165-596: The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand ( Māori : Rōpū Kākāriki o Aotearoa, Niu Tireni ), commonly known as Green or the Greens , is a green political party in New Zealand . Like many green parties around the world, it has four pillars ( ecological wisdom , social justice , grassroots democracy , and nonviolence ). The party's ideology combines environmentalism with social democratic economic policies, including well-funded and locally controlled public services within
330-467: A Labour -led government during the campaign, they were excluded from the resulting coalition, due to a refusal by United Future and NZ First to work with the Greens in cabinet. They were, however, able to negotiate a cooperation agreement which saw limited input into the budget and broad consultation on policy. Both co-leaders were appointed as government spokespeople outside cabinet, with Fitzsimons responsible for Energy Efficiency, and Donald responsible for
495-582: A Māori population that was more numerous, with cultivated land and government. Therefore, the British drew up the Treaty of Waitangi. In comparison, this situation did not apply in Australia where no treaties were deemed necessary by the British. While the threat of general French colonisation never materialised, in 1831 it prompted thirteen major chiefs from the far north of the country to meet at Kerikeri to compose
660-509: A referendum on legalising personal cannabis use by 2020, establishing a proposed Climate Commission , a proposed Green Transport Card to reduce public transportation costs, investing in rail and cycle infrastructure, light rail construction to Auckland Airport , increasing the Department of Conservation 's funding, eliminating "excessive" benefit sanctions and the gender pay gap , a rent-to-own-scheme as part of KiwiBuild , and re-establishing
825-515: A Green candidate won a first-past-the-post parliamentary election. During the ten days it took to count special votes and confirm Fitzsimons' election, Labour concluded a coalition agreement with the Alliance which excluded the Greens. However, the party supported the government on confidence and supply in return for some input into the budget and legislation. This led to the Greens gaining a $ 15 million energy efficiency and environmental package in
990-483: A Māori circular for the United Tribes high chiefs, inviting them to meet " Rangatira Hobson" on 5 February 1840 at Busby's Waitangi home. Without a draft document prepared by lawyers or Colonial Office officials, Hobson was forced to write his own treaty with the help of his secretary, James Freeman, and British Resident James Busby , neither of whom was a lawyer. Historian Paul Moon believes certain articles of
1155-580: A betrayal of the Green Party's policies and principles. Shaw subsequently apologised to Green MPs during a Zoom call, describing his action as an "error of judgment." On 2 November, it was reported that the Government had reached an agreement with the school's owners, Michael and Rachel Perrett, for the NZ$ 11.7 million grant to be converted into a loan; a development that was welcomed by local principals. During
1320-614: A few other Europeans. French Catholic Bishop Jean-Baptiste Pompallier soon joined the gathering and after Anglican English priest and CMS mission head Rev Henry Williams read the Māori translation aloud from a final parchment version. Pompallier spoke to Hobson who then addressed Williams: The bishop wishes it to be publicly stated to the Natives that his religion will not be interfered with, and that free toleration will be allowed in matters of faith. I should therefore thank you to say to them that
1485-440: A form of civil government. The Colonial Office did not provide a draft of the treaty. Normanby wrote at length about the need for British intervention as essential to protect Māori interests, but this was somewhat deceptive. Hobson's instructions gave no provision for Māori government of any kind nor any Māori involvement in the administrative structure of the prospective new colony. His instructions required him to: treat with
1650-474: A high regard for the environment and environmental issues. However, research indicates very few people, who vote Green, do so purely for environmental concerns. The Green Party traces its origins to the Values Party , the world's first national-level environmentalist party. The Values Party originated in 1972 at Victoria University of Wellington . While it gained a measure of public support in several elections,
1815-593: A kind of confederacy with an elected monarch called the Kīngitanga . (The Kīngitanga Movement would later form a primary anti-government force in the New Zealand Wars .) While copies were moved around the country to give as many tribal leaders as possible the opportunity to sign, some missed out, especially in the South Island, where inclement weather prevented copies from reaching Otago or Stewart Island . Assent to
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#17328949132221980-818: A letter to King William IV asking for Britain to be a "friend and guardian" of New Zealand. It is the first known plea for British intervention written by Māori. In response, the British government sent James Busby in 1832 to serve as the British Resident in New Zealand. In 1834 Busby drafted a document known as the He Whakaputanga (in the Māori language) and the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (in English) which he and 35 northern Māori chiefs signed in 1835, establishing those chiefs as representatives under
2145-425: A myth and that there is a lack of evidence or legal basis to support the statement being a fourth article of the treaty. Historian Michael King agreed with Moon that Pompallier was probably protecting Catholic interests, but also accused Moon of being anti-Catholic in his criticism of Pompallier stirring up trouble that day. The treaty signing began in the afternoon. Hobson headed the British signatories. Hōne Heke
2310-413: A national holiday to commemorate the signing of the treaty. Treaty making by European powers with indigenous peoples had always been common but not universal practice in empire building. Treaties were dependent on the specific situation. In 19th century New Zealand, the British wanted to formalise their involvement in the country, regulate land speculation and control general disorder. They were faced with
2475-479: A party with conservative Christian overtones. Although the Greens no longer had any input into the budget, they maintained a close working relationship with the government, and the Greens remained involved in the legislation process. Often the government needed to rely on Green votes in the House to pass progressive legislation not approved by United Future. The government won praise from political commentators for juggling
2640-401: A prospective Labour and New Zealand First coalition government. Turei and Coates' comments were fiercely criticised by both Peters and New Zealand First MP Tracey Martin , who warned that this would affect post-election negotiations between the two parties. Fellow co-leader Shaw later clarified that Coates' remarks did not represent Green Party policy. On 16 July, in order to raise awareness of
2805-812: A report. The four Federations of Green Parties issued a message to FARC. Ingrid Betancourt was rescued by the Colombian military in Operation Jaque in 2008. Separately from the Global Green Gatherings, Global Green Meetings take place. For instance, one took place on the fringe of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. Green Parties attended from Australia, Taiwan, Korea, South Africa, Mauritius, Uganda, Cameroon, Republic of Cyprus, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Norway,
2970-668: A result, Green Parties all over the world have organized, pressing their governments to bring pressure to bear. For example, Green Parties in African countries, Austria, Canada, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, France, Scotland, Sweden and other countries have launched campaigns calling for Betancourt's release. Bob Brown , the leader of the Australian Greens , went to Colombia, as did an envoy from the European Federation, Alain Lipietz , who issued
3135-585: A safe in the Colonial Secretary 's office. In 1877, the English-language rough draft of the treaty was published along with photolithographic facsimiles , and the originals were returned to storage. In 1908, historian and bibliographer Thomas Hocken , searching for historical documents, found the treaty papers in the basement of the Old Government Buildings in poor condition, damaged at
3300-478: A series of discussions about areas of cooperation. Green co-leader James Shaw had indicated that the Greens would be open to negotiating with Labour about its wealth tax policy as part of coalition negotiations. Earlier, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern had ruled out supporting the Green's wealth tax policy during campaigning. On 20 October, Newshub reported that Ardern was not seeking a formal coalition between Labour and
3465-469: A single issue where Greens can appeal to ordinary citizens' concerns. In Germany, for example, the Greens' early opposition to nuclear power won them their first successes in the federal elections. There is a growing level of global cooperation between Green parties. Global gatherings of Green Parties now happen. The first Planetary Meeting of Greens was held 30–31 May 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, immediately preceding
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#17328949132223630-710: A state-level Cabinet in 1995. The German Greens followed, forming a government with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (the " Red-Green Alliance ") from 1998 to 2005. In 2001, they reached an agreement to end reliance on nuclear power in Germany, and agreed to remain in coalition and support the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in the 2001 Afghan War . This put them at odds with many Greens worldwide, but demonstrated that they were capable of difficult political tradeoffs. In Latvia, Indulis Emsis , leader of
3795-724: A statement by the US Green Party on the Israel-Palestine conflict. Thirdly, Global Green Gatherings are an opportunity for informal networking, from which joint campaigning may arise. For example, a campaign to protect the New Caledonian coral reef, by getting it nominated for World Heritage Status: a joint campaign by the New Caledonia Green Party, New Caledonian indigenous leaders, the French Green Party , and
3960-585: A terminal illness, chronic or debilitating condition to cultivate, possess or use cannabis and/or cannabis products for therapeutic purposes, with the support of a registered medical practitioner". In the 2017–2020 term of the Sixth Labour Government, medicinal cannabis was legalised, but legalisation of recreational cannabis use was rejected in a 2020 referendum . The Greens rely heavily on the well-educated, urban demographic for their voter base . Green voters have various priorities but are likely to have
4125-421: A total value of roughly $ 1 billion have been awarded to various Māori groups. Various legislation passed in the latter part of the 20th century has made reference to the treaty, which has led to ad hoc incorporation of the treaty into law. Increasingly, the treaty is recognised as a founding document in New Zealand's developing unwritten constitution. The New Zealand Day Act 1973 established Waitangi Day as
4290-569: A treaty in English could not be understood, debated or agreed to by Māori, Hobson asked CMS head missioner Henry Williams, and his son Edward Marsh Williams , who was a scholar in Māori language and custom, to translate the document overnight on 4 February. Henry Williams was concerned with the actions of the New Zealand Company in Wellington and felt he had to agree with Hobson's request to ensure
4455-605: A twofold significance: first, for the British to establish control of its lawless subjects in New Zealand; and second, to establish internationally the mana and sovereignty of Māori leaders . From May to July 1836, Royal Navy officer Captain William Hobson , under instruction from Governor of New South Wales Sir Richard Bourke , visited New Zealand to investigate claims of lawlessness in its settlements. Hobson recommended in his report that British sovereignty be established over New Zealand, in small pockets similar to those of
4620-723: A variety of sources, from the values of indigenous peoples , to the ethics of Mahatma Gandhi , Baruch Spinoza , and Jakob von Uexküll . These people influenced green thought in their advocacy of long-term seventh generation foresight, and on the personal responsibility of every individual to make moral choices. Unease about adverse consequences of human actions on nature predates the modern concept of environmentalism . Social commentators as far apart as ancient Rome and China complained of air, water and noise pollution . The philosophical roots of environmentalism can be traced back to enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau in France, and later
4785-410: Is a matter of debate. As the left-wing green political philosophy developed, there also came into separate existence opposite movements on the right-wing that include ecological components such as eco-capitalism and green conservatism . Adherents to green politics tend to consider it to be part of a higher worldview and not simply a political ideology. Green politics draws its ethical stance from
4950-699: Is composed of three representatives from each Green Party. A companion organization was set up by the same resolution: Global Green Coordination (GGC). This is composed of three representatives from each Federation (Africa, Europe, The Americas, Asia/Pacific, see below). Discussion of the planned organization took place in several Green Parties prior to the Canberra meeting. The GGC communicates chiefly by email. Any agreement by it has to be by unanimity of its members. It may identify possible global campaigns to propose to Green Parties worldwide. The GGC may endorse statements by individual Green Parties. For example, it endorsed
5115-438: Is concerned with civil liberties , social justice, nonviolence, sometimes variants of localism and tends to support social progressivism . Green party platforms are largely considered left in the political spectrum . The green ideology has connections with various other ecocentric political ideologies, including ecofeminism , eco-socialism and green anarchism , but to what extent these can be seen as forms of green politics
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5280-451: Is considered a threat to well-being, which will replace natural environments and local cultures with a single trade economy, termed the global economic monoculture . This is not a universal policy of greens, as green liberals and green conservatives support a regulated free market economy with additional measures to advance sustainable development . Since green economics emphasizes biospheric health and biodiversity , an issue outside
5445-546: Is crucial that citizens play a direct role in the decisions that influence their lives and their environment. Therefore, green politics seeks to increase the role of deliberative democracy , based on direct citizen involvement and consensus decision making , wherever it is feasible. Green politics also encourages political action on the individual level, such as ethical consumerism , or buying things that are made according to environmentally ethical standards. Indeed, many green parties emphasize individual and grassroots action at
5610-413: Is hypocritical to ask for divestment without a boycott and that a boycott would be more effective. Some institutions that are leading by example in the academic area are Stanford University , Syracuse University , Sterling College and over 20 more. A number of cities, counties and religious institutions have also joined the movement to divest. Green politics mostly opposes nuclear fission power and
5775-881: Is not to be confused with the unrelated fact that in some far-right and fascist parties, nationalism has on occasion been tied into a sort of green politics which promotes environmentalism as a form of pride in the "motherland" according to a minority of authors. In June 1970, a Dutch group called Kabouters won 5 of the 45 seats on the Amsterdam Gemeenteraad (City Council), as well as two seats each on councils in The Hague and Leeuwarden and one seat apiece in Arnhem , Alkmaar and Leiden . The Kabouters were an outgrowth of Provo 's environmental White Plans and they proposed "Groene Plannen" ("Green Plans"). The first political party to be created with its basis in environmental issues
5940-590: Is the Irish Green Party 's commitment to the preservation of the Irish Language. Some of the green movement has focused on divesting in fossil fuels. Academics Stand Against Poverty states "it is paradoxical for universities to remain invested in fossil fuel companies". Thomas Pogge says that the fossil fuel divestment movement can increase political pressure at events like the international climate change conference (COP). Alex Epstein of Forbes notes that it
6105-472: Is the third largest party in the House of Representatives , with 15 MPs. In 2020, the party agreed to cooperate with the Sixth Labour Government and received two ministerial portfolios in return. The Green Party contests many local government elections throughout New Zealand. Green Party representative Celia Wade-Brown served as Mayor of Wellington from 2010 to 2016, and in 2019, Aaron Hawkins
6270-506: The 1996 election . Historically, the Green Party had two co-leaders, one male and one female. In May 2022, Green Party members voted to change the co-leadership model, now requiring one female leader and one leader of any gender, and that one leader must be Māori . Marama Davidson has been the female co-leader since 2018. Chlöe Swarbrick became co-leader in March 2024, succeeding James Shaw , who had been elected as male co-leader in 2015. It
6435-487: The 2008 election , the Greens increased their share of the vote to 6.72%, enough for 9 MPs, even though there was a swing throughout the country to the National Party . This initially gave the Greens two extra MPs, but counting the special votes brought in a third. They became the third largest parliamentary party in New Zealand, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the governing National Party . Metiria Turei
6600-465: The 2016 Austrian presidential election , making him the second green head of state worldwide and the first directly elected by popular vote. Van der Bellen placed second in the election's first round with 21.3% of the vote, the best result for the Austrian Greens in their history. He won the second-round run-off against the far-right Freedom Party 's Norbert Hofer with 53.8% of the votes, making him
6765-524: The 2020 New Zealand general election held on 17 October, the Greens returned to Parliament with 7.9% of the popular vote, giving them ten seats. In addition, Green MP Chlöe Swarbrick won the Auckland Central electorate seat by 1,068 votes. Despite the Labour Party winning a parliamentary majority and not needing to form a coalition agreement with other parties, Labour and the Green parties undertook
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6930-631: The Asia-Pacific Green Network . The member parties of the Global Greens are organised into four continental federations: The European Federation of Green Parties formed itself as the European Green Party on 22 February 2004, in the run-up to European Parliament elections in June 2004, a further step in trans-national integration. Green movements are calling for social change to reduce
7095-649: The Australian Greens . Another example concerns Ingrid Betancourt , the leader of the Green Party in Colombia , the Green Oxygen Party ( Partido Verde Oxigeno ). Ingrid Betancourt and the party's Campaign Manager, Claire Rojas, were kidnapped by a hard-line faction of FARC on 7 March 2002, while travelling in FARC-controlled territory. Betancourt had spoken at the Canberra Gathering, making many friends. As
7260-562: The Buy Kiwi Made campaign. However, Rod Donald died the day before Parliament was due to sit and the position of government spokesperson on Buy Kiwi Made was filled by Sue Bradford . Nándor Tánczos took up the vacant list position and the co-leader position remained vacant until a new co-leader, Russel Norman was elected at their 2006 annual general meeting . The other contenders for the position were Nándor Tánczos, David Clendon and former MP Mike Ward . Bradford also introduced, in 2005,
7425-631: The Green Party of Canada in 1983 (the Ontario Greens and British Columbia Greens were also formed that year). Green Party of Canada leader Elizabeth May was the instigator and one of the candidates of the Small Party and she was eventually elected as a member of the Green Party in 2011 Canadian federal election . In Finland, the Green League became the first European Green Party to form part of
7590-841: The Hudson's Bay Company in Rupert's Land (in present-day Canada ). Hobson's report was forwarded to the Colonial Office. From April to May 1838, the House of Lords held a select committee into the "State of the Islands of New Zealand". The New Zealand Association (later the New Zealand Company ), missionaries, Joel Samuel Polack , and the Royal Navy made submissions to the committee. On 15 June 1839, new letters patent were issued in London to expand
7755-524: The Mental Health Commission . In 2019, a number of Trans members resigned after a Green Party magazine published an article from a member concerned about the growing divide between women in the party and LGBTQIA+ members. In late August 2020, Shaw was criticised by members of the Green Party, the opposition National Party , school principals and teachers unions for allocating, in his role as Associate Minister of Finance, NZ$ 11.7 million from
7920-765: The National Archives by Mike Moore , Prime Minister of New Zealand , in November 1990. It was announced in 2012 that the nine Treaty of Waitangi sheets would be relocated to the National Library of New Zealand in 2013. In 2017, the He Tohu permanent exhibition at the National Library opened, displaying the treaty documents along with the Declaration of Independence and the 1893 Women's Suffrage Petition . The treaty, its interpretation and significance can be viewed as
8085-562: The North Island of New Zealand. The treaty's quasi-legal status satisfies the demands of biculturalism in contemporary New Zealand society. In general terms, it is interpreted today as having established a partnership between equals in a way the Crown likely did not intend it to in 1840. Specifically, the treaty is seen, first, as entitling Māori to enjoyment of land and of natural resources and, if that right were ever breached, to restitution. Second,
8250-716: The Palestinians and criticised the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories . The party is also known for its advocacy on numerous social issues, such as the legalisation of marriage equality , the right to seek asylum and increasing the refugee quota , and gender equality . The party accepts Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Māori language version of the treaty) as the founding document of New Zealand and recognises Māori as tangata whenua . In its economic policies ,
8415-675: The Public Trustee at Palmerston North by the local member of parliament, who did not tell staff what was in the case. However, as the case was too large to fit in the safe, the treaty documents spent the war at the side of a back corridor in the Public Trust office. In 1956, the Department of Internal Affairs placed the treaty documents in the care of the Alexander Turnbull Library and they were displayed in 1961. Further preservation steps were taken in 1966, with improvements to
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#17328949132228580-640: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held there. More than 200 Greens from 28 nations attended. The first formal Global Greens Gathering took place in Canberra , in 2001, with more than 800 Greens from 72 countries in attendance. The second Global Green Congress was held in São Paulo, Brazil, in May 2008, when 75 parties were represented. Global Green networking dates back to 1990. Following
8745-419: The United States "call for an end to the ' War on Drugs '" and "for the decriminalization of victimless crimes ", they also call for developing "a firm approach to law enforcement that directly addresses violent crime, including trafficking in hard drugs". In Europe, some green parties have tended to support the creation of a democratic federal Europe , while others have opposed European integration . In
8910-442: The free market system, with some modification, is capable of addressing ecological problems. This belief is documented in the business experiences of eco-capitalists in the book, The Gort Cloud that describes the gort cloud as the green community that supports eco-friendly businesses. Since the beginning, green politics has emphasized local, grassroots -level political activity and decision-making. According to its adherents, it
9075-486: The members' bill that would become the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007 . The bill sought to outlaw the legal defence of "reasonable force" for parents prosecuted for assault against children. It led to widespread debate and accusations that MPs supporting the bill were fostering a ' nanny state ' approach. Despite this, the Bill became law after it passed its third reading on 16 May 2007 with an overwhelming majority of 113 votes for and 7 votes against. In
9240-413: The "Green" label. It saw the election of New Zealand's first Green city councillor, Stephen Rainbow , in Wellington. He was joined the next year by councillor Merrin Downing, who left the Citizens' Association to join the Greens. In May 1990, remnants of the Values Party merged with a number of other environmentalist organisations to form the modern Green Party. This sparked a resurgence of support, with
9405-526: The 1995 annual conference in Taupō , the Greens had no elected leaders. At that conference, Jeanette Fitzsimons was elected unopposed as female co-leader, and Rod Donald defeated Joel Cayford and Mike Smith in a three-way contest to become male co-leader. After New Zealand adopted the mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system in 1996, the Alliance gained entry to Parliament, bringing three Green list MPs with them: Jeanette Fitzsimons, Rod Donald and Phillida Bunkle . In 1997, feeling that membership of
9570-417: The 4–5 February the original English version of the treaty was translated into Māori. On the morning of 5 February the Māori and English versions of the treaty were put before a gathering ( hui ) of northern chiefs inside a large marquee on the lawn in front of Busby's house at Waitangi. Hobson read the treaty aloud in English and Williams read the Māori translation and explained each section and warned
9735-482: The 5% threshold needed to enter Parliament under New Zealand's mixed-member proportional system . The party's sharp drop in the opinion poll was attributed to negative publicity around the Green Party's infighting and the ascension of Jacinda Ardern as leader of the centre-left Labour Party , the Greens' nominal ally. By contrast, the Roy Morgan opinion poll placed public support for the Green Party at 9%. The 2017 general election returned eight list MPs, with 6.3% of
9900-456: The Aborigines of New Zealand for the recognition of Her Majesty's Sovereign authority over the whole or any part of those islands which they may be willing to place under Her Majesty's dominion. The historian, Claudia Orange , argues that prior to 1839 the Colonial Office had initially planned a "Māori New Zealand" in which European settlers would be accommodated (without a full colony), where Māori might retain ownership and authority over much of
10065-410: The Alliance had subsumed their identity, the Greens took the decision to stand candidates independently of the Alliance at the next election. While most of the Green party members left the Alliance, some decided, instead, to leave the Green Party and stay in the Alliance (including Bunkle, who would later be appointed Minister of Customs in the Labour-Alliance coalition government ). Conversely, some of
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#173289491322210230-413: The Alliance party members, who joined the Alliance via other parties, decided to leave the Alliance and join the Green Party, notably Sue Bradford and Keith Locke , who both joined the Alliance via NewLabour. In the 1999 election , the Greens gained 5.16% of the party vote and seven seats in Parliament. Fitzsimons also won the electorate seat of Coromandel ; it is believed that this is the first time
10395-415: The British that the French would put pressure on them in a similar manner to that of other Pacific Islanders farther north in what would become French Polynesia . Most importantly, Māori leaders trusted CMS missionary advice and their explanation of the treaty. The missionaries had explained the treaty as a covenant between Māori and Queen Victoria, the head of state and Church of England . With nearly half
10560-441: The Christ Church at Kororareka (Russell), where he publicly read a number of proclamations. The first was the Letters Patent 1839, in relation to the extension of the boundaries of New South Wales to include the islands of New Zealand. The second related to Hobson's own appointment as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand. The third concerned land transactions (notably the issue of pre-emption). CMS printer William Colenso produced
10725-561: The Environment Committee and Transport Committee, respectively. During a Zoom call, 85% of the 150 Green Party delegates voted to accept this cooperation agreement with Labour. The agreement was described by Ardern as "honouring the mandate provided to Labour to form a majority Government in our own right" while ensuring the Government "govern[s] for all New Zealanders and to reach as wide a consensus on key issues as possible." Several former Green MPs, including former co-leader Russel Norman , Sue Bradford , and Catherine Delahunty , criticised
10890-454: The German state of Baden-Württenburg , the Green Party became the leader of the coalition with the Social Democrats after finishing second in the 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election . In the following state election, 2016 , the Green Party became the strongest party for the first time in a German Landtag . In 2016, the former leader of the Austrian Greens (1997 to 2008), Alexander Van der Bellen , officially running as an independent, won
11055-407: The Government to account on policy differences. These former members also alleged Shaw was practising an autocratic leadership style and that the party executive was not holding the parliamentary caucus and leadership to account over policy decisions in government. In addition, several former Green leaders and MPs, including Bradford, Delahunty, and Norman, criticised the party's limited position within
11220-491: The Government's $ 3 billion COVID-19 "shovel-ready" recovery fund to the private "Green School New Zealand" in Taranaki . This funding boost contradicted the party's own policy of opposing giving government funds to private schools. Shaw had lobbied for the inclusion of the school in the "shovel-ready" fund, claiming that it would have boosted the local economy and created jobs. Former Green MPs Catherine Delahunty , Mojo Mathers and Sue Bradford denounced Shaw's decision as
11385-439: The Green Party and part of the Union of Greens and Farmers , an alliance of a Nordic agrarian party and the Green Party, was Prime Minister of Latvia for ten months in 2004, making him the first Green politician to lead a country in the history of the world. In 2015, Emsis' party colleague, Raimonds Vējonis , was elected President of Latvia by the Latvian parliament. Vējonis became the first green head of state worldwide. In
11550-425: The Green Party but was exploring a lower-level support arrangement. Following prolonged negotiations between the Green and Labour parties' leaderships, the Green Party accepted a deal on 31 October under which their co-leaders James Shaw and Marama Davidson would become ministers outside the Cabinet. Under this cooperation agreement, Shaw would remain Minister for Climate Change and become an associate minister for
11715-417: The Green Party in Finland has come out against its previous anti-nuclear stance and has stated that addressing global warming in the next 20 years is impossible without expanding nuclear power. These officials have proposed using nuclear-generated heat to heat buildings by replacing the use of coal and biomass to reach zero-emission outputs by 2040. Green ideology emphasizes participatory democracy and
11880-477: The Green Party list despite Turei's resignation. Graham sought to return to the party list, but this was declined on 12 August by the Green Party Executive. Leader James Shaw indicated that there was considerable animosity within the party towards Clendon and Graham for their actions. On 17 August, it was reported that the Green Party had fallen by 11 points to 4% in the 1News –Colmar Brunton Poll, below
12045-437: The Green Party stresses factors such as sustainability , taxing the indirect costs of pollution, and fair trade . It also states that measuring economic success should concentrate on measuring well-being rather than analysing economic indicators . The party wants the eventual introduction of a universal basic income . The party has previously campaigned on legalising cannabis and "remov[ing] penalties for any person with
12210-550: The Greens and Labour. The Greens sharply criticised Labour for its plans to allow a moratorium on genetic engineering to expire, and believing that Labour would require their support to form a government, intended to make the extension of this moratorium a non-negotiable part of any deal. After the election, however, Labour and their coalition partner, the Jim Anderton-led Progressive Coalition , instead opted to rely on support from United Future , at that time
12375-444: The Greens entered a confidence and supply arrangement with the Labour Party which gave them three ministers outside cabinet and one under-secretary role. This marked the first time the Greens had been in government. Party leader James Shaw was appointed Minister for Climate Change and Statistics and Associate Minister of Finance. Julie Anne Genter was made Minister for Women and Associate Minister of Health and Transport. Eugenie Sage
12540-463: The Labour Government, the Government's alleged pro-business policies, and climate change position. In response to criticism, co-leaders Shaw and Davidson claimed that the party was democratic and making "progressive changes" in government. In early May 2022, the Green Party scrapped its male co-leadership requirement during a weekend special meeting to amend its constitution. Under these changes,
12705-483: The Labour and socially-conservative New Zealand First parties. On 9 October, the Greens leader Shaw took part in negotiations with the Labour Party. During the coalition-forming negotiations, NZ First leader Peters turned down Shaw's invitation for the two parties to negotiate directly on the grounds that the Greens and Labour had campaigned together under a memorandum of understanding during the 2017 election. In October 2017,
12870-575: The Maritimes when 11 independent candidates (including one in Montreal and one in Toronto) ran in the 1980 federal election under the banner of the Small Party. Inspired by Schumacher's Small is Beautiful, the Small Party candidates ran for the expressed purpose of putting forward an anti-nuclear platform in that election. It was not registered as an official party, but some participants in that effort went on to form
13035-487: The Māori population following Christianity many looked at the treaty as a Biblical covenant – a sacred bond. Afterwards, the chiefs then moved to a river flat below Busby's house and lawn and continued deliberations late into the night. Busby's house would later become known as the Treaty House and is today New Zealand's most visited historic building. Hobson had planned for the signing to occur on 7 February however on
13200-682: The New Zealand Company colonising New Zealand outside of the British Crown's jurisdiction. The Colonial Office was forced to accelerate its plans because of both the New Zealand Company's hurried dispatch of the Tory to New Zealand on 12 May 1839 to purchase land, and plans by French Captain Jean François L'Anglois to establish a French colony in Akaroa . After examining Colonial Office documents and correspondence (both private and public) of those who developed
13365-602: The Planetary Meeting of Greens in Rio de Janeiro , a Global Green Steering Committee was created, consisting of two seats for each continent. In 1993 this Global Steering Committee met in Mexico City and authorized the creation of a Global Green Network including a Global Green Calendar, Global Green Bulletin, and Global Green Directory. The Directory was issued in several editions in the next years. In 1996, 69 Green Parties from around
13530-505: The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RNZSPCA) has called the worst animal abuser in New Zealand history. In July 2021, Shaw's co-leadership of the Greens was challenged by Dunedin climate activist and software developer James Cockle, who expressed dissatisfaction that the Greens were being seen as "Labour's little helper." During a vote at the party's annual general meeting in August 2021, Shaw
13695-558: The UK came into existence. The German Green Party was not the first Green Party in Europe to have members elected nationally but the impression was created that they had been, because they attracted the most media attention: The German Greens , contended in their first national election in the 1980 federal election . They started as a provisional coalition of civic groups and political campaigns which, together, felt their interests were not expressed by
13860-763: The US, Mexico and Chile. The Global Green Meeting discussed the situation of Green Parties on the African continent; heard a report from Mike Feinstein , former mayor of Santa Monica , about setting up a web site of the GGN; discussed procedures for the better working of the GGC; and decided two topics on which the Global Greens could issue statements in the near future: Iraq and the 2003 WTO meeting in Cancun. Affiliated members in Asia, Pacific and Oceania form
14025-457: The academic discipline offers wide-ranging studies integrating ecological social sciences with political economy in topics such as degradation and marginalization, environmental conflict , conservation and control and environmental identities and social movements. Supporters of green politics share many ideas with the conservation , environmental , feminist and peace movements . In addition to democracy and ecological issues, green politics
14190-691: The author and naturalist Thoreau in America. Organised environmentalism began in late 19th-century Europe and the United States, as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution with its emphasis on unbridled economic expansion. "Green politics" first began as conservation and preservation movements, such as the Sierra Club , founded in San Francisco in 1892. Left-green platforms of the form that make up
14355-473: The bishop will be protected and supported in his religion – that I shall protect all creeds alike. Williams attempted to do so vocally, but as this was technically another clause in the treaty, Colenso asked for it to be added in writing, which Williams did, also adding Māori custom. The statement says: E mea ana te Kawana, ko nga whakapono katoa, o Ingarani, o nga Weteriana, o Roma, me te ritenga Maori hoki, e tiakina ngatahitia e ia. (The Governor says that
14520-504: The buildup of persistent organic pollutants , supporting adherence to the precautionary principle , by which technologies are rejected unless they can be proven to not cause significant harm to the health of living things or the biosphere . Green platforms generally favor tariffs on fossil fuels , restricting genetically modified organisms , and protections for ecoregions or communities . The Green Party supports phasing out of nuclear power, coal, and incineration of waste. However,
14685-520: The burning of fossil fuels to renewable energy production, as well as making carbon pricing more transparent and bringing the agricultural sector into the Emissions Trading Scheme . The Green Party has spoken out in support of human rights and against military operations conducted by the United States and other countries in Afghanistan and Iraq . The party has also expressed sympathy for
14850-588: The centre-right National and ACT parties. The governing Labour Party also declined to support the Greens' motion, with the Speaker of the House Trevor Mallard criticising Ghahraman for sponsoring the motion despite knowing that it was going to be voted down. In June 2021, it was revealed the Green Party had received $ 54,000 in donations from Lindsay Fraser, whom the Royal New Zealand Society for
15015-472: The chiefs not to rush to decide whether to sign. Building on Biblical understanding, he said: This is Queen Victoria's act of love to you. She wants to ensure you that you keep what is yours – your property, your rights and privileges, and those things you value. Who knows when a foreign power, perhaps the French, might try to take this country? The treaty is really like a fortress to you. Māori chiefs then debated
15180-431: The chiefs. This no doubt was a reference to the northern confederation of chiefs with whom Hobson preferred to negotiate, who eventually made up the vast majority of signatories to the treaty. Hobson believed that elsewhere in the country the Crown could exercise greater freedom over the rights of "first discoverers", which proved unwise as it led to future difficulties with other tribes in the South Island. Overnight on
15345-461: The concepts communicated in the translation were from the Māori Bible, including kawanatanga (governorship) and rangatiratanga (chiefly rule), and the idea of the treaty as a "covenant" was biblical. The translation of the treaty was reviewed by James Busby, and he proposed the substitution of the word whakaminenga for huihuinga , to describe the "Confederation" or gathering of
15510-525: The confines of a steady-state economy . Internationally, it is affiliated with the Global Greens . The Green Party traces its origins to the Values Party , founded in 1972 as the world's first national-level environmentalist party. The current Green Party was formed in 1990. From 1991 to 1997, the party participated in the Alliance , a grouping of five left-wing parties. It gained representation in Parliament at
15675-692: The constitutional steps needed to establish a British colony. He was appointed Consul to New Zealand and was instructed to negotiate a voluntary transfer of sovereignty from the Māori to the British Crown – as the House of Lords select committee had recommended in 1837. The Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , the Marquess of Normanby , gave Hobson three instructions: to gain freely given Māori recognition of British sovereignty over all or part of New Zealand, to assume complete control over land matters, and to establish
15840-418: The conventional parties. After contesting the 1979 European elections they held a conference which identified Four Pillars of the Green Party which all groups in the original alliance could agree as the basis of a common Party platform: welding these groups together as a single Party. This statement of principles has since been utilised by many Green Parties around the world. It was this party that first coined
16005-452: The cooperation agreement for giving the Greens a weak position to influence the policy process within the newly formed Labour Government. On 19 May, Ghahraman sponsored a motion on behalf of the Green Party calling for Members of Parliament to recognise the right of Palestinians to self-determination and statehood. The motion was supported by the Greens and the Māori Party but was opposed by
16170-425: The copies, and a further 500 signatures were added to the treaty. While most did eventually sign, especially in the far north where most Māori lived, a number of chiefs and some tribal groups ultimately refused, including Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (Waikato iwi) , Tuhoe , Te Arawa and Ngāti Tuwharetoa and possibly Moka 'Kainga-mataa' . A number of non-signatory Waikato and Central North Island chiefs would later form
16335-519: The country, rather than on the single English copy. Basing their decision on this information, on 2 October 1840, the Colonial Office approved Hobson's proclamation. They did not have second thoughts when later reports revealed more detail about the inadequacies of the treaty negotiations, and they did not take issue with the fact that large areas of the North Island had not signed. The government had never asked for Hobson to obtain unanimous agreement from
16500-468: The display conditions. From 1977 to 1980, the library extensively restored the documents before the treaty was deposited in the Reserve Bank. In anticipation of a decision to exhibit the document in 1990 (the sesquicentennial of the signing), full documentation and reproduction photography was carried out. Several years of planning culminated with the opening of the climate-controlled Constitution Room at
16665-468: The early 1990s. During the second half of the 19th century Māori generally lost control of much of the land they had owned, sometimes through legitimate sale, but often by way of unfair deals, settlers occupying land that had not been sold, or through outright confiscations in the aftermath of the New Zealand Wars. In the period following the New Zealand Wars, the New Zealand government mostly ignored
16830-639: The edges by water and partly eaten by rodents. The papers were restored by the Dominion Museum in 1913 and kept in special boxes from then on. In February 1940, the treaty documents were taken to Waitangi for display in the Treaty House during the Centenary celebrations. It was possibly the first time the treaty document had been on public display since it was signed. After the outbreak of war with Japan, they were placed with other state documents in an outsize luggage trunk and deposited for secure custody with
16995-445: The environment (with responsibility for biodiversity) while Davidson would take the new role of Minister for the Prevention of Family and Sexual Violence and become an associate minister of housing (with responsibility for homelessness). In addition, Green MPs would fill one chair and one deputy chair role on two select committees . Stuff reported that these would likely be held by former ministers Eugenie Sage and Julie Anne Genter on
17160-582: The environment. Greens want governments to stop subsidizing companies that waste resources or pollute the natural world, subsidies that Greens refer to as "dirty subsidies". Some currents of green politics place automobile and agribusiness subsidies in this category, as they may harm human health. On the contrary, Greens look to a green tax shift that are seen to encourage both producers and consumers to make ecologically friendly choices. Many aspects of green economics could be considered anti-globalist . According to many left-wing greens, economic globalization
17325-407: The establishment of a new comprehensive commercial water pricing scheme. In July 2017, co-leader Metiria Turei criticised the populist New Zealand First party and its leader Winston Peters for alleged racism, particularly towards immigration . List MP Barry Coates penned an article in the left-wing "The Daily Blog" claiming that the Greens would call a snap election rather than be excluded from
17490-774: The first president of Austria who was not backed by either the People's Party or the Social Democratic Party. According to Derek Wall , a prominent British green proponent, there are four pillars that define green politics: In 1984, the Green Committees of Correspondence in the United States expanded the Four Pillars into Ten Key Values, which further included: In 2001, the Global Greens were organized as an international green movement. The Global Greens Charter identified six guiding principles: Green economics focuses on
17655-407: The forty-six "head chiefs" had signed. Hobson had no intention of requiring the unanimous assent of Māori to the treaty, but was willing to accept a majority, as he reported that the signings at Waitangi represented "Clear recognition of the sovereign rights of Her Majesty over the northern parts of this island". Those that signed at Waitangi did not even represent the north as a whole; an analysis of
17820-460: The green parties today draw terminology from the science of ecology , and policy from environmentalism , deep ecology , feminism , pacifism , anarchism , libertarian socialism , libertarian possibilism , social democracy , eco-socialism , and/or social ecology or green libertarianism . In the 1970s, as these movements grew in influence, green politics arose as a new philosophy which synthesized their goals. The Green Party political movement
17985-444: The importance of the health of the biosphere to human well-being . Consequently, most Greens distrust conventional capitalism, as it tends to emphasize economic growth while ignoring ecological health; the " full cost " of economic growth often includes damage to the biosphere, which is unacceptable according to green politics. Green economics considers such growth to be " uneconomic growth "— material increase that nonetheless lowers
18150-504: The inadequacies of the welfare system, Turei disclosed that she had committed benefit fraud in the past. Turei also advocated for raising the domestic purposes benefit for families during the Green Party's electoral campaign. Her disclosure generated considerable interest from the media, politicians, and the New Zealand blogosphere. On 7 August, Green MPs Kennedy Graham and party whip David Clendon resigned as Green Party candidates due to their disagreement with Turei's actions and handling of
18315-505: The indigenous people. In 1841, treaty documents, housed in an iron box, narrowly escaped damage when saved by civil servant George Elliot as the government offices at Official Bay in Auckland were destroyed by fire. They disappeared from sight until 1865 when a Native Department officer worked on them in Wellington at the request of parliament and produced an erroneous list of signatories. The papers were fastened together and then deposited in
18480-400: The land and cede some land to European settlers as part of a colony governed by the Crown. Normanby's instructions in 1839 show that the Colonial Office had shifted their stance toward colonisation and "a settler New Zealand in which a place had to be kept for Māori", primarily due to pressure from increasing numbers of British colonists, and the prospect of a private enterprise in the form of
18645-596: The local and regional levels over electoral politics . Historically, green parties have grown at the local level, gradually gaining influence and spreading to regional or provincial politics, only entering the national arena when there is a strong network of local support. In addition, many greens believe that governments should not levy taxes against strictly local production and trade. Some Greens advocate new ways of organizing authority to increase local control, including urban secession , bioregional democracy , and co-operative/local stakeholder ownership. Although Greens in
18810-490: The local press, some by translating it for their web site, some by incorporating it into their manifesto, some by incorporating it into their constitution. This process is taking place gradually, with online dialogue enabling parties to say where they are up to with this process. The Gatherings also agree on organizational matters. The first Gathering voted unanimously to set up the Global Green Network (GGN). The GGN
18975-418: The many Catholic Māori in the north concerning the treaty, urged them to be very wary of the treaty and not to sign anything. For Māori chiefs, the signing at Waitangi would have needed a great deal of trust. Nonetheless, the expected benefits of British protection must have outweighed their fears. In particular, the French were also interested in New Zealand, and there were fears that if they did not side with
19140-547: The missionaries. Tāmati Wāka Nene said to the chiefs: Some of you tell Hobson to go. But that's not going to solve our difficulties. We have already sold so much land here in the north. We have no way of controlling the Europeans who have settled on it. I'm amazed to hear you telling him to go! Why didn't you tell the traders and grog-sellers to go years ago? There are too many Europeans here now and there are children that unite our races. Bishop Pompallier, who had been counselling
19305-403: The misuse of natural resources. These include grassroots non-governmental organizations like Greenpeace and green parties: Treaty of Waitangi The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori : Te Tiriti o Waitangi ), sometimes referred to as Te Tiriti , is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand , its constitution , and its national mythos . It has played a major role in
19470-586: The morning of 6 February 45 chiefs were waiting ready to sign. Around noon a ship carrying two officers from HMS Herald arrived and were surprised to hear they were waiting for the Governor so a boat was quickly despatched back to let him know. Although the official painting of the signing shows Hobson wearing full naval regalia, he was in fact not expecting the chiefs that day and was wearing his dressing gown or "in plain clothes, except his hat". Several hundred Māori were waiting and only Busby, Williams, Colenso and
19635-556: The new government's first budget. Over the term, the Greens developed a good working relationship with the government and also had some input into policy, notably Sue Bradford's amendments to the Employment Relations Act 2000 . In the 2002 election , the Greens polled 7.00%, increasing their strength in Parliament to nine seats, although they lost the Coromandel electorate. The electoral campaign featured strong tensions between
19800-555: The new group winning 6.85% of the vote (but no seats) in the 1990 election . The following year, the Greens became co-founding members of the Alliance , a five-party grouping that also consisted of the Democrats , Liberals , Mana Motuhake and NewLabour Party . Immediately prior to this there had been limited co-operation between the parties running joint candidates in several local-body by-elections in Auckland. One candidate, Ruth Norman,
19965-617: The overall quality of life. Green economics inherently takes a longer-term perspective than conventional economics, because such a loss in quality of life is often delayed. According to green economics, the present generation should not borrow from future generations, but rather attempt to achieve what Tim Jackson calls "prosperity without growth". Some Greens refer to productivism , consumerism and scientism as "grey", as contrasted with "green", economic views. "Grey" approaches focus on behavioral changes. Therefore, adherents to green politics advocate economic policies designed to safeguard
20130-474: The party vote. The Green parliamentary caucus' newest members were Chlöe Swarbrick , who became the youngest member of the House, and Golriz Ghahraman , the first refugee member of the House. Following the election results, Party Leader Shaw stated that the Greens would not be seeking a coalition with the National Party. He added that the party was pursuing a coalition rather than a support agreement with
20295-502: The party was plagued in the following few years by persistent calls for departure from the Alliance. Over time the issue became a more divisive issue internally until eventually a splinter party (the Progressive Green Party ) was set up by members who were unhappy at the direction of the Alliance, which they believed was too left-wing and too focused on social justice type issues, detracting focus from environmental issues. Until
20460-609: The party's 2015 annual general meeting over fellow MPs Gareth Hughes and Kevin Hague , and party member Vernon Tava . He succeeded Russel Norman , who resigned in November 2015 to work as Executive Director of Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand . In their 2017 election campaign launch on 9 July 2017, the Green Party proposed charging bottling companies a 10% tax for exporting water, with the revenue being split between local councils and Māori tribes or iwi. They also announced that they would ban new resource consents for bottling companies until
20625-432: The policies that led to the development of the treaty, historian Paul Moon similarly argues that the treaty was not envisioned with deliberate intent to assert sovereignty over Māori, but that the Crown originally only intended to apply rule over British subjects living in the fledgling colony, and these rights were later expanded by subsequent governors through perceived necessity. Hobson left London on 15 August 1839 and
20790-416: The principle of " thinking globally, acting locally ." As such, the ideal Green Party is thought to grow from the bottom up, from neighborhood to municipal to (eco-)regional to national levels. The goal is to rule by a consensus decision making process. Strong local coalitions are considered a prerequisite to higher-level electoral breakthroughs. Historically, the growth of Green parties has been sparked by
20955-431: The proclamation on 23 May 1840, Hobson declared the settlement's government as illegal. Hobson also failed to report to the British government that the Māori text of the treaty was substantially different from the English one (which he might not have known at the time) and also reported that both texts had received 512 signatures, where in truth the majority of signatures had been on the Māori copies that had been sent around
21120-453: The several faiths [beliefs] of England, of the Wesleyans, of Rome, and also Māori custom shall alike be protected by him). This addition is sometimes referred to as article four of the treaty, and is recognised as relating to the right to freedom of religion and belief ( wairuatanga ). Historian Paul Moon has claimed any guarantee of religious freedom implied by Pompallier's action is
21285-581: The signatures shows that most were from the Bay of Islands only and that not many of the chiefs of the highest rank had signed on that day. Hobson considered the initial signing at Waitangi to be the "de facto" treaty, while later signings merely "ratified and confirmed it". To enhance the treaty's authority, eight additional copies were sent around the country to gather additional signatures: The Waitangi original received 240 signatures. About 50 meetings were held from February to September 1840 to discuss and sign
21450-417: The situation. They formally resigned from the Green Party's parliamentary caucus the following day after the party made moves to remove them "involuntarily." On 9 August, Turei resigned as co-leader and as a list candidate, stating that the media scrutiny on her family had become unbearable. James Shaw remained the Green Party's sole leader for the 2017 election. Clendon stated that he would not be returning to
21615-465: The spirit of nonviolence, green politics oppose the war on terrorism and the curtailment of civil rights , focusing instead on nurturing deliberative democracy in war-torn regions and the construction of a civil society with an increased role for women. In keeping with their commitment to the preservation of diversity, greens are often committed to the maintenance and protection of indigenous communities, languages, and traditions. An example of this
21780-649: The state. In 1975 the New Zealand Parliament passed the Treaty of Waitangi Act , establishing the Waitangi Tribunal as a permanent commission of inquiry tasked with interpreting the treaty, investigating breaches of the Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi by the Crown or its agents, and suggesting means of redress. In most cases, recommendations of the tribunal are not binding on the Crown, but settlements with
21945-652: The term "Green" ("Grün" in German) and adopted the sunflower symbol. The term "Green" was coined by one of the founders of the German Green Party, Petra Kelly , after she visited Australia and saw the actions of the Builders Labourers Federation and their green ban actions. In the 1983 federal election , the Greens won 27 seats in the Bundestag . The first Canadian foray into green politics took place in
22110-441: The territory of New South Wales to include the entire territory of New Zealand, from latitude 34° South to 47° 10' South, and from longitude 166° 5' East to 179° East. Governor of New South Wales George Gipps was appointed Governor over New Zealand. This was the first clear expression of British intent to annex New Zealand. Hobson was called to the Colonial Office on the evening of 14 August 1839 and given instructions to take
22275-556: The then first-past-the-post electoral system meant that the party did not win any seats in the House of Representatives . Some of the founding members of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, notably Jeanette Fitzsimons , Rod Donald and Mike Ward , had been active members of the Values Party at the outset of the Green movement in the 1970s. At the 1989 local-body elections, multiple candidates stood for local government positions under
22440-507: The title of the " United Tribes of New Zealand ". He Whakaputanga (Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand) asserted that the 'public authority' of New Zealand remained with Māori. This document was not well received by the Colonial Office in Britain, and it was decided in London that a new policy for New Zealand was needed. From a Māori perspective, The Declaration of Independence had
22605-462: The traditional left-right spectrum, different currents within green politics incorporate ideas from socialism and capitalism. Greens on the Left are often identified as eco-socialists , who merge ecology and environmentalism with socialism and Marxism and blame the capitalist system for environmental degradation , social injustice, inequality and conflict. eco-capitalists , on the other hand, believe that
22770-465: The treatment of the Māori people in New Zealand by successive governments and the wider population, something that has been especially prominent from the late 20th century. The treaty document is an agreement, not a treaty as recognised in international law. It was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as consul for the British Crown and by Māori chiefs ( rangatira ) from
22935-472: The treaty as the signing took place but they eventually signed and after Marupō shook the Governor's hand, seized hold of his hat which was on the table and gestured to put it on. Over 40 chiefs signed the treaty that afternoon, which concluded with a chief leading three thundering cheers, and Colenso distributing gifts of two blankets and tobacco to each signatory. Hobson considered the signing at Waitangi to be highly significant, he noted that twenty-six of
23100-658: The treaty for five hours, much of which was recorded and translated by the Paihia missionary station printer, William Colenso . Rewa, a Catholic chief, who had been influenced by the French Catholic Bishop Pompallier , said "The Māori people don't want a governor! We aren't European. It's true that we've sold some of our lands. But this country is still ours! We chiefs govern this land of our ancestors". Moka 'Kainga-mataa' argued that all land unjustly purchased by Europeans should be returned. Whai asked: "Yesterday I
23265-468: The treaty resemble the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the British Sherbro Agreement (1825) and the treaty between Britain and Soombia Soosoos (1826). The entire treaty was prepared in three days, in which it underwent many revisions. There were doubts even during the drafting process that the Māori chiefs would be able to understand the concept of relinquishing "sovereignty". Assuming that
23430-640: The treaty was large in Kaitaia , as well as the Wellington to Whanganui region, but there were at least some holdouts in every other part of New Zealand. Māori were the first indigenous race to sign a document giving them British citizenship and promising their protection. Hobson was grateful to Williams and stated a British colony would not have been established in New Zealand without the CMS missionaries. On 21 May 1840, Lieutenant-Governor Hobson proclaimed sovereignty over
23595-424: The treaty would be as favourable as possible to Māori. Williams avoided using any English words that had no expression in Māori "thereby preserving entire the spirit and tenor" of the treaty. He added a note to the copy Hobson sent to Gibbs stating, "I certify that the above is as literal a translation of the Treaty of Waitangi as the idiom of the language will allow." The gospel -based literacy of Māori meant some of
23760-449: The treaty's quasi-legal status has clouded the question of whether Māori had ceded sovereignty to the Crown in 1840, and if so, whether such sovereignty remains intact. The treaty was written at a time when the New Zealand Company , acting on behalf of large numbers of settlers and would-be settlers, was establishing a colony in New Zealand, and when some Māori leaders had petitioned the British for protection against French ambitions. It
23925-427: The treaty, and a court judgement in 1877 declared it to be "a simple nullity ". Beginning in the 1950s, Māori increasingly sought to use the treaty as a platform for claiming additional rights to sovereignty and to reclaim lost land, and governments in the 1960s and 1970s responded to these arguments, giving the treaty an increasingly central role in the interpretation of land rights and relations between Māori people and
24090-400: The two diametrically-opposed parties. While the moratorium on genetic modification has now expired, the Greens remain heavily involved in attempts to prevent any GM releases under the new regulatory framework, and genetic engineering remains a major topic for the party. In the 2005 election , the Greens won 5.30%, returning six of their MPs to Parliament. Despite expressing clear support for
24255-528: The two new co-leaders now need to consist of one woman and one person of any gender (with leadership pathways for non-binary and intersex individuals). In addition, at least one of the future co-leaders is required to be of Māori descent. Green politics Green politics , or ecopolitics , is a political ideology that aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society often, but not always, rooted in environmentalism , nonviolence , social justice and grassroots democracy . It began taking shape in
24420-404: The vote, equivalent to 13 seats, but special votes increased their support enough to gain an extra seat. They remained the third largest parliamentary party in New Zealand. In the 2014 general election , the Green Party's share of the party vote fell slightly to 10.70%. Despite this, they retained all of their 14 seats and remained the third largest party in Parliament. James Shaw was elected at
24585-459: The western world in the 1970s; since then green parties have developed and established themselves in many countries around the globe and have achieved some electoral success. The political term green was used initially in relation to die Grünen (German for "the Greens"), a green party formed in the late 1970s. The term political ecology is sometimes used in academic circles, but it has come to represent an interdisciplinary field of study as
24750-459: The whole country, (the North Island by treaty and the South Island and Stewart Island by discovery) and New Zealand was constituted the Colony of New Zealand , separate from New South Wales by a Royal Charter issued on 16 November 1840, with effect from 3 May 1841. In Hobson's first dispatch to the British government, he stated that the North Island had been ceded with "unanimous adherence" (which
24915-656: The world signed a common declaration opposing French nuclear testing in the South Pacific, the first statement of global greens on a current issue. A second statement was issued in December 1997, concerning the Kyoto climate change treaty. At the 2001 Canberra Global Gathering delegates for Green Parties from 72 countries decided upon a Global Greens Charter which proposes six key principles. Over time, each Green Party can discuss this and organize itself to approve it, some by using it in
25080-400: The written Māori language of the time, the Māori text is not an exact translation of the English text, particularly in relation to the meaning of having and ceding sovereignty. These differences created disagreements in the decades following the signing, eventually contributing to the New Zealand Wars of 1845 to 1872 and continuing through to the Treaty of Waitangi settlements starting in
25245-466: Was cursed by a white man. Is that the way things are going to be?". Protestant Chiefs such as Hōne Heke , Pumuka , Te Wharerahi , Tāmati Wāka Nene and his brother Eruera Maihi Patuone were accepting of the Governor. Hōne Heke said: Governor, you should stay with us and be like a father. If you go away then the French or the rum sellers will take us Maori over. How can we know what the future will bring? If you stay, we can be 'all as one' with you and
25410-495: Was drafted with the intention of establishing a British Governor of New Zealand , recognising Māori ownership of their lands, forests and other possessions, and giving Māori the rights of British subjects . It was intended by the British Crown to ensure that when Lieutenant Governor Hobson subsequently made the declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand in May 1840, the Māori people would not feel that their rights had been ignored. Once it had been written and translated, it
25575-720: Was elected as the Mayor of Dunedin . In Auckland , the Green Party campaigns with the Labour Party , under the City Vision political banner. The Green Party was founded to counter what it sees as threats to the natural environment. Environmental issues remain its main focus. In recent times, it has expressed concerns about mining of national parks , fresh water , peak oil and the release of genetically engineered organisms. The party strongly supports efforts to address climate change based on scientific evidence, by transitioning away from
25740-463: Was elected at the 2009 annual general meeting after former female co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimons stood down as an MP in February 2009. In the 2011 election , the Green Party received nearly a quarter of a million party votes (247,372), equating to 11.06% of the total valid party votes nationwide, earning them 14 seats in the 50th Parliament. Preliminary results on election night showed them with 10.6% of
25905-400: Was first signed by Northern Māori leaders at Waitangi . Copies were subsequently taken around New Zealand and over the following months many other chiefs signed. Around 530 to 540 Māori, at least 13 of them women, signed the Māori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, despite some Māori leaders cautioning against it. Only 39 signed the English version. An immediate result of the treaty
26070-511: Was from the Greens and was elected to the Auckland Regional Council . At the Alliance's inaugural party conference in November 1992 party members elected Jeanette Fitzsimons from the Greens as a co-deputy leader of the Alliance. The Greens contested the 1993 and 1996 elections as part of the Alliance. Membership of the Alliance was a controversial decision with a sizeable minority in the party remaining opposed to it. Consequently
26235-576: Was made Minister of Conservation and Land Information and Associate Minister for the Environment. Jan Logie was appointed Parliamentary Undersecretary to the Minister of Justice with a focus on domestic and sexual violence issues. As a support partner of the Labour-New Zealand First coalition government , the Greens secured several policies and concessions including a proposed Zero Carbon Act ,
26400-408: Was not accurate) and while Hobson claimed the South Island by discovery based on the "uncivilised state of the natives", in actuality he had no basis to make such a claim. Hobson issued the proclamation because he felt it was forced on him by settlers from the New Zealand Company at Port Nicholson who had formed an independent settlement government and claimed legality from local chiefs, two days after
26565-463: Was overwhelmingly re-elected, winning 116 delegate votes with just four to Cockle. In January 2022, Radio New Zealand reported that several Green Party executive and policy branch members had resigned from the Party citing disagreement with the Green Party leadership's cooperation agreement with the governing Labour Party, taking issue with what they regarded as the Greens' perceived limited ability to hold
26730-649: Was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand in Sydney on 14 January 1840, finally arriving in the Bay of Islands on 29 January 1840. Meanwhile, a second New Zealand Company ship, the Cuba , had arrived in Port Nicholson on 3 January 1840 with a survey party to prepare for settlement there. The Aurora , the first ship carrying immigrants, arrived in Port Nicholson on 22 January 1840. On 30 January 1840 Hobson attended
26895-434: Was that Queen Victoria 's government gained the sole right to purchase land. In total there are nine signed copies of the Treaty of Waitangi, including the sheet signed on 6 February 1840 at Waitangi. The text of the treaty includes a preamble and three articles. It is bilingual, with the Māori text translated in the context of the time from the English. As some words in the English treaty did not translate directly into
27060-513: Was the United Tasmania Group , founded in Australia in March 1972 to fight against deforestation and the creation of a dam that would damage Lake Pedder ; whilst it only gained three percent in state elections, it inspired the creation of Green parties all over the world. In May 1972, a meeting at Victoria University of Wellington launched the Values Party , the world's first countrywide green party to contest Parliamentary seats nationally. In November 1972, Europe's first green party, PEOPLE in
27225-401: Was the first of the Māori chiefs who signed that day. As each chief signed Hobson said " He iwi tahi tātou ", meaning "We are [now] one people". This was probably at the request of Williams, knowing the significance, especially to Christian chiefs, 'Māori and British would be linked, as subjects of the Queen and followers of Christ'. Two chiefs, Marupō and Ruhe , protested strongly against
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