Nghệ Tĩnh was a province of Vietnam from 1976 to 1991, then from 1991 divided into Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh .
118-589: Nghe Tinh province has geographical location: In the Đinh period, the Tien Le house was called Hoan Chau. Period Ly dynasty , 1030, began to call the Chau Nghe An. Period Tay Son , called Nghia An Town. During the Nguyen period, Gia Long was again placed as Nghe An town. In 1831, King Minh Mang divided Nghe An into two provinces: Nghe An (north of Lam river); Ha Tinh (south of Lam River). From 1976 to 1991,
236-436: A bun fastened with a golden brooch. The court officials and aristocrats wore a dark tunic having four flaps, closely buttoned collar, dark trousers, and wore a bun with an iron brooch. On their heads they wore a black gauze chuddar and peaked cap. They also wore leather sandals and carried fans of stork feathers. The military uniforms were “dau mau” cap covering the ears, knee-length tunic, neatly sewn sleeves tightly fitted around
354-679: A construction boom. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by Emporis in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings are Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower (336 m, second tallest in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's Landmark 81 and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's Petronas Towers ) and Hanoi Lotte Center (272 m, also, third tallest in Vietnam). Public outcry in opposition to
472-486: A dry winter and large amount of sunshine. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is usually characterized with large amounts of drizzle and little sunshine due to the strong activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland. The city is usually cloudy and foggy in this time, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February and March. The city has times to be influenced by cold waves from
590-463: A great army to invade Đại Việt but Lý Thường Kiệt managed to stop them at the Battle of Như Nguyệt (1077). The Song and Dai Viet would then make a peace treaty. The Song returned its conquered lands to Đại Việt and recognized Lý Nhân Tông as King of Nam Bình. Emperor Lý Nhân Tông was the longest reigned ruler in the history of Vietnam. As he was childless, his nephew Lý Dương Hoán (李陽煥) , who he adopted,
708-433: A major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's cultural and political centre, putting a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century. It has over eight million residents within the city proper and an estimated population of 20 million within the metropolitan area . The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations
826-531: A metropolis in present-day inner Hanoi. By the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's name to Annan ( Chinese : 安南 ; Vietnamese : An Nam ; lit. 'pacified south'), with Songping as its capital. In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the Tang dynasty , built Luocheng ( Chinese : 羅城 ; Vietnamese : La Thành ) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what
944-502: A name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to Thanh Hóa , then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital". In 1408, the Chinese Ming dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan ( Chinese : 東關 ; Vietnamese : Đông Quan ; lit. 'eastern gate'). In 1428,
1062-601: A name that would remain Vietnam's official name until the onset of the 19th century. Domestically, while the Lý emperors were devout in their adherence to Buddhism , the influence of Confucianism from China was on the rise, with the opening of the Temple of Literature in 1070, built for the veneration of the Confucius and his disciples. Six years later in 1076, the Quốc Tử Giám ( Guozijian )
1180-497: A pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques. After the economic reforms that initiated economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system. Hanoi has allowed many fast-food chains into
1298-525: A relative of Anh Vũ, later become the chancellor. Different from his brother in law, Tô Hiến Thành was loyal to the Lý court, his skills and talents were proven in organizing successful military campaigns against the Thân Lợi and Ngưu Hống rebellions. In 1174, Lý Anh Tông's crown prince Lý Long Xưởng was involved in debauchery with a concubine of the emperor, he was made retired from the titled and replaced by Lý Long Cán. In 1175, emperor Anh Tông died at aged 40,
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#17328687804441416-421: A rule requiring government officials to make an annual pledge of loyalty, with heavy punishments for those who avoided. From the reign of Lý Thái Tổ with the other emperors, the Lý dynasty began to focus on solving some major and minor situations: One of the big events of the Lý dynasty is changing the name of the country from Đại Cồ Việt (大瞿越) to Đại Việt (大越) in 1054 under the reign of Lý Thánh Tông. During
1534-505: A serious illness and became mentally ill. He occasionally called himself the Heaven General and would dance all day long holding his sword and shield. By this time, most of the court matters are managed by chancellor Trần Tự Khánh and not by the emperor anymore, the court power base gradually switched to the Trần clan. In 1223, the chancellor Trần Tự Khánh died, Trần Thừa replaced his position and
1652-572: A wealthy aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han. It began at the Red River Delta , but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan, gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements. Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh. In 42 AD,
1770-528: Is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) on 12 January 1955. The city have also experienced extremely hot weather on 4 June 2017 due to La Niña , with
1888-460: Is 4,091,353 people, accounting for 50.8%. Hanoi is the second most populous city in the country, after Ho Chi Minh City (8,993,082 people). The average annual population growth rate from 2009 to 2019 of Hanoi is 2.22%/year, higher than the national growth rate (1.14%/year) and is the second highest in the Red River Delta, only after Bắc Ninh Province (2.90% / year). Nowadays, the city is both
2006-426: Is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall, and few dry days. Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rare. From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild. Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi
2124-465: Is constructed, known to history as Cổ Loa , the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era, with an outer embankment covering 600 hectares . In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue , which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his Nanyue domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of
2242-455: Is demoted to a district-level town. They are further subdivided into 22 commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards. – formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province. During the French colonial period, as the capital of French Indochina , Hanoi attracted a considerable number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s
2360-461: Is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter , where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of
2478-500: Is now Ba Đình district . Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng ( Vietnamese : Kim Thành ). In 863, the kingdom of Nanzhao , as well as local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000. In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels. He renamed
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#17328687804442596-601: Is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government. In the late 1980s, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure. The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in
2714-458: Is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam . The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river," – Hanoi is bordered by the Red and Black Rivers . As a municipality , Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts , 17 rural districts , and one district-level town . The city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km (1,297.24 sq mi) and as of 2023, a population of 8,587,100. Hanoi had
2832-429: Is unknown; likewise, little is known about his maternal side except that his mother was surnamed Phạm. Very few direct details about his parents (unknown birth-father, mother, and adoptive father Lý Khánh Văn) are known, however, the ethnic Chinese background of Lý Công Uẩn, at least on his paternal side, had been accepted by Vietnamese historian Trần Quốc Vượng . The Lý clan of Lý Công Uẩn's adoptive father Lý Khánh Văn
2950-681: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) when Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. On 8 March 1949, Hanoi became under the control of the State of Vietnam (created by the Élysée Accords ), an associated state within the French Union . This state gained independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954. After nine years of fighting between
3068-607: The Lam Sơn uprising , under the leadership of Lê Lợi , overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or Tonkin . During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000. Right after the end of the Tây Sơn dynasty , it was named Bắc Thành (北城). When the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Long moved
3186-490: The Regent Retired Emperor . The rule of Lý was formally transferred to Trần. The former emperor Huệ Tông was forced to commit suicide at Chân Giáo Temple. The Lý aristocrats were then massacred in 1232 by Thủ Độ. The Lý dynasty ceased to exist and Trần dynasty was officially established. After the Lý dynasty was toppled, some imperial members of the clan escaped to Korea and became generals of Goryeo dynasty. At
3304-637: The Song , the Bao An pagoda was built to show gratitude for the Buddha. Along with Buddhism, the emperors also participated in other religious ceremonies involving local spirits, gods of Indra and Brahma. Shrines were built dedicating to the Trung sisters and the king-of-king Phung Hung . Monastic members became a privileged landed class, exempt from taxes and military duty. A stone inscription dated 1209 from Bao An Temple retells
3422-570: The Soviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of Soviet planners between 1981 and 1984. It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout. In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development. The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It
3540-595: The Tang dynasty due to the ransacking of Guangzhou by the Huang Chao rebellion. By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin . In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ , the first ruler of the Lý dynasty , moved the capital of Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍) –
3658-554: The Thanh Trì District . The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010. In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020. It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi. A rail transport system
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3776-490: The communes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products. The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the UNDP , the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes,
3894-725: The 1050s, tensions between Đại Việt and the Song dynasty became high. In 1075, Wang Anshi, the chancellor of the Song dynasty, told Emperor Shenzong that Đại Việt was destroyed by Champa, with less than ten thousand soldiers surviving, so it would be a good occasion to annex the country. The Song emperor then mobilized his troops, this prompted the Emperor Lý Nhân Tông to authorize a preemptive invasion into Song territory. Lý Thường Kiệt lead an army to capture Qinzhou, Lianzhou and laid siege to Yongzhou (present day Nanning ). Yongzhou fell in 1076, its populace of 58,000 were massacred. The Song sent
4012-719: The Chinese coast through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa , from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean , there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating
4130-694: The Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007). Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996 to 2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003. The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role. Hanoi's traditional business districts are Hoàn Kiếm , Hai Bà Trưng and Đống Đa ; and newly developing Cầu Giấy , Nam Từ Liêm , Bắc Từ Liêm , Thanh Xuân and Hà Đông in
4248-672: The French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of North Vietnam when this territory became a sovereign country on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew that year and the People's Army of Vietnam of the DRV and International Control Commission occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference . During the Vietnam War between North and South (1955-1975), Hanoi and North Vietnam were attacked by
4366-453: The Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries. The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in Luoyang . By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement
4484-524: The Ly Dynasty, most Vietnamese dynasties lasted very briefly, often fall to the state of decline following the respective dynasty founder's death. Noblemen scholars such as Lê Văn Thịnh , Bùi Quốc Khái , Doãn Tử Tư , Đoàn Văn Khâm , Lý Đạo Thành , and Tô Hiến Thành made vast contributions culturally and politically, allowing the dynasty to flourish for 216 years. The last emperor of the Early Lê dynasty ,
4602-625: The Lý dynasty, the Vietnamese began their long march to the south ( Nam tiến ) at the expense of the Chams. In 1069, Champa Kingdom gained support from the Song dynasty and stopped paying tribute to Đại Việt . As the result, the emperor Lý Thánh Tông ordered an expedition against Champa and successfully captured King Rudravarman III of Champa. Rudravarman III had to sign a treaty with Lý Thánh Tông to cede three territories Địa Lí, Ma Linh and Bố Chính (modern Quảng Trị and Quảng Bình ) to Đại Việt in exchange for his release. Champa also had to restore
4720-402: The Lý reinforcement were coming. Lý Thái Tổ sent an army and crushed the rebels. Dali general Yang Zhanghe was captured. Peace was restore in mountainous border next few years. The Lý had trade relationships with Champa and fought them in 2 battles in 1044 and 1069 of Cham-Vietnamese wars . The main religion of the Lý dynasty was Buddhism . The first Ly emperor was a Buddhist monk, and
4838-535: The Lý rulers were devout Buddhists, the punishments during this era were not very severe. The Lý dynasty has maintained trade relationships with China, the Dali Kingdom , and other Southeast Asian kingdoms. In foreign relations with the Song dynasty , Vietnam acted as a vassal state , although at its zenith it had sent troops into Chinese territory to fight the Song during the Lý–Song War . In 1016, Lý Công Uẩn
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4956-537: The Northeast originating from the Siberian High . Hanoi is the only capital of Southeast Asia with a subtropical climate . The region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration ). Hanoi averages 1,612 millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain. The average annual temperature
5074-470: The Song launched a failed invasion. The conflict ended after Lý Nhân Tông sought reconciliation following Lý military successes. During the era of Lý Anh Tông (1138–1175), the Song dynasty changed its name for Vietnam from Jiaozhi ( Giao Chi ) to Annan ( Annam ). In 1168, Jin Emperor Shizong sent an envoy to Thăng Long to establish relationship. Both Jin and Song ambassadors visited Lý court in
5192-599: The United States and South Vietnamese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the fall of Saigon , Hanoi became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976. On 21 December 1978, the National Assembly of Vietnam approved a law to expand Hanoi's borders, absorbing the districts of Ba Vì , Thạch Thất , Phúc Thọ , Đan Phượng , Hoài Đức , and
5310-453: The absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region. Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater. It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years. In around third century BC, An Dương Vương established the capital of Âu Lạc north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel
5428-523: The business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'. A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by Ernest Hebrard in 1924, but was only partially implemented. The previous close relationship between
5546-494: The capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945. After the August Revolution , the Democratic Republic of Vietnam designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. In 2008, Hà Tây Province and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area. Hanoi is the cultural, economic and education center of Northern Vietnam . As the country's capital, it hosts 78 foreign embassies ,
5664-504: The capital to Huế . Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its chữ Hán was changed from 昇龍 ( lit. ' ascending dragon ' ) to the homophone 昇隆 ( lit. ' ascent and prosperity ' ), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty. Emperors of Vietnam usually used dragon (龍 long ) as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi
5782-476: The capture of his lord, Quách Bốc (郭卜), a general of Bỉnh Di, decided to assault the imperial palace to rescue his master. Emperor Cao Tông had Bỉnh Di and his son killed and they both fled to Phú Thọ. Quách Bốc captured the imperial palace and installed Prince Lý Thầm to be the new emperor. Prince Lý Hạo Sảm (李日旵) fled to Hải Ấp with his mother Empress An Toàn, where they met the leader of Trần clan, Trần Lý (陳李) and general Tô Trung Từ , both support Lý Hạo Sảm as
5900-533: The central level, under the king were the Thái positions: Tam thái for the three literary mandarins ( Thái sư , Thái bảo and Thái phó ), and Thái úy for the martial mandarin. Under the Thái s were the Thiếu positions like Thiếu sư , Thiếu bảo , Thiếu phó , and Thiếu úy . In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ changed the 10 đạo subdivisions into 24 lộ . The lộ was possibly subdivided into châu (in mountainous areas) or phủ (in
6018-439: The city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991 to 1995, 15.9 percent from 1996 to 2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003. In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses operating under
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#17328687804446136-404: The city to Daluocheng ( Chinese : 大羅城 ; Vietnamese : Đại La Thành ). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height. Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including small foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and Nestorian Christians . It became an important trading center of
6254-483: The city's image to attract foreigners. Many foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city, although street vending was much less common prior to the 1986 Đổi Mới policies. The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of modern Hanoi. Hanoi is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from
6372-548: The city, such as McDonald's , Lotteria , Pizza Hut , KFC , and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase " fast-food " as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures. Similarly, city officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025. This is likely to increase consumption of less nutritious foods, as traditional markets are key for consumption of fresh rather than processed foods. Over three-quarters of
6490-524: The construction of the Imperial Academy (Quốc Tử Giám) and the confucian Văn Miếu Temple to boost education. Minor officials were chosen by examination for the first time in 1075, and a civil service training institute was set up in 1076. In 1089 a fixed hierarchy of state officials was established, with nine degrees of civil and military scholar officials. Examinations for public office were made compulsory, and literary competitions were held to determine
6608-507: The court. This was met with opposition from other mandarins and imperial members, who staged to arrest Đỗ Anh Vũ. However, by the empress's intervention, he was not killed but instead banished as a peasant. The empress dowager used her influence to restore the position for Anh Vũ, he was subsequently pardoned and took revenge on the people who tried to arrest him. The emperor unwillingly had to approve it and Anh Vũ's enemies were impeached then executed. Đỗ Anh Vũ died in 1158. Tô Hiến Thành (蘇憲誠),
6726-483: The daily handling of the Lý court. He brought his nephew Trần Cảnh (the second son of Trần Thừa) to become the confidant of young Queen. Both of them then had blossom closed relationship. In aim to overthrow the rule of Lý dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ arranged their marriage in the next year. Trần Cảnh later became the Consort of Lý dynasty. In 1226, Trần Thủ Độ forced Lý Chiêu Hoàng to give the throne to Trần Cảnh , Trần Thừa became
6844-484: The emperor donated 126 acres of land to the clergy, three to pagoda keepers and spiritual festivals. Other inscriptions and runic stones also describe the important role of Buddhism in the monarchy and Vietnamese society. Emperor Lý Thánh Tông ordered the Temple of Literature to be built, and commissioned the statues of the Duke of Zhou and Confucius . The Emperor wore a golden robe, purple trousers and wore his hair in
6962-444: The emperor. Lý Hạo Sảm was then married to the daughter of Trần Lý, Trần Thị Dung (陳氏庸). Emperor Lý Cao Tông put a fight against Sảm but failing to reclaim the throne. Finally, Trần Lý led the army against Quách Bốc and ended the rebellion. However the Đại Việt kingdom was already in partition by many warlords. In 1210, Lý Cao Tông died. Lý Hạo Sảm was enthroned as Emperor Lý Huệ Tông . General Tô Trung Từ gained too much power that he
7080-484: The famed Long Biên Bridge , built during French colonial times, and more recently to a new district to the east of the Red River . Several older names of Hanoi feature long ( 龍 , transl. dragon ), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon. In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La ( 大羅 , lit. ' big net ' ). This gave it
7198-453: The fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025. In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached 451,213 billion VND (US$ 21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$ 3,000). Industrial production in
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#17328687804447316-567: The first time during the Lý dynasty. Tensions between the Lý and Song increased during the reign of Lý Nhân Tông (1072–1128), whose military seized Qinzhou, Lianzhou, and Yongzhou along the Lý-Song border after his attack on Champa. In 1075, Song prime minister Wang Anshi informed the Song emperor of the decline in the Lý's power following its defeat by the Champa, prompting the Lý-Song War during which
7434-474: The frock was decorated with prominent small multi-petalled flowers. The fabric had a tiled or scaled pattern, which might have been embroidered or woven into the fabric. A waistband made of cloth was tied with the ends dropping to the front. If a leather waistband was worn, it would be tightly fastened around the belly to reveal the body muscles. The boots reached up to the knee and were simply decorated. Hanoi Hanoi ( Vietnamese : Hà Nội )
7552-436: The grades of officials. Emperor Lý Thánh Tông died in 1072, the crown prince Càn Đức was enthroned at 7 as emperor Lý Nhân Tông . Empress Dowager Dương became regent, but was toppled the next year by a plot by Lý Nhân Tông's mother, Concubine Ỷ Lan . She ordered the former Empress to be buried alive in the emperor's mausoleum along with over 70 servants. Ỷ Lan then became regency with help of Chancellor Lý Thường Kiệt . In
7670-560: The hatred of people being cumulated and revolts happened. The Quách Bốc rebellion was the main reason of weakening the dynasty. In 1207, the Governor Đoàn Thượng (段尚) of Hồng Châu (now Hải Dương and Hải Phòng provinces) began the revolt against the court. The emperor ordered generals Phạm Bỉnh Di (范秉異), Phạm Du (范兪), Đàm Dĩ Mông and the others to lead army to suppress the revolt. Nevertheless, Đoàn Thượng corrupted Phạm Du to retreat his infantry and persuade emperor to retreat all soldiers. Phạm Du
7788-458: The headquarters of People's Army of Vietnam , its own Vietnam National University system , and many other governmental organizations. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022. The city hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long , Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum , Hoàn Kiếm Lake , West Lake , and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of
7906-404: The imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long ( lit. ' ascending dragon ' ). In 1428, king Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh ( 東京 , lit. ' eastern capital ' ), and remained being so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as
8024-407: The imperial army to fight against his brothers. Lý Nhân Nghĩa succeeded in his campaign and caught Vũ Đức Vương, while the two other princes escaped. Lý Phật Mã then enthroned and take the temple name Lý Thái Tông . He grant mercy to all those who tried to opposed him and pardoned his two brothers Đông Chinh vương and Dực Thánh vương, letting them return to their former positions. The emperor issued
8142-565: The international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam. Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi. Following a short period of economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial crisis , Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth. On 29 May 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Province , Vĩnh Phúc Province 's Mê Linh District and four communes in Lương Sơn District , Hòa Bình Province be merged into
8260-526: The jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. Nine percent of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector. The structure of employment has been changing rapidly as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow. Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills Hanoi's economy. A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate
8378-516: The late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture , dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now National Museum of Vietnamese History ) carried out the archaeological studies in
8496-428: The lowlands). The châu and phủ were further subdivided into huyện and giáp , and under them hương and ấp . He imposed on these divisions taxes on land, salt, ivory and mountain specialties. During the Lý dynasty, laws in Đại Việt were primarily based on imperial proclamations, although a body of law composing of civil laws, criminal laws, litigation laws, and laws dealing with marriage existed. However, because
8614-525: The main religions of Hanoi for many years. Most people consider themselves Buddhist, though not all of them regularly follow religion. There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by Mường at 0.77% and Tày at 0.24%. According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers , Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City will be amongst
8732-469: The merger of Nghe An and Ha Tinh into Nghe Tinh province, the administrative units include: Vinh city, Ha Tinh town and 25 districts: Anh Sơn , Cam Xuyen , Can Loc , Con Cuong , Dien Chau , Do Luong , Duc Tho , Hung Nguyen , Huong Khe , Hương Sơn , Ky Anh , Ky Son , Nam Dan , Nghi Loc , Nghi Xuan , Nghia Dan , Que Phong , Quy Chau , Quy Hop , Quynh Luu , Tan Ky , Thach Ha , Thanh Chuong , Tuong Duong , Yen Thanh . On August 12, 1991,
8850-522: The metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008. Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions with the new population being 6,232,940, effectively tripling its size. The Hanoi Capital Region ( Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội ), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of 13,436 square kilometres (5,188 sq mi) with 15 million people by 2020. Hanoi has experienced rapid expansion in its modern period, accompanied by
8968-426: The minor warlords excepts Nguyễn Nộn, were subdued. Nguyễn Nộn himself later died of illness in 1229. In winter 1216, Trần Thị Dung was granted the title Empress. People of Trần clan were then promoted to several important positions in the court: Trần Tự Khánh became chancellor, his brother Trần Thừa was titled Marquis, Trần Thừa's son Trần Liễu was titled Prince of Phụng Cần. In 1217, Emperor Lý Huệ Tông suffered
9086-477: The most recent expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world. According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people. As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females. The population living in urban areas is 3,962,310 people, accounting for 49.2% and in rural areas
9204-427: The much greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces. The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of " microbusiness " and local grassroots economic development by business reports. In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing"
9322-575: The municipality. Hanoi's urban area has a wide range of architectural styles , including French colonial architecture , brutalist apartments typical of socialist nations and disorganized alleys – tube houses stemming from the city's rapid growth in the 20th century. Hanoi has had various names throughout history. It was known first as Long Biên ( 龍編 , lit. ' dragons interweaving ' ), then Tống Bình ( 宋平 , lit. ' Song pacification ' ) and Long Đỗ ( 龍肚 , lit. ' dragon belly ' ). Long Biên later gave its name to
9440-918: The name to Tonkin and Gulf of Tonkin . A square adjacent to the Hoàn Kiếm lake was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục after the reformist Tonkin Free School under French colonization. After the end of the Tây Sơn had expanded further south, the city was named Bắc Thành ( 北城 , lit. ' northern citadel ' ). Minh Mạng renamed the city Hà Nội ( 河內 ) in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times. Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: Kẻ Chợ (仉𢄂, lit. ' marketplace ' ), Tràng An ( lit. ' long peace ' ), Long Thành (short for Kinh thành Thăng Long , "citadel of Thăng Long"), Kinh Thành (capital city), Hà Thành (short for Thành phố Hà Nội , "city of Hanoi"), and Thủ Đô (capital). Many vestiges of human habitation from
9558-612: The neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system. Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and SIM cards are readily available in Vietnam, with pre-paid mobile phone credit available in all areas of Hanoi. The three teachings ( Vietnamese : tam giáo ) of Buddhism , Taoism , and Confucianism have been
9676-553: The new place. This decision had a marked influence on Vietnam, which opening the flourishing era of the dynasty. Following dynasties such as Trần , Lê and Mạc continued to use Hà Nội as their capital, as does the Socialist Republic of Vietnam today. In 1028, Lý Thái Tổ died at the age 55 with Posthumous name Thần Vũ hoàng đế (神武皇帝), he was buried at Thọ Lăng imperial tomb. In his funeral, most of his mandarins expected crown prince Lý Phật Mã (Prince Khai Thiên) to assume
9794-462: The nickname La Thành ( 羅城 , lit. ' La citadel ' ). Both Đại La and La Thành are names of major streets in modern Hanoi. When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long ( 昇龍 ). Thăng Long later became the name of a major bridge on the highway linking the city center to Nội Bài Airport , and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in
9912-602: The ninth session of the VIIIth National Assembly issued a resolution to divide Nghe Tinh province to re-establish Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces: This article about a location in Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ly dynasty The Lý dynasty ( Vietnamese : Nhà Lý , Vietnamese pronunciation: [ɲâː lǐ] , chữ Nôm : 茹李, chữ Hán : 朝李, Vietnamese : triều Lý ), officially Đại Cồ Việt (chữ Hán: 大瞿越) from 1009 to 1054 and Đại Việt (chữ Hán: 大越) from 1054 to 1225,
10030-519: The north of Đồng Mô Lake [ vi ] ( Sơn Tây , Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to the Sơn Vi Culture dating back to the Paleolithic Age around 20,000 years ago. During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from
10148-571: The northern and western parts of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located west of the city proper. When using the Köppen climate classification , Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) with plentiful precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam. The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons. Summer, from May to September,
10266-552: The palace guard and rose through the ranks to commandership. In 1009, Công Uẩn succeeded Lê Long Đĩnh of the Lê family , thereby founding the Lý dynasty. After a year of enthronement, in 1010, Lý Thái Tổ started to move the capital from Hoa Lư ( Ninh Bình ) to Đại La ( Hà Nội ), and renamed it Thang Long. He wrote the Edict on the Transfer of the Capital to announce his plan to move to
10384-414: The palaces, forcing Tự Khánh and Emperor Nguyên Hoàng to move to Hà Nam . The country is again divided by multiple warlords, the major ones being Nguyễn Nộn, Tự Khánh and Đoàn Thượng. In late 1214, Trần Tự Khánh forces retook the capital and gradually managed to conquered the warlords. In 1217, Đoàn Thượng surrendered to the court, he was pardoned and granted title of Prince of Hồng. By the end of 1220, all
10502-462: The population of the city was 132,145. After the First Indochina War , many French and Chinese people left the city to either move south or repatriate. Hanoi's population only started to increase rapidly in the second half 20th century. In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km . By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km , and the population
10620-441: The population. For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler. In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several hundred years. Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam. In March of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of
10738-503: The rapidly expanding city. Hanoi is a landlocked municipality in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River delta, nearly 90 km (56 mi) from the coast. Hanoi contains three basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous zone. In general, the terrain becomes gradually lower from north to south and from west to east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above sea level. Hills and mountainous zones are located in
10856-427: The redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake . The Ba Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment. On 12 September 2023, at least 56 people died in a huge fire in an apartment block in Hanoi. The fire highlighted the lack of adequate fire safety measures in many newly constructed apartments in
10974-400: The rule of law rather than on autocratic principles. They chose the Đại La Citadel as the capital (later renamed Thăng Long and subsequently Hanoi ). Ly Dynasty held onto power in part due to their economic strength, stability and general popularity among the population rather than by military means like previous dynasties. This set off a historical precedent for following dynasties, as prior to
11092-583: The same time, but emperpor Lý Anh Tông ordered do not let them face together to avoid tension. In 1013, administration in mountain prefecture Vị Long (now in southeast Yunnan ) was Hà Trắc Tuấn allied with Dali kingdom started rebelling against the Lý government. Dali forces and Tuấn with tribal supports invaded Đại Cồ Việt in spring 1014. According to An Nam chí lược by 14th-century historian Lê Tắc , Dali and rebel forces numbered about 30,000 troops. They occupied Bình Nguyên province (southeast Yunnan and Hà Giang province), stationed there and waited for
11210-463: The second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at 51.4 billion USD in 2022, behind Ho Chi Minh City . In the third century BCE, the Cổ Loa Capital Citadel of Âu Lạc was constructed in what is now Hanoi. Âu Lạc then fell under Chinese rule for around a thousand years . In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of
11328-518: The southwest of the city center. In modern times, the city is usually referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội , when its long history is discussed. During the Hồ dynasty , it was called Đông Đô ( 東都 , lit. ' eastern metropolis ' ). During the Ming occupation , it was called Đông Quan ( 東關 , lit. ' eastern gate ' ). During the Lê dynasty , Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh ( 東京 ), which gave
11446-447: The temperature reached up to 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in a week. Hanoi can sometimes experience snow in winter. The most recent snow happened on Ba Vì mountain range , and the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on 24 January 2016. Hà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When Hà Tây was merged into Hanoi in 2008, Hà Đông was transformed into an urban district while Sơn Tây
11564-507: The throne. However, three of his brothers: Prince Đông Chinh (Đông Chinh vương), Prince Dực Thánh (Dực Thánh vương) and Prince Vũ Đức (Vũ Đức vương) rejected the decision and attacked the imperial palace with their own armies to take Prince Khai Thiên's throne. Lý Phật Mã discovered the plot, he ordered all the gates of palace to be closed and arranged guards for protection. However his eunuch Lý Nhân Nghĩa advised him to engage with betrayers. Lý Phật Mã decide to let Lý Nhân Nghĩa to lead
11682-647: The town of Sơn Tây from Hà Sơn Bình Province , and the districts of Mê Linh and Sóc Sơn from Vĩnh Phú Province [ vi ] . The five districts annexed from Hà Sơn Bình would be given to Hà Tây and Mê Linh to Vĩnh Phúc in 1991; they would be re-annexed into Hanoi in 2008. After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, the Communist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in Hanoi. High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to
11800-478: The tributary system to Lý dynasty. The Lý Emperors supported the improvement of Vietnam's agricultural system by constructing and repairing dikes and canals and by allowing soldiers to return to their villages to work for six months of each year. As their territory and population expanded, the Lý Emperors looked to China as a model for organizing a strong, centrally administered state. In 1070, Lý Thánh Tông ordered
11918-543: The unpopular Lê Long Đĩnh , died in 1009. His crown prince son was still very young and could not take over power from his own father. Members of the imperial court, including the official Đào Cam Mộc and the Buddhist monk Vạn Hạnh , decided to install general Lý Công Uẩn to become the new emperor of Đại Cồ Việt . The first ruler of the Lý dynasty, Lý Công Uẩn , was of Min Chinese ancestry (from Min kingdom , today's Fujian province). The identity of his birth-father
12036-622: The west. Similar to Ho Chi Minh City , Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market. The most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hòa Nhân Chính, Mỹ Đình , the luxurious zones of The Manor, Ciputra, Royal City in the Nguyễn Trãi Street (Thanh Xuân District) and Times City in the Hai Bà Trưng District. With an estimated nominal GDP of US$ 42.04 billion as of 2019, it is the second most productive economic area of Vietnam (after Ho Chi Minh City ) Agriculture , previously
12154-484: The wrist. The whole of the frock was covered with small pieces of armor plate full of spiral designs, or patterns of multiple large petalled flowers at the chest. In addition, there were patterns of parallel curved brims or spiral designs below which hung small bells, drooping fringes, and finally a line of bells. For some other kinds of frocks, the shoulder straps were adorned with bells, and the two shoulder bands and waistband decorated with tiger-face designs. The surface of
12272-537: The young Lý Cao Tông was enthroned with Tô Hiến Thành again holding the regency. Lý Cao Tông became the emperor at three. His mother, Concubine Đỗ became Chiêu Thiên Chí Lý Empress dowager. Her younger brother Đỗ An Di became Consort kin and Tô Hiến Thành was still a regent and teacher to teach the emperor. Empress Chiêu Linh, mother of the deposed Prince Lý Long Xưởng tried to take the throne back for his son but failed because of Tô Hiến Thành's determination. In 1179, Chancellor Tô Hiến Thành died when emperor Cao Tông
12390-618: Was conquered and briefly occupied by the French military in late 1873 and passed to them ten years later . As Hanoi, it was located in the protectorate of Tonkin and became the capital of French Indochina in 1902. The city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1940, Japan overthrew French rule in Hanoi in March 1945. After the fall of the Empire of Vietnam , it became the capital of
12508-416: Was 91,000 people. In 1978, National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km , with a population of 2.5 million people. By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km (357 sq mi), but the population was still over 2 million people. During the 1990s, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reaching 2,672,122 people in 1999. After
12626-432: Was a Vietnamese dynasty that existed from 1009 to 1225. It was established by Lý Công Uẩn when he overthrew the Early Lê dynasty . The dynasty ended when empress regnant Lý Chiêu Hoàng (then 8 years old) was pressured to abdicate the throne in favor of her husband, Trần Cảnh in 1225, the dynasty lasts for 216 years. During Lý Thánh Tông 's reign, the official name of the state was changed from Đại Cồ Việt to Đại Việt,
12744-626: Was a Vietic Tao-hua clan that originated from the highland regions in Feng district. Công Uẩn himself was born in 974 CE in Cổ Pháp region, Bắc Giang circuit (now in Từ Sơn , Bắc Ninh Province , Vietnam). When he was three years old, Công Uẩn was adopted by a monk of Cổ Pháp pagoda named Lý Khánh Văn, whose surname Công Uẩn inherited. The good-looking and intelligent Công Uẩn was noted as an extraordinary child by Buddhist Zen master Vạn Hạnh . When mature, he joined
12862-416: Was appointed as Jinghai Junjie Dushi (Military Commissioner of Jinghai) and was crowned Giao Chi Quan Vuong (King of Giao Chi ) by the Song emperor. For the first time in the Song dynasty's relations with Vietnam, the Song dynasty reciprocated Lý tributes in 1028 as recognition of the political power of the Lý. The Song dynasty also deployed officers to attend the funeral of a deceased Vietnamese king for
12980-486: Was chosen to be the crown prince. Lý Nhân Tông died in 1128. Lý Dương Hoán was enthroned at age 11 and took temple name Lý Thần Tông. The death of Lý Nhân Tông had marked the transition of succession from the main line to the cadet line. Lý Thần Tông would die young after ruling for 10 years. Crown prince Lý Thiên Tộ then enthroned as Emperor Lý Anh Tông at 3 year old. Thần Tông's Empress Cảm Thánh became regency. Her lover Commandant Đỗ Anh Vũ (杜英武) would rise into power in
13098-573: Was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the Ministry of Construction . The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the Gia Lâm District , and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to Hà Đông and
13216-411: Was established within the same complex; Initially the education was limited to the children of the emperor, the imperial family as well as mandarin and nobility, serving as Vietnam's first university institution. The first imperial examination was held in 1075 and Lê Văn Thịnh became the first Trạng Nguyên ( Zhuangyuan ) of Vietnam. Politically, the dynasty established an administration system based on
13334-532: Was founded by the Chinese Liu Song dynasty as the seat of a new district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉ commandery . The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464. The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts) with
13452-522: Was given even more privileges from the Emperor. Emperor Huệ Tông did not have a son as heir. Captain Trần Thủ Độ (Trần Thừa's cousin) then decided the emperor's second daughter Princess Chiêu Thánh will be crowned as Queen of Đại Việt. In 1224, Huệ Tông abdicated and gave the throne to the crowned princess. Lý Chiêu Hoàng, at 6 years old, became the first reigning queen of Vietnam. Trần Thủ Độ took on his hand all
13570-480: Was killed by other officials. His nephew Trần Tự Khánh, amassed an army and threatened the capital. Emperor Huệ Tông then turned to warlord Đoàn Thượng who rebelled earlier for help, but they were defeated by Tự Khánh. The emperor had to escape to Lạng Sơn. In 1214, Tự Khánh installed the Emperor Lý Nguyên Hoàng as a puppet ruler. At the same time, Nguyễn Nộn , a warlord attacked the capital and burnt all
13688-446: Was only six and Đỗ An Di replaced him as regent. In 1188, Đỗ An Di died and Ngô Lý Tín replaced him until his death in 1190. Then, Đàm Dĩ Mông (譚以蒙), the younger brother of Empress An Toàn, became regent. Emperor Lý Cao Tông pursued a corrupted policy in which rich people could buy themselves to become high rank officials, which led the nation into crisis. He enjoyed the luxury life and exploit his people to build him palaces, resulting in
13806-564: Was patroned by Buddhist leaders. Ly emperors were fundraisers and sponsors of the Buddhist Sangha . Buddhism became the state religion as members of the imperial family and the nobility made pilgrimages, supported the building of pagodas , sometimes even entered monastic life , and otherwise took an active part in Buddhist practices. The kingdom was governed according to Buddhist ideas and laws. Emperors built pagodas to commemorate military victories, such as when Lý Thường Kiệt had defeated
13924-524: Was then sent to train the military in Nghệ An but he started to recruit criminals for his own agenda. Emperor Cao Tông dispatched Phạm Bỉnh Di to capture Phạm Du, Du lost the battle and fled to Hồng province.In 1209, Phạm Bỉnh Di had victory over the Đoàn Thượng rebels. The emperor then summoned Du back to Thăng Long but Du slandered Phạm Bỉnh Di to prove himself innocent. Cao Tông trusted Du's accusation and ordered to capture Phạm Bỉnh Di and his son (Phạm Phụ). Upon
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