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91-447: The New York State Teachers Association was organized at a teacher's convention on 30 July 1845 in Syracuse, New York . After the convention had resolved itself into a State Teachers' Association a committee was set up to recommend officers, which decided on Chester Dewey (1784–1869) of Rochester as President. The association was incorporated by a legislative act in 1852. It included most of

182-577: A hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ), as mean July temperatures are just above the 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) threshold needed for a hot-summer climate. The city is known for its high snowfall, 115.6 inches (2.94 meters) on average; Syracuse receives the most annual average snow of any metropolitan area in the United States. Syracuse usually wins the Golden Snowball Award among Upstate cities. Its record seasonal (July 1 to June 30 of

273-623: A "personalized" letter from President Obama emphasizing the importance of voting. In addition, 100,000 volunteers went door-to-door to promote endorsed candidates to 13 million union voters in 32 states. The AFL-CIO is governed by its members, who meet in a quadrennial convention. Each member union elects delegates, based on proportional representation. The AFL-CIO's state federations, central and local labor councils, constitutional departments, and constituent groups are also entitled to delegates. The delegates elect officers and vice presidents, debate and approve policy, and set dues. From 1951 to 1996,

364-458: A Jesuit priest by the name of Simon Le Moyne , accompanied by soldiers and coureurs des bois , including Pierre Esprit Radisson , set up a mission, known as Ste. Marie de Gannentaha , on the northeast shore of Onondaga Lake . Jesuit missionaries reported salty brine springs around the southern end of what they referred to as "Salt Lake", known today as Onondaga Lake in honor of the historic tribe. French fur traders established trade throughout

455-550: A department of the AFL-CIO. Established in 1958, it was previously known as the Human Resources Development Institute (HRDI). John Sweeney renamed the department and spun it off as an independent organization in 1998 to act as a lobbying group to promote economic development, develop new economic policies, and lobby Congress on economic policy. The American Center for International Labor Solidarity started out as

546-590: A high proportion of women students. In the College of Liberal Arts, the ratio between male and female students during the 19th century was approximately even. The College of Fine Arts was predominantly female, and a low ratio of women enrolled in the College of Medicine and the College of Law. The first New York State Fair was held in Syracuse in 1841. Between 1842 and 1889, the Fair was held among 11 New York cities before finding

637-604: A large downtown convention complex , and is home to prominent institutions such as Syracuse University , SUNY Upstate Medical University , SUNY ESF , and Le Moyne College . French missionaries were the first Europeans to come to this area, arriving to work with and convert the Native Americans in the mid-17th century. At the invitation of the Onondaga Nation , one of the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy ,

728-512: A major crossroads , first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals, then of the railway network . Today, the city is at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90 , and its airport is the largest in Central New York , a five-county region of over one million inhabitants. Syracuse is the economic and educational hub of Central New York. It hosts a number of convention sites, including

819-638: A new issue—the War in Vietnam—was bitterly splitting the New Deal coalition into hawks (led by Johnson and Vice President Hubert Humphrey ) and doves (led by Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy ). The AFL-CIO continued to experience political defeats in the 70's, particular when it came to the Democratic nomination of George McGovern in 1972. The federation leaders were opposed to McGovern's stance on issues such as

910-503: A period of several days. Larger snowfalls do occur occasionally, and even more so in the northern suburbs. The Blizzard of 1993 was described as the Storm of the Century. Some 42.9 in (109 cm) fell on the city within 48 hours, with 35.6 in (90 cm) falling within the first 24 hours. Syracuse received more snow than any other city in the country during this storm, which shattered

1001-453: A permanent home in Syracuse. It has been an annual event since then, except between 1942 and 1947, when the grounds were used as a military base during World War II, and in 2020, due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic . As part of the racial incidents happening all over the country during the 1919 Red Summer , on July 31, 1919, there was a violent riot between white and black workers of

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1092-401: A permanent staff, and owned and partly occupied a modern office building. The annual meetings drew many attendees. Achievements of the association included obtaining sufficient state funding for teacher training and public education, having teachers licensed by trained officials, job security through teachers' tenure of position, minimum salaries and rural school consolidation. On 18 November 1951

1183-411: A poetic description of Syracuse, Sicily (Siracusa), Wilkinson saw similarities to the lake and salt springs of this area, which had both "salt and freshwater mingling together". On February 4, 1820, Wilkinson proposed the name "Syracuse" to a group of fellow townsmen; it became the name of the village and the new post office. The first Solvay Process Company plant in the United States was erected on

1274-513: A population of 148,620 and a metropolitan area of 662,057, it is the fifth-most populated city and 13th-most populated municipality in the state of New York . Formally established in 1820, Syracuse was named after the classical Greek city Syracuse ( Siracusa in Italian), a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily , for its similar natural features. It has historically functioned as

1365-599: A restructuring of unions and locals, eliminating some smaller locals and focusing more along the lines of industrial unionism . In 2005, the NUP dissolved and the Change to Win Federation (CtW) formed, threatening to secede from the AFL-CIO if its demands for major reorganization were not met. As the AFL-CIO prepared for its 50th anniversary convention in late July, three of the federations' four largest unions announced their withdrawal from

1456-558: A solid majority of NYSTA teachers. One of the key issues had been whether the new union should be associated with the AFL–CIO , which the NEA opposed. The merger agreement announced in April 1972 included AFL–CIO membership. Thomas Y. Hobart Jr., who had been elected president of NYSTA in 1971, became the president of combined union. Shanker was elected executive vice-president, but was generally thought to be

1547-693: A system known as precision railroading . In 2013, the AFL-CIO named the University of Maryland Libraries as their official repository , succeeding the closed National Labor College .  The archival and library holdings were transferred in 2013, dating from the establishment of the AFL (1881), and offer almost complete records from the founding of the AFL-CIO (1955).  Among the estimated 40 million documents are AFL-CIO Department records, trade department records, international union records, union programs, union organizations with allied or affiliate relationships with

1638-648: A total of eight local records, including the most snow in a single snowstorm. A second notable snowfall was the Blizzard of 1966 , with 42.3 in (107 cm). The Blizzard of '58 occurred in February (16–17th) across Oswego and Onondaga counties. This storm was classified as a blizzard due to the high winds, blowing snow, and cold; 26.1 in (66 cm) of snow was measured at Syracuse and drifts reached 20 ft (6.1 m) in Oswego County. (See Thirtieth Publication of

1729-413: Is a federation of international labor unions. As a voluntary federation, the AFL-CIO has little authority over the affairs of its member unions except in extremely limited cases (such as the ability to expel a member union for corruption and enforce resolution of disagreements over jurisdiction or organizing). As of May 2023, the AFL-CIO had 60 member unions representing 12.5 million members. The AFL-CIO

1820-414: Is added to prevent bacterial growth. Most of the environmental work to achieve lake cleanup was scheduled to be completed by 2016; however Honeywell , the company tasked with the cleanup, announced the project's completion in late 2017. For periods of drought, there is also a backup line which uses water from Lake Ontario . Onondaga Creek , a waterway that runs through downtown, flows northward through

1911-407: Is found in the densely developed downtown , which has only 4.6% trees. Syracuse's main water source is Skaneateles Lake , one of the country's cleanest lakes, located 15 mi (24 km) southwest of the city. Water from nearby Onondaga Lake is not potable due to industrial dumping that spanned many decades, leaving the lake heavily polluted. Incoming water is left unfiltered, and chlorine

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2002-778: Is the Episcopal St. Paul's Cathedral . Both cathedrals are located at Columbus Circle . They represent their respective dioceses , the Diocese of Syracuse (Roman Catholic) and the Diocese of Central New York (Episcopal). The Assembly of God , the American Baptist Churches of the US, the Southern Baptist Convention , and the United Church of Christ are other Protestant denominations, and they have their state offices in

2093-656: The Cold War , it vigorously opposed Communist unions in Latin America and Europe. In opposing Communism, it helped split the CGT in France and helped create the anti-Communist Force Ouvrière . According to the cybersecurity firm Area 1, hackers working for the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force compromised the networks of the AFL-CIO in order to gain information on negotiations for

2184-524: The Cortland Academy in Homer, New York , was NYSTA president in 1848–49. He was a strong supporter of coeducation. At first women did not have the right to speak at NYSTA meetings, and women teachers were paid much less than men. Thanks to efforts of teachers such as Susan B. Anthony in the 1850s they were eventually admitted as full members. Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted Anthony's speech on coeducation for

2275-653: The National Labor College and Union Privilege. The AFL-CIO is affiliated to the Brussels-based International Trade Union Confederation , formed November 1, 2006. The new body incorporated the member organizations of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions , of which the AFL-CIO had long been part. The AFL-CIO had had a very active foreign policy in building and strengthening free trade unions. During

2366-634: The New York Constitution that would explicitly prevent censorship of radio, cinema and other media, although abuse of the right could be prosecuted. The NYSTA and other educational organizations such as the State Education Department and Associated Principals wrote to the Bill of Rights Committee on the subject, but neither supported or opposed the amendment, which was dropped. By 1946 the NYSTA had

2457-550: The Trans-Pacific Partnership . The AFL-CIO has a long relationship with civil rights struggles. One of the major points of contention between the AFL and the CIO, particularly in the era immediately after the CIO split off, was the CIO's willingness to include black workers (excluded by the AFL in its focus on craft unionism). Later, black workers would also criticize the CIO for abandoning their interests, particularly after

2548-693: The Vietnam War , which the AFL-CIO strongly supported. The AFL-CIO endorsed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . In the 21st century, the AFL-CIO has been criticized by campaigners against police violence for its affiliation with the International Union of Police Associations (IUPA). On May 31, 2020, the AFL-CIO offices in Washington, DC , were set on fire during the George Floyd protests taking place in

2639-526: The 1970s, as the industry restructured nationwide. Many small businesses failed during this time, which contributed to the already increasing unemployment rate. Rockwell International moved its factory outside New York state. General Electric moved its television manufacturing operations to Suffolk, Virginia , and later offshore to Asia. The Carrier Corporation moved its headquarters out of Syracuse, relocated its manufacturing operations out of state, and outsourced some of its production to Asian facilities. Although

2730-532: The 2010 count. Work Area Profile Report Worker Age Earnings Christianity: Most Christians in Syracuse are Catholic, reflecting the influence of 19th and early 20th-century immigration patterns, when numerous Irish, German, Italian and eastern European Catholics settled in the city. The city has the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception . Syracuse is also home to

2821-509: The 2014 estimates from the American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the city was $ 31,566, and the median income for a family was $ 38,794. Males had a median income of $ 39,537 versus $ 33,983 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,283. About 28.2% of families and 35.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 50% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 and over. As of 2017,

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2912-700: The AFL-CIO in October 2010. In August 2013, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO. The ILWU said that members of other AFL-CIO unions were crossing its picket lines, and the AFL-CIO had done nothing to stop it. The ILWU also cited the AFL-CIO's willingness to compromise on key policies such as labor law reform, immigration reform, and health care reform. The longshoremen's union said it would become an independent union. In 2024, AFL-CIO voiced its opposition to an investor-led plan at Norfolk Southern Railway to replace

3003-459: The AFL-CIO. After a bitter internal leadership dispute that involved allegations of embezzlement and accusations that SEIU was attempting to raid the union, a substantial number of UNITE HERE members formed their own union ( Workers United ) while the remainder of UNITE HERE reaffiliated with the AFL-CIO on September 17, 2009. The Laborers' International Union of North America said on August 13, 2010, that it would also leave Change to Win and rejoin

3094-527: The Executive Council held its winter meeting in the resort town of Bal Harbour, Florida . The meeting at the Bal Harbour Sheraton has been the object of frequent criticism, including over a labor dispute at the hotel itself. Citing image concerns, the council changed the meeting site to Los Angeles . However, the meeting was moved back to Bal Harbour several years later. The 2012 meeting

3185-718: The Free Trade Union Committee (FTUC), which internationally promoted free labor-unions. Other organizations that are allied with the AFL-CIO include: Programs are organizations established and controlled by the AFL-CIO to serve certain organizational goals. Programs of the AFL-CIO include the AFL-CIO Building Investment Trust, the AFL-CIO Employees Federal Credit Union , the AFL-CIO Housing Investment Trust,

3276-583: The Greater Syracuse area. The dozens of churches in Syracuse include Seventh-Day Adventist, Eastern Orthodox , Jehovah's Witness , Christian Science , Reformed Presbyterian , and Metaphysical Christian. Buddhism : Buddhism is represented by the Zen Center of Syracuse on the Seneca Turnpike; as well as a center on Park Street, on the city's Northside. Hinduism : Hindu houses of worship include

3367-519: The Hindu Mandir of Central New York in Liverpool. Islam : The Islamic Society of Central New York Mosque is located on Comstock Avenue and Muhammad's Study Group on West Kennedy Street. Judaism: Several synagogues are located in the Syracuse metropolitan area, including Beth Shalom-Chevra Chas, Temple Adath Yeshurun, Shaarei Torah Orthodox Congregation of Syracuse, and Temple Concord , considered

3458-504: The IUD remained rather militant on a number of issues. There are six AFL-CIO constitutionally mandated departments: Constituency groups are nonprofit organizations chartered and funded by the AFL-CIO as voter registration and mobilization bodies. These groups conduct research, host training and educational conferences, issue research reports and publications, lobby for legislation and build coalitions with local groups. Each constituency group has

3549-447: The June 1856 NYSTA meeting. In the late 19th century both state officials and the NYSTA were increasingly concerned about the tendency of local school districts to give teaching certificates to unqualified candidates. In 1887 the NYSTA members lobbied for a bill requiring a standard examination for all teachers in the state. The governor vetoed the bill, but most districts agreed voluntarily to

3640-515: The NYSTA House of Delegates represented the interests of active teachers. The New York State Teachers’ Retirement System was established in 1921. From September 1936 the association started to mail out mimeographed circulars to teachers on subjects such as "Tax Reduction versus Tax Limitation," "Why Tenure for Public School Teachers?" "Academic Freedom-Study Outline," "Credit for School Teachers," "Insurance for School Teachers," and "Federal Aid." In 1937

3731-611: The NYSTA and the School Boards Association founded the New York State Educational Conference Board, which included most of the larger associations of teachers, administrators and parents. The Conference Board developed and promoted proposals to the New York State legislature for increased state funding of schools. In 1938 it was proposed to add a statement to the section on freedom of speech in

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3822-775: The New York area among the Iroquois. Dutch and English colonists also were traders, and the English nominally claimed the area, from their upstate base at Albany, New York . During the American Revolutionary War , the highly decentralized Iroquois divided into groups and bands that supported the British, and two tribes that supported the American-born rebels, or patriots. Settlers came into central and western New York from eastern parts of

3913-711: The Oswego County Historical Society, (1969) and The Climate and Snow Climatology of Oswego N.Y., (1971) Syracuse on average receives an annual precipitation of 38.47 inches (977 millimeters), with the months of July through September being the wettest in terms of total precipitation, while precipitation occurs on more days each month during the snow season. The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 23.6 °F (−4.7 °C) in January to 71.3 °F (21.8 °C) in July. The record high of 102 °F (39 °C)

4004-453: The Salina shale near Tully, New York , 15 miles south of the city, was developed in the 19th century. It is the north-flowing brine from Tully that is the source of salt for the "salty springs" found along the shoreline of Onondaga Lake. The rapid development of this industry in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the nicknaming of this area as "The Salt City". The original settlement of Syracuse

4095-664: The Syracuse Globe Malleable Iron Works. Syracuse is home to the only "green on top" traffic light . The "green on top" traffic light was installed in 1928 as a result of local youths throwing rocks at the "British red" light that was originally on top. These locals became known as "stonethrowers" and the neighborhood now has the Tipperary Hill Heritage Memorial on the corner of Tompkins Street and Milton Avenue to commemorate this history. World War II stimulated significant industrial expansion in

4186-490: The United States Census Bureau indicated an estimated population of 146,396. Syracuse ranks 50th in the United States for transit ridership and 12th for most pedestrian commuters . Each day, 38,332 people commute into Onondaga County from the four adjoining counties (2006). In the results of the 2020 Census, Syracuse experienced population growth for the first time in over 70 years, having grown 2.4% since

4277-523: The Vietnam war. Although they attempted to stop the nomination at the Democratic National Convention of 1972, their attempts proved to be futile as they realized the chokehold they had on politics was giving way to a more diverse set of delegates. This marked a turning point in the political power they held as a federation in the U.S. In 2003, the AFL-CIO began an intense internal debate over

4368-627: The area: of specialty steel, fasteners, and custom machining. After the war, two of the Big Three automobile manufacturers ( General Motors and Chrysler ) had major operations in the area. Syracuse was also headquarters for Carrier Corporation , and Crouse-Hinds manufactured traffic signals in the city. General Electric , with its headquarters in Schenectady to the east, had its main television manufacturing plant at Electronics Parkway in Syracuse. The manufacturing industry in Syracuse began to falter in

4459-557: The census of 2010, there were 145,170 people, 57,355 households, and 28,455 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 56.0% White , 29.5% African American , 1.1% Native American , 5.5% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 2.7% from other races , and 5.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 8.3% of the population. The largest ancestries include Italian (29.5%), Irish (18.4%), Polish (15.3%), German (9.6%), English (4.5%), and Slovak (3.6%). Non-Hispanic Whites were 52.8% of

4550-461: The city over the years. Although the central part of Syracuse is flat, many of its neighborhoods are on small hills such as University Hill and Tipperary Hill . Land to the north of Syracuse is generally flat, while land to the south is hilly. About 27% of Syracuse's land area is covered by 890,000 trees — a higher percentage than in Albany , Rochester , or Buffalo . The Labor Day Storm of 1998

4641-399: The city population has declined since 1950, the Syracuse metropolitan area population has remained fairly stable, growing by 2.5% since 1970. While this growth rate is greater than much of Upstate New York, it is far below the national average during that period. The Syracuse Community Grid project is a 2023 highway teardown project taking place in Downtown Syracuse, with the goal of improving

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4732-463: The city. Syracuse is located at 43°2′49″N 76°8′40″W  /  43.04694°N 76.14444°W  / 43.04694; -76.14444 (43.046899, −76.144423). It is located about 87 miles (140 km) east of Rochester , 150 miles (240 km) east of Buffalo , and 145 miles (230 km) west of the state capital, Albany . It is also the halfway point between New York City and Toronto , about 245 miles (390 km) from each, Toronto to

4823-410: The city. In response, AFL-CIO president Richard Trumka condemned both the murder of George Floyd and the destruction of the offices, but did not address demands to end the organization's affiliation with the IUPA. After the smashing electoral victory of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 , the heavily Democratic Congress passed a raft of liberal legislation. Labor union leaders claimed credit for

4914-408: The city. The Onondaga Creekwalk borders this, connecting the Lakefront , Inner Harbor , Franklin Square and Armory Square neighborhoods. The creek continues through the Valley and ultimately to the Onondaga Nation . The creek is navigable, but it can be a challenge. Its channelized nature speeds up its flow, particularly in the spring, when it may be dangerous. After some youngsters drowned in

5005-401: The combined novitiate of the United States Northeast (UNE) and Maryland Provinces of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The historic Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus is located near downtown (Roman Catholic, with Mass, offered in English and Polish). Tridentine Mass is offered multiple times a week at Transfiguration Parish in the Eastside neighborhood. Another major historic church

5096-418: The company's top management and several board members. Organized labor is divided on the issue, which is the major sticking point of a proxy battle between NS management and investors ahead of a May 9, 2024 shareholder meeting. AFL-CIO came out and voiced its support for Norfolk's CEO Alan Shaw , citing concerns about safety, service, and job losses. The union criticized the proposal to replace Shaw and implement

5187-401: The country. In recent years the AFL-CIO has concentrated its political efforts on lobbying in Washington and the state capitals, and on "GOTV" (get-out-the-vote) campaigns in major elections. For example, in the 2010 midterm elections, it sent 28.6 million pieces of mail. Members received a "slate card" with a list of union endorsements matched to the member's congressional district, along with

5278-415: The creek, some residential areas fenced-off the creek in their neighborhoods. The City of Syracuse officially recognizes 26 neighborhoods within its boundaries. Some of these have small additional neighborhoods and districts inside of them. In addition, Syracuse also owns and operates Syracuse Hancock International Airport on the territory of four towns north of the city. Syracuse's neighborhoods reflect

5369-443: The delegates of the 1965 Illinois AFL-CIO Convention during his keynote address, "if I did not point out that the labor movement of thirty years ago did more in that period for civil rights than labor is doing today...Our combined strength is potentially enormous, but we have not used a fraction of it for our own good or the needs of society as a whole." King and the AFL-CIO diverged further in 1967, when King announced his opposition to

5460-442: The department to survive without a constitutional mandate. For many years, the IUD was a de facto organizing department in the AFL-CIO. For example, it provided money to the near-destitute American Federation of Teachers (AFT) as it attempted to organize the United Federation of Teachers in 1961. The organizing money enabled the AFT to win the election and establish its first large collective bargaining affiliate. For many years,

5551-427: The dues the international collects. But not all international unions pay their required state federation and CLC dues. One of the most well-known departments was the Industrial Union Department (IUD). It had been constitutionally mandated by the new AFL-CIO constitution created by the merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955, as CIO unions felt that the AFL's commitment to industrial unionism was not strong enough to permit

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5642-399: The earlier Leblanc process. The Syracuse Solvay plant was the incubator for a large chemical industry complex owned by Allied Signal in Syracuse. While this industry stimulated development and provided many jobs in Syracuse, it left Onondaga Lake as the most polluted in the nation. The salt industry declined after the Civil War, but a new manufacturing industry arose in its place. Throughout

5733-543: The examination. New York City was among those who did not. Mary Evelyn Hall (1874–1956) became the first president of the NYSTA Library Section in 1910–11, and promoted school libraries in the state. She became president of the NEA Library Department Committee on High School Libraries in 1911. For most of its history the NYSTA was the New York affiliate of the National Education Association (NEA). Teachers could enhance their professional careers through membership in NYSTA, and often remained involved after retirement. From 1913

5824-434: The federation: the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), the International Brotherhood of Teamsters ("The Teamsters"), and the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (UFCW). UNITE HERE disaffiliated in mid-September 2005, the United Farm Workers left in January 2006, and the Laborers' International Union of North America disaffiliated on June 1, 2006. Two unions later left CtW and rejoined

5915-464: The first officers were elected to the New York State Retired Teachers’ Association (NYSRTA), which represented the interest of retired teachers. In 1973 the NYSTA merged with the United Teachers of New York (UTNY). At the time of the merger the NYSTA had 101,000 members, while the UTNY had 85,000. The NEA-affiliated NYSTA was strong in the upstate, suburban and rural areas, while the UTNY represented teachers downstate and in core of New York City. The UTNY

6006-496: The following year) snowfall so far is 192.1 in (4.88 m) during the winter of 1992–93, while the snowiest calendar month was January 2004, with 78.1 in (1.98 m) accumulated. The high snowfall is a result of the city receiving both heavy snow from the lake effect of nearby Lake Ontario (of the Great Lakes) and nor'easter snow from storms driven from the Atlantic Ocean. Snow most often falls in small (about 1–3 inches or 2.5–7.6 centimetres), almost daily doses, over

6097-482: The future of the labor movement in the United States with the creation of the New Unity Partnership (NUP), a loose coalition of some of the AFL-CIO's largest unions. This debate intensified in 2004, after the defeat of labor-backed candidate John Kerry in the November 2004 US presidential election . The NUP's program for reform of the federation included reduction of the central bureaucracy, more money spent on organizing new members rather than on electoral politics, and

6188-405: The historically ethnic and multicultural population. Traditionally, Irish, Polish and Ukrainian Americans settled on its west side (see Tipperary Hill ); Jewish Americans on its east side; German and Italian Americans on the north side; and African-Americans on its south side. In recent years, large numbers of refugees from the Middle East have settled mainly on the north side as well. Syracuse has

6279-434: The hottest, third-hottest, and fourth-hottest summers on record. Additionally, 2017 and 2018 saw consecutive monthly high temperature records broken in February, of 71 °F (22 °C) on February 24, 2017, and 75 °F (24 °C) on February 21, 2018, in addition to four consecutive days at or above 60 °F (16 °C). The latter was the warmest winter day on record. See or edit raw graph data . As of

6370-421: The late 1800s and early 1900s, numerous businesses and stores were established, including the Franklin Automobile Company , which produced the first air-cooled engine in the world; the Century Motor Vehicle Company ; the Smith Corona company; and the Craftsman Workshops, the center of Gustav Stickley 's handmade furniture empire. On March 24, 1870, Syracuse University was founded. The State of New York granted

6461-469: The merger with the AFL. In 1961, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech titled "If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins" to the organization's convention in Bal Harbour, Florida . King hoped for a coalition between civil rights and labor that would improve the situation for the entire working class by ending racial discrimination. However, King also criticized the AFL-CIO for its tolerance of unions that excluded black workers. "I would be lacking in honesty," he told

6552-563: The more powerful of the two. The merged organization was at first called the New York Congress of Teachers, and later changed its name to the New York State United Teachers (NYSUT). Syracuse, New York Syracuse ( / ˈ s ɪr ə k j uː z , ˈ s ɛr -, - k j uː s / SIRR -ə-kewz, SERR -, -⁠kewss ) is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York , United States. With

6643-454: The new university its own charter, independent of Genesee College , which had unsuccessfully tried to move to Syracuse the year before. The university was founded as coeducational. President Peck stated at the opening ceremonies, "The conditions of admission shall be equal to all persons... there shall be no invidious discrimination here against woman.... brains and heart shall have a fair chance..." Syracuse implemented this policy and attracted

6734-556: The ninth-oldest Jewish house of worship in the United States. AFL%E2%80%93CIO The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFL-CIO ) is a national trade union center that is the largest federation of unions in the United States. It is made up of 60 national and international unions, together representing more than 12 million active and retired workers. The AFL-CIO engages in substantial political spending and activism, typically in support of progressive and pro-labor policies. The AFL-CIO

6825-564: The northwest and NYC to the southeast. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 66 square kilometres (25.6 square miles), of which 65 square kilometres (25.1 square miles) is land and 1.6 square kilometres (0.6 square miles) (2.15%) water. The city developed at the northeast corner of the Finger Lakes region. The city has many neighborhoods that were originally independent villages, which joined

6916-476: The population in 2010, down from 87.2% in 1970. Suburbanization attracted residents outside the city, even as new immigrant and migrant groups increased. There were 57,355 households, out of which 29% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 9.3% were married couples living together, 20.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.4% were non-families. 38.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who

7007-824: The right to sit in on AFL-CIO executive council meetings, and to exercise representational and voting rights at AFL-CIO conventions. The AFL-CIO's seven constituency groups include the A. Philip Randolph Institute , the AFL-CIO Union Veterans Council, the Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance , the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists , the Coalition of Labor Union Women , the Labor Council for Latin American Advancement and Pride at Work . The Working for America Institute started out as

7098-596: The rival Change to Win Federation in 2005, although a number of those unions have since re-affiliated, and many locals of Change to Win are either part of or work with their local central labor councils. The largest unions currently in the AFL-CIO are the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) with approximately 1.7 million members, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), with approximately 1.4 million members, and United Food and Commercial Workers with 1.2 million members. The AFL-CIO

7189-413: The southwestern shore of Onondaga Lake in 1884. The village was called Solvay to commemorate the inventor Ernest Solvay . In 1861, he developed the ammonia-soda process for the manufacture of soda ash (anhydrous sodium carbonate) from brine wells dug in the southern end of Tully valley (as a source of sodium chloride) and limestone (as a source of calcium carbonate). The process was an improvement over

7280-568: The state and New England after the American Revolutionary War and various treaties with and land sales by Native American tribes. The subsequent designation of this area by the state of New York as the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation provided the basis for commercial salt production. Such production took place from the late 1700s through the early 1900s. Brine from wells that tapped into halite (common salt) beds in

7371-406: The teachers in upstate New York and Long Island . This was a period when free schools were being established throughout the state, and normal schools were being established to train teachers. The objectives of the association were to support professional improvement of the member teachers and to promote a series of improvements to the public schools in the state. Samuel Buell Woolworth, principal of

7462-648: The widest range of liberal laws since the New Deal era, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the War on Poverty; aid to cities and education; increased Social Security benefits; and Medicare for the elderly. The 1966 elections were an unexpected disaster, with defeats for many of the more liberal Democrats. According to Alan Draper, the AFL-CIO Committee on Political Action (COPE)

7553-451: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.14. The city's age distribution was as follows: 19% of residents were under the age of 15, 23% from 15 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 91 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.89 males. According to

7644-596: Was a derecho that destroyed approximately 30,000 trees. The sugar maple accounts for 14.2% of Syracuse's trees, followed by the Northern white cedar (9.8%) and the European buckthorn (6.8%). The most common street tree is the Norway maple (24.3%), followed by the honey locust (9.3%). The densest tree cover in Syracuse is in the two Valley neighborhoods, where 46.6% of the land is covered by trees. The lowest tree cover percentage

7735-563: Was a conglomeration of several small towns and villages and was not recognized with a post office by the United States Government . Establishing the post office was delayed because the settlement did not have a name. Joshua Forman wanted to name the village Corinth . When John Wilkinson applied for a post office in that name in 1820, it was denied because the same name was already in use in Saratoga County, New York . Having read

7826-476: Was a major component of the New Deal Coalition that dominated politics into the mid-1960s. Although it has lost membership, finances, and political clout since 1970, it remains a major player on the liberal side of national politics , with a great deal of activity in lobbying, grassroots organizing, coordinating with other liberal organizations, fund-raising, and recruiting and supporting candidates around

7917-472: Was an affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). Albert Shanker , president of the UTNY, was hoping to merge the national NEA and AFT unions. He said, "If we could merge in New York State, we could start a wave that would flow throughout the country and mergers would occur in other states, like Michigan and Illinois and California." The merger was approved by an overwhelming majority of UTNY members and

8008-474: Was formed in 1955 when the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merged after a long estrangement. Union membership in the US peaked in 1979, when the AFL-CIO's affiliated unions had nearly twenty million members. From 1955 until 2005, the AFL-CIO's member unions represented nearly all unionized workers in the United States. Several large unions split away from AFL-CIO and formed

8099-540: Was held in Orlando, Florida . The AFL-CIO constitution permits international unions to pay state federation and central labor council (CLC) dues directly, rather than have each local or state federation pay them. This relieves each union's state and local affiliates of the administrative duty of assessing, collecting and paying the dues. International unions assess the AFL-CIO dues themselves, and collect them on top of their own dues-generating mechanisms or simply pay them out of

8190-434: Was recorded on July 9, 1936, and the record low of −26 °F (−32 °C) has occurred three times since 1942, the last being February 18, 1979. In the early 21st century, a handful of previous heat records have been broken in the city. For example, July 2020 became the hottest month on record, with a mean temperature of 77.1 °F (25.1 °C), while the summers (June–August) of 2005, 2020, and 2012 were, respectively,

8281-426: Was the main electioneering unit of the labor movement. It ignored the white backlash against civil rights. The COPE assumed falsely that union members were interested in issues of greatest salience to union leadership, but polls showed this was not true. The members were much more conservative. The younger ones were deeply concerned about taxes and crime, and the older ones had more conservative social views. Furthermore,

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