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Ngāti Raukawa–Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga War

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58-612: Ngāti Raukawa victory The Ngāti Raukawa–Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga War was a conflict between the Ngāti Raukawa iwi of Tainui and Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga in the Waikato region of New Zealand in the mid-seventeenth century, which resulted in Tainui's acquisition of the upper Waikato River . This marked the final destruction of all non-Tainui people within the Waikato region. A detailed account of

116-556: A rangatira of Ngāti Waihakari and left her with the Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga for safekeeping only for them to murder her for some reason. News of the murder was brought to Tama-te-hura , a cousin of Korokore. He passed the news on to Whāita at Wharepuhunga, who gathered a war party. He was joined by Tama-te-hura's brothers Upoko-iti and Pipito, as well as Wairangi , who may have been a brother of Tama-te-hura or Whāita. The Tainui war-party marched past Maungatautari and attacked

174-490: A 17-bed inpatient ward and a 4-bed maternity ward. There is also a dedicated emergency department with capacity for five patients, and a fully functional theatre suite presently used for minor day surgery. Other facilities include x-ray and laboratory services, a cafe, a helipad for patient transfer, and various allied health services. District and public health nursing, diabetes nursing specialists, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and health social work services are also based

232-463: A Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga chieftain, Matanuku. Gudgeon places the defence of Te Ana-kai-tangata at this point and says that the siege lasted for three days, before the Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga forces fled. Four of their chieftains, Kaimatirei, Te Aomakinga, Tokoroa, and Te Rau-o-te-Huia were killed. From there, Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga fled south of Whakamaru, where they had two fortresses, Te-Ahi-pū and Te Aho-roa. Again, Whāita defeated them. At Te Aho-roa, all

290-646: A decrease of 18 people (−1.2%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 333 people (29.9%) since the 2006 census . There were 543 households, comprising 789 males and 657 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.2 males per female. The median age was 33.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 324 people (22.4%) aged under 15 years, 324 (22.4%) aged 15 to 29, 636 (44.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 165 (11.4%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 83.6% European/ Pākehā , 19.5% Māori , 2.7% Pacific peoples , 8.5% Asian , and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

348-831: A determined effort was made to revitalise traditional language and establishments. Ngāti Raukawa have established a large number of marae and other institutions, including Raukawa Marae and Te Wānanga o Raukawa , a centre for higher learning. Administrative organisations include the Raukawa Trust Board and Te Rūnanga o Raukawa. Raukawa FM is the official station of Ngāti Raukawa. It was set up by Te Reo Irirangi o Ngati Raukawa Trust on 23 October 1990. Many of its first hosts were Tokoroa High School students, and most of its staff are still volunteers. It broadcasts on 95.7 FM in Tokoroa , 93.2 FM in Mangakino , and 90.6 FM across

406-409: A number of Tourist and visiting attractions, as well as many facilities for local use. Since 1997, Tokoroa has been "sprouting" Talking Poles, consisting mainly of carvings representing ethnic culture, sports recreation, industry in the town and stories about the town. This one, photographed shortly after its unveiling in 2004, is a chainsaw carving of a deodar cedar which died from natural causes. It

464-653: A population of 13,578 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 1,242 people (10.1%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 408 people (3.1%) since the 2006 census . There were 4,629 households, comprising 6,759 males and 6,813 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 3,210 people (23.6%) aged under 15 years, 2,601 (19.2%) aged 15 to 29, 5,559 (40.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,199 (16.2%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 59.0% European/ Pākehā , 42.7% Māori , 20.7% Pacific peoples , 4.2% Asian , and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

522-511: A time, a population of over 20,000 – the number necessary to be officially deemed a city. In the 1980s years NZFP (and later, mill-owner Carter Holt Harvey Ltd) began to downscale and restructure operations at Kinleith. Since the late 1980s this ongoing downscaling at Kinleith – and closing of other local industries – resulted in a marked drop in population. Census figures put the 2018 population at approximately 14,300. Tokoroa has two marae connected to local iwi and hapū : In October 2020,

580-508: Is important to Tokoroa, through Te Wānanga o Aotearoa and Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology . Tokoroa has two secondary schools: It has two alternative education facilities for secondary students who work better with full teacher guidance outside the classroom: There are three full Year 1 to 8 primary schools: There is one intermediate school: Tokoroa also has a range of Year 1–6 primary schools: Matarawa Primary School closed in 1999. Tokoroa East School closed in 2010. Tokoroa has

638-518: Is milled and processed at Kinleith. Over recent years, the sharp decline in timber processing has seen the majority of raw logs shipped offshore. Most of the Kinleith workers live in Tokoroa, with a small number commuting from other South Waikato towns. Tokoroa is a marketing and servicing centre for agriculture, inline with other associated industries. These other industries include (but are not limited to):

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696-549: Is one of the most recent towns in New Zealand. The township was established (circa) 1917 by the Matarawa Land Company as a potential farming area; a few families had already settled in the area after 1910, and a school with 9 pupils was founded in 1915 (later to become Tokoroa East School). The land was found to be too poor for raising cattle or sheep due to its predominant pumice soils. However, agricultural science showed

754-503: Is representative of the Greenman in Welsh mythology and was, prior to 2018, located on State Highway 1, immediately adjacent to the town's information centre. By October 2008, 42 Talking Poles were displayed around the town. Tokoroa Talking Poles symposium is convened every two years at the Tokoroa campus of Te Wananga o Aotearoa . The Greenman was carved in 2004 by Mr Andy Hankcock. As part of

812-613: The Ngāti Raukawa iwi of Tainui. The portion south of Whakamaru was settled by Wairangi and his descendants, the Ngāti Wairangi section of Ngāti Raukawa, who now share Mōkai marae with a number of other hapu. Whāita took the section furthest up the river, around Pōhatu-roa and his descendants, the Ngāti Whāita, have their marae at Ōngāroto , on the north bank of the Waikato River, a little west of Ātiamuri. The war also established

870-513: The Puniu River , which was defended by Korokore's murderer, Te Maru-huoko, and that this was followed, on the same day, by the fall of the village of Te Aro-whenua, and two other places: Pōhue, and Taka-ahiahi. Bruce Biggs says the Te Horanga was the base of Parahore. Wirihana, on the other hand, says that Te Horanga was already in Tainui hands before the war, being the base of Tama-te-hura, and that

928-519: The Waipā River . By the mid-seventeenth century, Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga were the only non-Tainui people remaining in the Waikato region. According to Jones, they were a tribe of Tangata whenua ('people of the land'), who had been presented in Waikato before the arrival of the Tainui. According to the 1886 testimony of Hōri Wirihana, they were part of the Te Arawa confederacy. At this time, they inhabited

986-431: The 1970s, 'The Lake' was used extensively by youths and was referred to in local parlance as 'Tokoroa Beach'. On many summer afternoons, it was a common sight to see youth lying on the footpath across the road from the lake drying out after a swim. In the period following the initial construction of the dam in the late 1970s, the lake began to deteriorate due to low rainfall and poor water flows, which saw lake weed overtake

1044-486: The CBD Upgrade project, several of the town's Talking Poles were relocated next to where the existing 'Pine Man' sculpture stands in a central area between State Highway One and Leith Place. In 2018, the Greenman carving was relocated from its site to make way for this new development. Due to substantial rot discovered during this process, the Greenman was not re-installed. As of 2021 council has made arrangements to restore

1102-577: The Government committed $ 1,259,392 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Ngātira Marae and 7 other Ngāti Raukawa marae, creating 18 jobs. Surrounding the township are many dairy farms and plantation forests . There are many scenic reserves around the town – the artificial Lake Moananui (formed by damming the Matarawa Stream in 1974/75) lies within a recreational park. Tokoroa lies in

1160-482: The Māori Land Court at Ōtorohanga on 17 August 1886. Some events are mentioned in F. L. Phillips' Nga Tohu a Tainui / Landmarks of Tainui (1989), drawing on various oral traditions. The Tainui confederation originally settled on the western coast of the Waikato region at Kāwhia , around 1300. From that point onwards, they slowly expanded inland, with the Ngāti Raukawa iwi of Tainui establishing itself around

1218-478: The Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga chieftains, Tama-pohia, at Wai-mapora, and killed further Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga at Te Ripinga-a-tahurangi. Gudgeon instead says that Whāita's forces killed three chieftains: Pokere, Mangapohue, and Tikitikiroahanga. The Te Arawa tribal confederation of the Bay of Plenty now intervened. Jones suggests that they were worried about Whāita continuing into their lands or that they had marriage ties with

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1276-428: The Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga dead were burnt, as revenge for their murder of Korokore, which had taken place on the site. At nearby Turihemo, Whāita personally killed one Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga rangatira , Manuawhio, while Pipito captured a number of Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga hiding in a cave near Tokoroa and brought them back to Te Aho-roa to be eaten . After this, Jones reports that Whāita's forces captured and killed one of

1334-550: The Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga. Whāita defeated the Te Arawa forces that had entered Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga lands and pursued them into Te Arawa land, where however, his forces were routed and forced to flee for the Waikato River, with Te Arawa in pursuit. At Te Whana-a-Whāita ('The springing back of Whāita'), Whāita rallied the troops and defeated Te Arawa. This place remained the boundary between Tainui and Te Arawa thereafter. According to Gudgeon, Whāita's illness had prevented him from joining

1392-615: The Polynesian festival. Tokoroa Polynesian Festival occurs every year during September. Tokoroa's local schools and preschools give Samoan, Māori and Cook Islands performances, where you hear the Cook Island drumming and dancing and the Māori performing arts being displayed on the huge stage at the new South Waikato Events Centre, located at The Tokoroa Memorial Sports Ground. The 2009 event hosted NZ artists J.Williams and Erika. Tokoroa being within

1450-652: The Waikato Province falls under the Waikato ITM Cup provincial catchment and the Chiefs Super Rugby franchise. The South Waikato district's netball associations also fall under the catchment for inclusion in the ANZ Championship, Waikato/BOP Magic franchise. Over many decades, Tokoroa has been a natural base for strong, competitive woodchopping and sawing events. The axe long saw and chainsaw competitions, at

1508-423: The border between Tainui and Te Arawa at Te Whana-a-Whāita. Ng%C4%81ti Raukawa Ngāti Raukawa is a Māori iwi with traditional bases in the Waikato , Taupō and Manawatu / Horowhenua regions of New Zealand . In 2006, 29,418 Māori registered their affiliation with Ngāti Raukawa. The Ngāti Raukawa people are descended from Raukawa, son of Tūrongo and Māhina-a-rangi, their eponymous ancestor, who

1566-400: The centre of a triangle made up of the tourism destinations of Rotorua , Waitomo and Taupō . There are also about 45 recreational lakes within less than an hour's drive of Tokoroa. As well as the central business district, the township is made up of many subdivisions, each built in different stages of the Kinleith complex's development. These subdivisions are: Many of the street names of

1624-470: The defenders' strength and they were unable to deflect a Tainui assault, which captured the chieftain Hikaraupi and the mountain. According to Wirihana, at the end of the campaign there was a disagreement about what to do with the captured Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga – Tame-te-hura wanted to keep them as slaves, but Whāita insisted that they must all be killed, so that they would not return with Arawa support to reclaim

1682-561: The expedition against Te Arawa, which he says was led by Tama-te-hura and reached Waikuta on the shores of Lake Rotorua before Te Arawa turned the force back, took Tama-te-hura prisoner, and killed Pipito. He says that the leader of the Arawan forces was Ariari-te-rangi, son of Hinemoa and Tūtānekai . In this account the Te Arawa pursued the Tainui forces all the way back to Te Whana-a-Whāita, where Whāita rallied them, as in Jones' version. While this

1740-542: The first battle of the war was Te Ana-kai-tangata. After this, the Tainui war party split into two groups, which moved up the river on opposite sides. Wairangi and Upoko-iti stayed on the west side, while Whāita, Pipito, and Tama-te-hura crossed the Waikato River and advanced on the Waotū region, where Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga had three fortresses: Pirau-nui (a foothill of Matawhenua), Puke-tōtara / Ōmaru-o-aka, Pawa-iti, and Hōkio, which Whāita captured. At nearby Mangamingi, Pipito killed

1798-509: The hospital site, which also hosts clinics with various visiting specialists. The hospital site accommodates the Tokoroa Council of Social Services (an umbrella organisation of community services), and since 2014 has also hosted the town's GP practices, a pharmacy and several other health services in a modern health campus based at the hospital's former Ward 3. Tokoroa hosts a number of sporting, cultural and music events every year including

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1856-419: The land could actually be made to successfully support dairy cattle. The soil had serious deficiencies causing livestock to suffer from what became known as " bush sickness " (later found to be cobalt deficiency). In the 1930s, the deficiency was addressed, and subsequently, cattle farming became profitable. Between 1925 and 1935 Pinus radiata was first introduced to the district as a commercial tree crop –

1914-486: The land. Jones agrees that all the Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga died, while Gudgeon speculates that they may have fled to join Te Arawa. Local tradition identifies a number of large stones as the location where the Ngāti Hotu and Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga prisoners were cooked and eaten. The war marked the final stage in the expansion of Tainui to encompass the whole of the Waikato region. The territory of Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga passed to

1972-421: The local forts of Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga on the west side of the Waikato River. According to Jones, the first place to fall was Te Pōhue, and the Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga then fled to Te Ana-kai-tangata ('Cannibal Cave') and Te Ana-kōpua ('Deep Pool Cave'). Defeated there, too, the Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga fled to another refuge, Takahanga-ahiahi. Gudgeon says that the first conquest was Te Horanga, south of Kihikihi on

2030-473: The locals – as it was previously the town's cinema. It currently holds a library with a full computer suite, over 2,000 books, a reference book section, and children's leisure area. It is located in the Tokoroa town centre. Tokoroa Hospital provides limited medical services for a population of approximately 22,800 people in the South Waikato District. Currently, the hospital provides 21 beds made up of

2088-604: The longest-running Māori radio station in New Zealand. Tokoroa Tokoroa is the fourth-largest town in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand and largest settlement in the South Waikato District . Located 30 km southwest of Rotorua and 20 km south of Putāruru , close to the foot of the Mamaku Ranges , it is midway between Taupō and Hamilton on State Highway 1 . Tokoroa

2146-665: The manufacture of cheese (and related dairy products [via Fonterra ]), specialised wooden boxing, timber joinery, saw milling, general engineering, and the quarrying of building (masonry) stone. Although Tokoroa's economy primarily tends to revolve around timber and farming, many large retail companies have continued investing in the town – Foodstuffs recently constructed and opened a New World (supermarket) on Tokoroa's main street (Bridge Street). Also, Woolworths (a major competitor to Foodstuffs Group) also recently built New Zealand's first Countdown (supermarket) featuring bilingual (i.e. including Te Reo-Māori) signage. Tertiary education

2204-719: The new settlers into conflicts with established tangata whenua in the southern parts of the North Island. Four of the subtribes, Ngāti Waewae , Ngāti Pikiahu , Ngāti Matakore and Ngāti Rangatahi , are based on the Te Reureu block, between the Waitapu and Rangitawa Streams, at Kakariki , beside the Rangitīkei River . Ngāti Raukawa has undergone great change in the 20th century. After World War II , many Ngāti Raukawa left their traditional lands and migrated to cities. Starting in 1975,

2262-503: The north bank of the Waikato River, a little west of Ātiamuri. In the early 19th century, significant numbers of Ngāti Raukawa migrated south during the Musket Wars . Led by Te Whatanui and other chiefs, they joined Ngāti Toarangatira in a southwards migration through the North Island, which proceeded in three stages. Land was taken from Rangitikei to Kapiti, where a large number of pā were built and subtribes established. This brought

2320-431: The sculpture. Tokoroa's man-made Lake Moana-Nui was created in the late 1970s for the community, involving excavation by large earthmoving equipment and a concrete dam wall with a drain valve control. A wooden bridge located on the south-west end of the dam wall that supported and controlled the drain valve was a favourite 'bomb' spot, and barefoot skiing down the spillway was early extreme sport unique to Tokoroa. During

2378-617: The section of the upper Waikato river between Putāruru and Ātiamuri in the Ngāti Raukawa–Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga War . After this war, Wairangi settled the area south of Whakamaru and his descendants, the Ngāti Wairangi , now share Mōkai marae with a number of other hapu. Whāita took the section furthest up the river, around Pōhatu-roa and his descendants, the Ngāti Whāita , have their marae at Ōngāroto , on

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2436-508: The sister of Whāita , a prominent rangatira of the southern Tainui, who was based at Wharepuhunga, a hill not far from the west bank of the Waikato. However, a group of Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga led by Te Maru-huoko murdered her at Te Aharoa in Waotū because they knew that Tainui wanted their lands and they were angry that they were required to hand many of the birds that they caught over to her. Gudgeon also reports an alternative version, in which Whāita had eloped with Waiarohi, wife of Te Ruamano,

2494-461: The southern hemisphere's largest cheese factory in Lichfield, some 5 km north of the town. Due to increases in relative rates of return, large amounts of previously forested land were converted to farmland in the 2000s and 2010s. The main agricultural activities of the district are sheep and dairy farming. Forestry is still, however, the primary and most important industry to the district. Timber

2552-428: The swimming areas. The lake weed eventually became a drowning hazard that claimed the lives of swimmers over the preceding decade. In this sense, the project was a failure, and Lake Moana-Nui was considered unsafe. In an effort to control the problems, signs were erected banning access to the dam wall, and basic handrailing was put up to prevent public access. The lake was subject to regular draining in an effort to control

2610-556: The town were named by the first managing director of N.Z. Forest Products Ltd.(builders of the Kinleith mill ), Sir David Henry (1888–1963), after places near his hometown of Edinburgh , in Scotland . David Henry Primary School is a key example of him and his namesaking. Tokoroa covers 15.65 km (6.04 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 14,650 as of June 2024, with a population density of 936 people per km . Tokoroa had

2668-416: The trees were found not to be adversely affected by the local soil deficiencies. As the initial crops matured, Tokoroa was then developed as a residential satellite for Kinleith Mill workers (New Zealand Forest Products Limited's integrated timber, pulp and paper mill), approximately 8 km south of the township. In 1948, Tokoroa had a population of 1,100. By the early 1970s, however, Tokoroa reached, for

2726-454: The upper banks of the Waikato River , from Putāruru to Ātiamuri . This was fairly marginal land, but it included two maunga manu ('bird mountains'), Whakamaru and Tū-aropaki (now site of Mokai Power Station ), which the people of Tainui desired. The rangatira (chieftain), Parahore or Purahore of Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga married Korokore (called Koroukore or Korokoro in some sources),

2784-573: The war was published by Walter Edward Gudgeon in the 1893 issue of the Journal of the Polynesian Society , with no indication of the sources on which it is based. It is also recorded by Pei Te Hurinui Jones , based on oral testimony given at the Māori Land Court at Cambridge in a dispute over ownership of Waotū. A similar account was given by Hōri Wirihana of Ngāti Kauwhata in evidence to

2842-408: The weed and to flush out the stale, stagnant water. While this did slightly improve the situation in the short term, people were warned not to swim in it. The lake is undergoing a major cleaning project so that it can be used in the future. To date (as at 25 April 2015), Lake Moana-Nui has been fully drained, refilled, and restored – and has been cleared by the local council for public recreation (as it

2900-583: The wider Waikato region . The station was co-founded by Emare Rose Nikora and Whiti te-Ra Kaihau. Nikora was a leader of the Māori language revival movement , and was the station's first Māori language newsreader, manager and board member. She was recognised for her work with a Queen's Service Medal for services to Māori. Wellington pan-tribal Māori radio station Te Upoko O Te Ika has been affiliated to Ngāti Raukawa since 2014. It began part-time broadcasting in 1983 and full-time broadcasting in 1987, making it

2958-404: Was $ 42,400, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 240 people (21.4%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 636 (56.7%) people were employed full-time, 183 (16.3%) were part-time, and 39 (3.5%) were unemployed. The economic lifeblood of Tokoroa is forestry, centred at the nearby Kinleith Mill ; and dairy farming. In 1995, Fonterra built

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3016-564: Was 13.3, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.3% had no religion, 35.6% were Christian , 3.8% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.6% were Hindu , 0.2% were Muslim , 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 798 (7.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,063 (29.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,035 people (10.0%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15

3074-468: Was 17.0%, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.0% had no religion, 32.0% were Christian , 1.5% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.6% were Hindu , 0.2% were Muslim , 0.2% were Buddhist and 3.7% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 150 (13.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 216 (19.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income

3132-657: Was descended from the settlers of the Tainui canoe . One of his descendants was Maniapoto, ancestor of the Ngāti Maniapoto iwi. Ngāti Raukawa established their ancestral homeland in the Waikato region, and in the early 19th century a large number of Ngāti Raukawa people migrated to the Manawatū, Horowhenua, and Kapiti Coast areas. In the mid-17th century, the Ngāti Raukawa rangatira Whāita , Tama-te-hura, and Wairangi conquered

3190-494: Was happening, Wairangi's force passed Te Wawa, killed the rangatira Whakahi at Te Pae-o-Turawau, and killed Korouamaku at Te Ngautuku, near Ātiamuri . The last of the Ngāti Kahu-pungapunga made their stand at Pōhatu-roa, a hill just west of Ātiamuri, which was the base of their allies, the Ngāti Hotu . Whāita and Wairangi's war-parties reunited and surrounded the hill. The two forces clashed repeatedly, but eventually hunger sapped

3248-472: Was in its heyday during the 1970s and 80's). There are picnic tables built around the lakes arc and there are four playgrounds. At the southern end of Lake Moana-Nui are gardens which were planted by a collective of Tokoroa school children. Tokoroa has an airfield with an 850m sealed runway. There are no scheduled air services. The site is often used for non-aircraft related reasons. The current location of Tokoroa's library holds many historic memories for

3306-420: Was that 4,260 (41.1%) people were employed full-time, 1,290 (12.4%) were part-time, and 834 (8.0%) were unemployed. Kinleith statistical area, which surrounds but does not include Tokoroa, covers 947.52 km (365.84 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1,580 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1.7 people per km . Kinleith had a population of 1,446 at the 2018 New Zealand census ,

3364-480: Was the name of a chief of the Ngāti Kahupungapunga, who was slain by Raukawa during the siege of Pōhaturoa, a volcanic plug adjacent to Ātiamuri , 27 km south of Tokoroa. This battle took place around 1600 as the Ngāti Raukawa moved into the southern Waikato. The name Tokoroa first appeared on the early maps of the 1860s, although this was for an area 50 km north east of today's Tokoroa. Tokoroa

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