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46-409: Either three or four Councilmembers are elected at-large during each presidential election to represent their districts. The remaining seats have an election during the midterms. The Newport Beach City Council entirely consists of 7 Republicans, though per state law, the council is officially non-partisan. (At-Large) (Nonpartisan) (Mayor Pro Tem) (Mayor) At-large At large ( before

92-671: A candidate for the presidency of the Commission. It is undated, but must have been produced in the autumn of 2019, between her proposal as a candidate by the Council, and confirmation/election by the Parliament. The Conference on the Future of Europe is jointly chaired by the presidents of the 3 EU Institutions: European Parliament President Roberta Metsola , Emmanuel Macron (on behalf of the Presidency of

138-651: A debate, and with the participation of the President of the Commission, the Commissioners and representatives of the European Parliament and with national and local politicians. Since 2012 the formal instrument of European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) , today rather a petition , allows EU citizens to present a proposal to the Commission. Under the Juncker Commission (2014–2019) the debates were announced in

184-454: A member at large, or not. Many municipalities in Canada elect part or all of their city councils at large. In most, the mayor is elected at large as well. Municipal election at large is widespread in small towns to avoid " them and us " cultural dissociation produced by partition of voters into wards and their representatives thus being seen to represent only a specific part of the city. It

230-436: A noun : at-large ) is a description for members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent a whole membership or population (notably a city, county, state, province, nation, club or association), rather than a subset. In multi-hierarchical bodies, the term rarely extends to a tier beneath the highest division. A contrast is implied, with certain electoral districts or narrower divisions. It can be given to

276-654: A province or a city.) The Conference on the Future of Europe has proposed adding "transnational lists" to the European Parliament , in which a small number of members are elected by the entire European Union at large from Union-wide party lists. This is among a number of proposed reforms to deepen European integration . In Israel , elections for the Knesset (the national parliament ) are conducted at large by proportional representation from party lists. Election of municipal and town (but not regional) councils are on

322-422: Is at large ) for return to the very same chamber, and consequent issue of multiple ballots for plural voting to every voter. This avoids plural voting competing with single voting in the jurisdiction, an inherent different level of democratic power . Examples of a democratic power disparity were found in a small number of states at certain U.S. Congresses, between 1853 and 1967, and in the old lower houses of

368-561: Is also used in many large cities in Canada. The voting method in all such elections and multi-member wards today is plurality block voting . (In the past, single transferable voting (STV) was used in 20 Canadian municipalities, either in at-large contests or multi-member wards.) Notable larger instances are, from west to east: (As well, the three territories - Yukon , Nunavut , and the Northwest Territories - are federally served in

414-458: Is an at-large U.S. congressional district, at present). It is commonly used when making or highlighting a direct contrast with subdivided equivalents that may be past or present, or seen in exotic comparators. It indicates that the described zone has no further subsets used for the same representative purpose. An exception is a nil-exceptions arrangement of overlapping tiers (resembling or being district and regional representatives, one set of which

460-456: Is expected to wrestle a bit with the Commission and Council for control of how the process plays out." Financial Times called the Conference "one of the big projects for Ursula von der Leyen ... Its goal is to make recommendations for new policies and institutional changes." The Swiss NZZ concluded: "After all, a few days ago Berlin and Paris took up the idea of a Citizens' Conference on

506-579: Is primarily tasked with the preparation of the Conference in collaboration with the European Parliament, Jourová is designated to represent the Commission at the Conference. Šefčovič's main responsibility lies in the follow-up on the results of the Conference, which shall be undertaken jointly with the European Council , the Council of the European Union , and the European Parliament. On 16 October 2019,

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552-648: The Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament decided to set up a Working Group on the Conference on the Future of Europe. The Working Group is composed of one representative per political group in the European Parliament and one representative from the Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO), however, some in the Working Group are also in the AFCO. It is tasked with preparing "a proposal on Parliament's approach to

598-520: The Joint Report on European Citizens' Consultations , initiated by Emmanuel Macron , which took place from April to October 2018 at national level, as debates or other formats. It remains to be seen, whether – during the upcoming debates of the Conference on the Future of Europe (from "February 2020 [on] – Kick-Off of Phase... issues related to citizens' participation in EU institutions..." , as proposed by

644-465: The Parliament of Canada by one Member of Parliament and Senator each. These are so sparsely populated that even one member each is over-representation. They have high apportionment but are ethnically diverse and of exceptional geographical size. Provinces are divided to make up the other 335 electoral districts (ridings or comtés). Canada's 102 senators are appointed to serve a large region within

690-634: The United Kingdom and Ireland , whereby certain voters could vote for (and lobby) at-large (whole-state/County) and district(-based) representatives to them, giving zones of plural voting and thus representation contrasting with zones, for the same national assembly, of single voting and representation. In 1964 the U.S. Supreme Court banned such plural voting for the U.S. Congress (thus banning at-large, whole-state congressional districts which overlap state subdivision congressional districts). Universal principles apply regardless whether election(s) are for

736-547: The White Paper on the Future of Europe of March 2017. An online consultation on the Future of Europe was launched in May 2018, with a questionnaire of twelve questions, designed by a panel of ninety-six citizens, giving "the opportunity to citizens to express their expectations, concerns and hopes" . Citizens' Dialogue conferences took place, involving the President of the Commission,

782-451: The state has a single representative, that will be a representative at large. This is a table of every such instance. It shows the situation applied to a small, varying group of states in three periods. The 33rd Congress began in 1853; it ended two years later. The 38th began in 1863; the 50th ended in 1889. The 53rd began in 1893; the 89th ended in January 1967, the final such period. This

828-614: The 1990s. After the 2010 United States redistricting cycle , Nevada eliminated their two remaining multi-member senate districts and implemented single-winner districts in both houses. In 2018, West Virginia passed a law switching all remaining multi-winner House of Delegates seats to single-winner districts following the 2020 United States Census . Since passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and lessening of some historic barriers to voter registration and voting, legal challenges have been made based on at-large election schemes at

874-546: The Commissioners and some staff members of the Commission, "town-hall style debates carried out in line with Juncker's invitation to members of the College of Commissioners to be politically active in communicating the common agenda to citizens and listening to common concerns coming from them" . The 2019 Report on Citizens' Dialogue and Citizen's Consultation was delivered to the "EU-27 leaders as material for reflection" for their EUCO Sibiu meeting of 9 May 2019. Same as

920-466: The Conference in 2022. The Franco-German announcement of the Conference, on 26 November 2019, was widely covered by the media. Politico observed that the Conference "would likely require the European Parliament to adopt a resolution on the process at its January plenary in Strasbourg. Given the huge scope of the effort, which could potentially lead to proposed changes to the EU treaties, Parliament

966-505: The Conference on the Future of Europe, including, inter alia, the scope, the governance, the duration, the structure, the stakeholders, the objectives and the expected actions and outcome." In parallel to the sessions of the Working Group on the Future of Europe, the Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) is in a process of deliberation. In November 2019, the Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) began their debate on how to shape

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1012-432: The Conference, the AFCO committee discussed the issue of the legislative initiative of Parliament, Council as a second chamber, the rule of law, qualified majority voting in Council, Spitzenkandidaten , transnational lists, economic governance, social policies, the transparency register, and an independent ethics body. On 9 December 2019, the AFCO committee submitted an opinion on the structure, working methods, and topics of

1058-543: The Conference. On 26 November 2019, it became public that the French and German government have drawn up a "non-paper" on the Conference. After initial delay due to the 2020 corona virus pandemic , the European Council agreed on their initial position in June 2020 stating that "the conference should be launched as soon as the epidemiological conditions allow for it" and that the focus should be on how to develop EU policies over

1104-564: The Council), and the Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. In November 2019, in their " non-paper ", French and German governments suggested the following approximate timetable: The paper also outlined their expectation of the Conference's results: "The Conference should commit itself already in the interinstitutional mandate to produce tangible and concrete results. The final document with recommendations should be presented to

1150-574: The EU considers opinions of citizens through the Eurobarometer surveys, like the 2018 one on the Future of Europe / Future of Europe (including "Climate change") . Under the Barroso Commission (2004–2014) debates with citizens took place, with fifty-one Citizens' Dialogues in EU countries. Followed by a final pan-European one in Brussels, with participants from all the cities that had organised

1196-454: The EU needs such a major overhaul." The Washington Post called the Conference proposal "a trial balloon", noting the "ambitious reforms" desired by France and Germany, and observing that "it's possible that the EU may have learned in the meantime from national citizen assemblies like those ... in Ireland." The paper expressed scepticism that any proposals emerging from the Conference would win

1242-546: The EUCO [European Council] for debate and implementation." Italy was among the first member states to develop an articulated position on the possible content and outcomes of the Conference. This position was elaborated in a "non-paper" published on 19 February 2020. As of November/December 2019: The usual way of involving citizens in the EU is that of opinion surveys , citizens' consultations, talks (dialogues, debates) and, since 2012, accepting petitions with proposals. Since 1978

1288-558: The European Commission. On 19 April 2021, the multilingual digital platform of the Conference futureu.europa.eu was launched. The first proposal for such a conference was made by President Macron in March 2019. politico.eu , and at La Libre . Ursula von der Leyen's formal proposal to the EP is also available . This latter document's title makes this clear that it is a statement by her as

1334-422: The French and German governments in their "non-paper" ) – more participation of citizens in EU matters arises from the promise of Ursula von der Leyen given at her candidate's speech: "I want citizens to have their say at a Conference on the Future of Europe... bring together citizens, including a significant role for young people, civil society, and European institutions as equal partners..." On April 19 2021,

1380-424: The Future of Europe which they advocated in a joint proposal. From 2020 to 2022, debates will begin first on the democratic functioning of the EU and then on all other controversial topics. An adaptation of the treaties as a consequence of this is explicitly not excluded. Many member states do not like to hear that. Treaty changes are complicated. Because, for example, all national parliaments have to agree. But perhaps

1426-466: The associated territory, if any, to denote its undivided nature, in a specific context. Unambiguous synonyms are the prefixes of cross-, all- or whole-, such as cross-membership, or all-state. The term is used as a suffix referring to specific members (such as the U.S. congressional Representative/the Member/Rep. for Wyoming at large ). It figures as a generic prefix of its subject matter (such as Wyoming

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1472-633: The black minority makes up more than one-third of the population. In another instance, in 2013 Fayette County, Georgia , which had an estimated 70% white majority and 20% black minority, was ordered by a federal district court to develop single-member districts for election of members to its county council and its school board. Due to at-large voting, African Americans had been unable to elect any candidate of their choice to either of these boards for decades. Such local election systems have become subject to litigation since enabling more representative elections can create entry points for minorities and women into

1518-563: The city council from single-member districts. The town of Islip, New York was sued by four residents in 2018 for violating the Voting Rights Act by maintaining a discriminatory at-large council system. One-third of Islip's population is Hispanic, but only one person of color has ever been elected to a town seat. As part of the settlement reached in 2020, the at-large system will be abolished and replaced by four council districts by 2023. Some states have passed laws that further discourage

1564-607: The city or province may be split into as many as seven districts, and each then elects at least two members. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for direct election of members of the House of Representatives . The Uniform Congressional District Act , enacted in 1967 and codified as 2 U.S.C.   § 2c , dictates that representatives must be elected from geographical districts and that these must be single-member districts . Indeed it confirms when

1610-482: The conference will launch a so-called "Digital Platform" aiming to bring citizens to the debate. In her political guidelines, President-Elect Ursula von der Leyen described the Conference as follows: In her "mission letters", which von der Leyen assigned the nominated Commissioners , three members of the new College of Commissioners were made responsible for the Conference on the Future of Europe: Věra Jourová , Maroš Šefčovič , and Dubravka Šuica . Whereas Šuica

1656-464: The county or city level, including in school board elections, in numerous jurisdictions where minorities had been effectively excluded from representation on local councils or boards. An example is Charleston County, South Carolina , which was sued in 2001 and reached a settlement in 2004. Its county commission changed to nine members elected from single-member districts; in 2015 they included six white Republicans and three African-American Democrats, where

1702-471: The end of 2019, with the aim of looking at the medium- to long-term future of the EU and what reforms should be made to its policies and institutions. It is intended that the Conference should involve citizens, including a significant role for young people, civil society, and European institutions as equal partners and last for two years. It will be jointly organised by the European Parliament, the EU Council and

1748-460: The medium and long term in order to tackle more effectively the challenges facing Europe. The Council explicitly specified that the Conference does not fall within the scope of Article 48 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), ensuring that any potential treaty changes are either entirely outside the scope of the Conference or would have to go through a separate Article 48 procedure after the conclusion of

1794-581: The other members. It follows that such true or quasi- local government units do not in the purest sense elect members at large when their geography is analysed, as each member co-exists with the others who have territorial overlap, as representing greater or lower-rank districts. The members are by law chosen by the public directly or indirectly. Members chosen by the City Council or the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Board) are elected such that

1840-511: The political system and provide more representative government. In the late 1980s, several major cities in Tennessee reached settlement in court cases to adopt single-member districts to enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice to city councils, who had previously been excluded by at-large voting favoring the majority population. By 2015, voters in two of these cities had elected women mayors who had gotten their start in being elected to

1886-636: The same basis. In the Netherlands , elections for the House of Representatives (the lower house of the States-General , the national parliament ) are conducted at large by proportional representation from party lists. This manner of election applies to the Senate . All voters can cast twelve votes to refresh half of the Senate, namely twelve senators, from a longer list of candidates. The simple tally determines

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1932-401: The structure and scope of the Conference. How to involve citizens, representatives of civil society and national parliaments. How to foster a bottom-up approach, rather than a top-down one. On the involvement of citizens, some have underlined that the criteria for selection would be important in ensuring inclusive participation in respect of diversity and gender balance. On the possible topics of

1978-497: The use of at-large districts. For example, the California Voting Rights Act removes one of the criteria required for a successful federal Voting Rights Act challenge, which has thus resulted in hundreds of cities, school districts, and special districts moving to single member area-based elections. Some jurisdictions have kept at-large city councils and boards. The solution adopted by Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1941

2024-610: The winners ( plurality-at-large voting ). Provinces with smaller populations elect their House representative at large. Some cities that has its own congressional district also elect its representatives this way. Most other provinces and a few cities are divided into two or more districts. Party-list elections are elected nationwide at-large. Likewise, the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Councils), Sangguniang Barangay (Village Councils), Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Councils) and some Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Councils) elect

2070-532: Was due to the 1964 case of Reynolds v. Sims : the United States Supreme Court determined that the general basis of apportionment must be " one person, one vote ." As of 2021, ten U.S. states have at least one legislative chamber which uses multi-winner at-large districts: In the 1980s, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, South Carolina, and Virginia all moved entirely from multi-winner districts in either chamber, followed by Alaska, Georgia, and Indiana in

2116-537: Was to elect all council officials via Ranked-choice proportional representation , Single transferable voting . Five territorial governments in the United States elect some or all of their members at large or in multi-member districts: Conference on the Future of Europe The Conference on the Future of Europe was a proposal of the European Commission and the European Parliament , announced at

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