banat from Ottoman occupation (1716), the 11th-century Morisena Monastery (the first monastery in Romania), the 14th-century Partoș Monastery with the relics of St. Joseph of Partoș,
7938-417: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of
8064-399: The German states; the invention of the printing press c. 1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of
8190-623: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by
8316-547: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are
8442-757: The Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German
8568-500: The Lipova Plateau, the Lugoj and Pogăniș Hills and partly the Gătaia Plain. In the eastern extremity of Timiș County there are sessile oak forests ( Quercus petraea ) mixed with Austrian oak ( Quercus cerris ), beech forests ( Fagus sylvatica ) mixed with hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ), and the upper slopes of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains are covered with spruce forests mixed with fir and beech . In Timiș County there are 45 nature reserves that total 134,766.49 ha or about 13% of
8694-408: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c. thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c. 1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy
8820-412: The amplitude of these phenomena, since the first half of the 18teenth century, large engineering works (damming, canalization, draining etc.) were made in the region, most of which are still functional today. Among the major flash floods and floods in the Banat Plain, the most important were those of May 1912, June 1966 and April 2005 . The natural vegetation, strongly influenced by human activities,
8946-552: The beginning of the 20th century. At the 2011 census, there were 16 localities – all rural – that had at least 20% Hungarian population. However, their total population represents only 12.6% of the Hungarian population in the county. This is explained by the migration of Hungarians from rural to urban areas after 1990. By weight, the largest Hungarian communities are found in Otelec ( Ótelek ; 75.1%), Cherestur ( Pusztakeresztúr ; 69.7%), Bodo ( Nagybodófalva ; 64%), Tormac ( Végvár ; 60.6%) and Otvești ( Ötvösd ; 52.6%). Roma are
9072-553: The center of the historical province of Banat . Due to its geographical position, almost a third of the county's borders are at the same time state borders. Thus, in the northwestern part, it borders Csongrád-Csanád County ( Hungary ), 18 km of this border being on the Mureș River . To the southwest, between Beba Veche and Lățunaș , Timiș County borders the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbia ). The land connection with
9198-487: The climate of hilly and mountainous regions). The western area of the Banat Plain is classified according to Köppen's guide as Cfa , and the mountainous area in the east of the county as Dfb . Due to the high uniformity of the relief, the average annual temperatures are poorly differentiated on the territory of Timiș County. The annual averages are close to 11 °C in the region with plain climate and decrease by 1–2 °C on
9324-404: The coat of arms is inscribed in capital letters in vermilion the word "Romania", and below it is inscribed with the same characters in cobalt blue the words "Timiș County". The county flag was approved in 2021. The coat of arms was approved in 2002 and consists of a cut shield ; at the top, on the red field , a golden lion coming out of the battlements of a wall of built gold; the lion holds
9450-675: The communist period, most Germans in Timiș County left for Germany and Austria , with one last wave after 1990. At present, they account for merely 1/24 of the number at the 1900 census, when the highest number of Germans was recorded. Banat Bulgarians , a Bulgarian Catholic minority, began settling in Banat in the late 17th century from the north and northwest of today's Bulgaria . The largest communities of Banat Bulgarians in Timiș County live in Breștea ( Brešća ; 80.3%), Dudeștii Vechi ( Stár Bišnov ; 66.5%) and Denta ( Dénta ; 5.2%). In Timiș County there are over 300 places of worship. Timisoara
9576-405: The counties of the neighboring countries is ensured by the border crossing points from Cenad , Moravița and Jimbolia . The neighboring Romanian counties with Timiș County are Arad to the north, Hunedoara to the east and Caraș-Severin to the southeast. The relief is characterized by the predominance of plains , which cover the western part (low plain) and the central part (high plain) of
9702-587: The county is business tourism , followed by recreational, shopping and gastronomic tourism. The tourist infrastructure of Timiș County consists of 56 hotels , 14 hostels , two motels , a campsite , four tourist villas, 49 tourist pensions, 27 agritourism pensions and two camps for students and preschoolers with an accommodation capacity of 7,746 places. In 2019, Timiș County had 396,644 tourists, of which 30% were foreigners. Cultural-historical tourism includes many objectives in historical and archeological sites, architectural monuments and museums. Timișoara has
9828-526: The county is dominated by the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, with deep valleys and steep slopes, with heights that rarely exceed 1300 m (Padeș peak – 1374 m, Rusca peak – 1355 m). Located in the southeastern part of the Pannonian Plain , the subsoil of Timiș County there are deposits of lignite ( Sinersig ), basalt ( Lucareț – Șanovița ), manganese ( Pietroasa ), clay ( Biled , Cărpiniș , Jimbolia , Lugoj and Sânnicolau Mare ), crude oil and gas (in
9954-459: The county's area. The fauna, adapted to the relief and vegetation conditions, includes steppe species ( hares , ground squirrels , polecats , field mice , moles , rollers , quails , partridges , larks , starlings , lizards , various insects), forest species ( deer , squirrels , bears , wolves , foxes , wild boars , wildcats , dormice , jays , salamanders , etc.) and water species ( herons , mallards , geese , storks , frogs and
10080-516: The county, the Banatul Philharmonic , was founded in 1947 and organizes, in addition to the music season, events in unconventional spaces and successful festivals, such as Timișoara muzicală , the longest-lived cultural festival in Timișoara, which debuted in 1968. The first music school in the county was founded by the Hungarian administration in 1907 in Timișoara. Until 1907, music education
10206-559: The county, which cross the territory through the center, dividing it into two halves, south and north, are Timiș and Bega . Timiș is the largest inland river in Banat, which has its sources on the eastern slopes of the Semenic Mountains , in Caraș-Severin County . The river is formed at the confluence of three branches: Semenic, Grădiște and Brebu. It crosses the whole of Timiș County, then passes into Serbia where it flows into
10332-474: The county. Timiș County features all landforms , with altitudes between 75 m in Banat Plain and 1,374 m in Poiana Ruscă Mountains . Proportionally, the plain covers about 6,700 km , representing 77.2% of the county's area; the hills cover about 1,650 km , i.e. 19.01%; and the mountains cover a relatively small area of 300 km , i.e. 3.45%. The plain penetrates in a gulf-like manner the hilly areas, on
10458-527: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with
10584-452: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in
10710-409: The eastern part there are forests of fir , spruce and beech . In the other parts of the county there are small forests of oak , Austrian oak , Hungarian oak , and in the meadows – poplars and willows . The hydrographic network of Timiș County, spread over 3,104 km, is composed of two hydrographic basins: Bega–Timiș–Caraș and Mureș. The most important rivers in size and hydropower potential in
10836-507: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of
10962-579: The end of the 17th century and during the 18th century, in three successive waves, during the reigns of Charles VI , Maria Theresa and Joseph II . They came from different areas of Germany, especially Rhineland , the Palatinate and Swabia , but also Luxembourg , Lorraine , Alsace , Westphalia , Hesse , East Franconia and Bavaria . Deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor after 1945 and subjected to nationalization and collectivization during
11088-438: The few counties in the country with a positive trade balance. Timiș County's exports consist mainly of the following groups of goods: electrical machines , appliances and equipment (37%), plastics and rubber (14%), means of transport (11%), footwear (9%), optical instruments and appliances (7%), furniture (5%). Timiș County is also the largest importer of consumer goods, after Bucharest. The industry of Timiș County
11214-455: The first stem cell transplant . The Pius Brînzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital and the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases from Timișoara were included by the Ministry of Health in the first class of competence (out of five possible). Première Hospital, run by Regina Maria private health network, is the largest private hospital in the west of the country. Timiș County is connected to
11340-770: The hills in the east of the county. The averages of the warmest month (July) exceed 21 °C in the plain and fall below 18 °C in the east. The averages of the coldest month (January) are higher than –2 °C in the plain and rise to values higher than –1 °C in the east of the county. The absolute maximum temperature (42 °C) was recorded in Banloc (24 July 2007), and the absolute minimum temperature (–35.3 °C) in Timișoara (29 January 1963). The average multiannual precipitation amounts to increasing quantities from west to east, i.e. 569 mm in Jimbolia, 620.6 mm in Timișoara, 734 mm in Făget and over 1,200 mm on
11466-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,
11592-474: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of
11718-516: The lake complex of Satchinez (40 ha; 1.5 m deep), the two lakes of Becicherecu Mic (one of 33 ha and another of 13 ha), the Petra pond of Jebel , etc. Between 1969 and 1975, pond-like lakes for flood control , irrigation and fishing were arranged on the courses of both Timiș and Bega. The largest of these, Lake Surduc , was arranged on Gladna stream , a tributary of the Bega, and has an area of 460 ha and
11844-548: The largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (about 14,500), consisting of the urban heritage of the Cetate , Iosefin , Fabric and Elisabetin districts. In addition, there are 31 castles and mansions in Timiș County. Notable are the Swabian-specific localities in the western Banat Plain ( Jimbolia , Sânnicolau Mare , Șandra , Lovrin , Lenauheim , etc.), in the past important settlements of colonists from
11970-451: The localities near the border with Serbia : Cralovăț (Краљевац/ Kraljevac ; 64.5%), Petrovaselo (Петрово Село/ Petrovo Selo ; 48.4%), Sânmartinu Sârbesc (Српски Семартон/ Srpski Semarton ; 35.6%), Cenei (Ченеј/ Čenej ; 24.2%), Diniaș (Дињаш/ Dinjaš ; 21.8%), etc. Up to the 20th century, the Germans (specifically Banat Swabians ) were a very large community. They were colonized here at
12096-454: The lowest unemployment rates in the country – 0.8% in 2019. Most employees are in manufacturing (27%), trade (15.2%) and agriculture (15.1%). Timiș stands out as the second business pole at national level, after Bucharest–Ilfov , with a turnover of companies of 72 billion lei, which constitutes about 5% of the turnover of 1,400 billion lei of all companies in Romania. The county's exports stood at over 39.05 billion lei, Timiș being among
12222-488: The main and secondary national roads from which a dense network of local roads emerges. The public road network of Timiș County has a length of about 2,930 km, with a density of 33.7 km/100 km . More detailed, there are about 563 km of national roads, 1,145 km of county roads and 1,222 km of communal roads. Also, Timiș County is served by almost 108 km of motorways , represented by the A1 and A6 motorways. In 2019, Timiș County had
12348-402: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted
12474-653: The national average, and an annual growth rate of 5–10%. At national level, it ranks third in terms of GDP , reaching 62.5 billion lei in 2021, with a contribution of 6.5% of Romania's total GDP, having a developed economy and among the highest entrepreneurial rates in the country (36 SMEs per 1,000 inhabitants in 2019). The most important sector represented locally is the automotive industry , supported by large companies such as Continental , Delphi Packard , Hella , Mahle , Dräxlmaier , Flex , etc. In recent years, certain high tech know-how-intensive services , such as IT&C , have seen strong growth. Timiș has one of
12600-448: The national rate but decreasing amid an expanding suburbanization . According to the 2011 census, Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority in Timiș County, numbering 35,295 people or 5.2% of the county's population. Significant concentrations of the Hungarian population follow the areas where the policy of colonization of the Kingdom of Hungary manifested itself in the 19th century and
12726-658: The nine deaneries of the Reformed Eparchy of Piatra Craiului . Lugoj is the seat of the Greek Catholic Archbishopric of Lugoj and one of the two deaneries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Vicarage . Timiș County is administered by a county council ( consiliu județean ) consisting of 36 councilors. Following the 2020 local elections , the council is chaired by Alin Nica [ ro ] from PNL , and
12852-630: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from
12978-434: The number of animals in the private sector. As of 2019, livestock in Timiș County consisted of 1,524,625 birds , 612,638 sheep , 605,619 swine , 45,332 bee families, 37,305 cattle , 21,890 goats and 5,659 horses . Unlike industry, trade and construction, which also generates a large part of the gross value added (GVA) of the county economy, agriculture stands out with a very high share of employment correlated with
13104-469: The number of companies in Timiș, the manufacturing industry registers a turnover of 40% of the county's total. Timiș County ranks first in the country in terms of both agricultural and arable land. Timiș County has an agricultural area of 691,299 ha, of which 531,472 ha is arable land , 118,671 pastures , 28,632 hayfields , 4,121 vineyards and vine nurseries and 8,403 orchards and fruit nurseries. One of
13230-405: The oldest and most important agricultural activities in the county, with favorable climatic conditions, is the cultivation of cereals and technical plants, and viticulture is practiced in most of the communes in the plain and hill area of the county. Places like Recaș , Buziaș and Giarmata are renowned for their wine production . The production of vegetables in individual micro-farms is also
13356-545: The original one. For two centuries it was an almost exclusively German, Roman Catholic village. The Swabians built the Roman Catholic church in 1825. There was also a mill, which burned down in 1930. After the union of Banat with Romania, the village remained German. The exodus of the Germans began after World War II and accelerated in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Today, Nițchidorf is mostly Romanian. Ethnic composition (2011) Religious composition (2011) Nițchidorf had
13482-463: The people of Banat, through which the Romanian language and culture were promoted. The oldest Romanian choir in Banat was the plowmen's vocal choir, founded in 1857 in Chizătău , which was born from the old church choir. It was also the most famous and appreciated choral formation in the area, which had resounding success at various competitions and festivals, along with other Banat choirs. Banat choirs had
13608-420: The political composition of the council is as follows: Timiș County is divided into two municipalities ( municipiu ), eight towns ( oraș ) and 89 communes ( comună ) with 313 villages: The flag of Timiș County has a rectangular shape, with its width equal to ⅔ of its length and consists of the county coat of arms superimposed on a white background. White chosen for the flag signifies purity and peace. Above
13734-410: The population, religious affiliation is unknown. Timi%C8%99 County Timiș ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtimiʃ] ) is a county ( județ ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia , in the historical region of Banat , with the county seat at Timișoara . It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of
13860-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation
13986-737: The ridges of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. The maximum rainfall occurs in June, as a result of the intensification of cyclonic activity in the North Atlantic or in the Mediterranean basin. On the other hand, the lowest average monthly amounts fall in February–March. The snow layer is unstable and has insignificant thicknesses. Predominant winds blow from the north (16.9%), east (15%), northwest (9.1%) and south (8.4%), with average annual speeds between 1.2 and 3.8 m/s. Local winds include austru (dry wind from
14112-492: The school year 2019/2020, Timiș County had a school population of 177,301: 25,266 children in pre-school education , 97,934 pupils in pre-university education and 54,101 students in university , post-university , academic and continuing education . In Timiș County, 617 educational units are accredited and authorized, of which 580 are state-funded . Timișoara is one of the four national university centers, together with Bucharest , Cluj-Napoca and Iași , as established by
14238-557: The second largest minority, with 14,525 people (or 2.1% of the county's population) at the 2011 census, although unofficial estimates put the figure at 45,000. Măguri , a component locality of Lugoj municipality, is the only village in the county where the Roma have an absolute majority (69.4% in 2011). The largest communities of Serbs , Germans and Bulgarians in Romania also live in Timiș County. The number of Serbs living in Timiș exceeds 10,000. Most of them are located in Timișoara and in
14364-541: The south), coșavă (high-speed cold wind), rușavăț (in the Banat Plain) and mountain breezes (in the east). Ethnic composition of Timiș County (2021) Religious composition of Timiș County (2021) According to the 2021 census , Timiș County had a population of 650,533 (or 3.4% of the country's population), being the sixth most populous county in Romania. The population density was 74.8/km (193.7/sq mi). Timiș County has an urbanization rate of 61.8%, above
14490-541: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,
14616-496: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in
14742-471: The valleys of Timiș (towards Lugoj ) and Bega (towards Făget ). In the east of the county lie the pre-mountain hills of Buziaș and the southern sector of the Lipova Plateau, whose peaks rise to altitudes between 200 and 400 m. The hills of Lăpugiu, Făget, Lugoj, Lipova, Silagiu and Sacoș are rich in pastures, orchards of fruit trees, vineyards, but also in cereal crops. The relief in the eastern part of
14868-483: The western part of the county), sand ( Șag ) and glass sand ( Groși – Făget , Tomești and Gladna Montană ). Mineral waters are also exploited in Buziaș , Călacea , Ivanda , Bogda and Timișoara . The soil of Timiș County offers extremely favorable conditions for the cultivation of agricultural plants, especially for the cultivation of cereals, but also for technical and fodder plants, as well as for fruit growing and viticulture . The forests are relatively few. In
14994-543: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during
15120-579: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching
15246-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of
15372-454: Was a medieval settlement here, attested in 1370 with the name Kwtus . In 1410 it appears as an annex of the parish of Duboz. During the Turkish occupation of Banat (1552–1718), the locality disappeared. The current village was founded in 1784–1786 during the third wave of colonization of Banat , under Emperor Joseph II . At first, only 200 families were settled here. The origin of the settlers
15498-530: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially
15624-485: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which
15750-489: Was exclusively private. Banat cuisine has been strongly influenced by the Austro-Hungarian one , but to a large extent by Greek , Italian and French cuisines too. The dishes prepared in Banat are mostly made of pork , chicken or beef , with vegetables fried in lard or oil , with flour sauces, to make them more consistent, seasoned with pepper , thyme , paprika or caraway . Broadly speaking, Banat cuisine
15876-459: Was from Lorraine , Alsace , Swabia , Luxembourg , Schwarzwald , Silesia , etc. Later came settlers from today's Hungary and Bohemia . It was named after Count Kristóf Niczky , the then prefect who took care of its colonization. So it was called Niczkydorf or "Niczky's village". The Romanians from the neighboring villages called it Nichișoara , and today's name is the Romanianized form of
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