83-678: New York Radical Women ( NYRW ) was an early second-wave radical feminist group that existed from 1967 to 1969. They drew nationwide media attention when they unfurled a banner inside the 1968 Miss America pageant displaying the words "Women's Liberation". The protest group was founded in New York City in late 1967, by former television child star Robin Morgan , Carol Hanisch , Shulamith Firestone , and Pam Allen . Early members included Ros Baxandall , Pat Mainardi , Irene Peslikis , Kathie Sarachild , and Ellen Willis . New York Radical Women were
166-615: A Presidential Commission on the Status of Women , chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt and comprising cabinet officials (including Peterson and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ), senators, representatives, businesspeople, psychologists, sociologists, professors, activists, and public servants. The report recommended changing this inequality by providing paid maternity leave, greater access to education, and help with child care to women. There were other actions by women in wider society, presaging their wider engagement in politics which would come with
249-542: A baby boom , a move to family-oriented suburbs and the ideal of companionate marriages. During this time, women did not tend to seek employment due to their engagement with domestic and household duties, which was seen as their primary duty but often left them isolated within the home and estranged from politics, economics, and law making. This life was clearly illustrated by the media of the time; for example television shows such as Father Knows Best and Leave It to Beaver idealized domesticity. Some important events laid
332-704: A "movement" as early as 1964. The movement grew with legal victories such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and the Griswold v. Connecticut Supreme Court ruling of 1965. In 1966 Friedan joined other women and men to found the National Organization for Women (NOW); Friedan would be named as the organization's first president. Despite the early successes NOW achieved under Friedan's leadership, her decision to pressure
415-488: A New Millennium (2003). Kathie Sarachild coined the phrase "sisterhood is powerful" in 1968, in a flier she wrote for the keynote speech she gave for New York Radical Women 's first public action at the convocation of the Jeannette Rankin Brigade. The collection addresses several major issues including "the need for radical feminism, the discrimination women experienced from men in the political left, and
498-574: A flier for the keynote speech she gave at the convocation, and in this flier she coined the phrase "Sisterhood is powerful". The group also participated in the Miss America protest with their brochure No More Miss America in Atlantic City, New Jersey , on September 7, 1968. About 400 women were drawn together from across the United States to a protest outside the event. The women symbolically threw
581-586: A group of feminists, chaired by Hilda Tweedy of the Irish Housewives Association , set up the Council for the Status of Women, with the goal of gaining equality for women. It was an umbrella body for women's groups. During the 1990s the council's activities included supporting projects funded by the European Social Fund , and running Women and Leadership Programmes and forums. In 1995, following
664-636: A group of young friends in their twenties who were part of the New Left , who had grown tired of the male-dominated civil rights and anti-war movements , and men who they saw as still preferring their female counterparts to stay at home. Because Carol Hanisch was the head of the New York office of the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF), by early 1968, Hanisch had secured the SCEF offices for
747-503: A meeting of the women who had been at the "free school" course and the women's workshop at the conference; this became the first Chicago women's liberation group. It was known as the Westside group because it met weekly in Freeman's apartment on Chicago's west side. After a few months, Freeman started a newsletter which she called Voice of the women's liberation movement. It circulated all over
830-411: A mother and a wife. Friedan coined the term "Feminine Mystique" to recognize the romanticization of being a "happy housewife" perpetuated by media such as TV and magazines and that women should feel satisfied with housework, marriage, child-rearing, and passivity around the home unit. Women were always seen as relational to the other people in their life and were not encouraged to have their own identity as
913-434: A multitude of women's issues. At the conference, delegates from around the country gathered to create a National Plan of Action , which offered 26 planks on matters such as women's health, women's employment, and child care. By the early 1980s, it was largely perceived that women had met their goals and succeeded in changing social attitudes towards gender roles, repealing oppressive laws that were based on sex, integrating
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#1732870182235996-429: A number of "feminine" products into a large trash can. These included mops, pots and pans, Playboy magazines, false eyelashes, high-heeled shoes, curlers, hairspray, makeup, girdles , corsets , and bras, items the protestors called "instruments of female torture." Carol Hanisch, one of the protest organizers, said "We had intended to burn it, but the police department, since we were on the boardwalk, wouldn't let us do
1079-425: A person with their own life and interests beyond the home. They are either seen as someone's wife or someone's mother. Women who read her work were able to realize that they were not alone in their feelings. Friedan's work only brought to life a problem experienced by a certain group of women however which left out women of color and who belonged to other marginalized groups since many of these people had to work outside
1162-565: A strategic review, it changed its name to the National Women's Council of Ireland . The 1960s in Spain saw a generational shift in Spanish feminist in response to other changes in Spanish society. This included increased emigration and tourism (resulting in the spread of ideas from the rest of the world), greater opportunities in education and employment for women and major economic reforms. Feminism in
1245-686: A wider range of issues: sexuality, family, domesticity, the workplace, reproductive rights , de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities. First-wave feminism typically advocated for formal equality and second-wave feminism advocated for substantive equality . It was a movement focused on critiquing patriarchal or male-dominated institutions and cultural practices throughout society. Second-wave feminism also brought attention to issues of domestic violence and marital rape , created rape crisis centers and women's shelters , and brought about changes in custody law and divorce law. Feminist-owned bookstores , credit unions, and restaurants were among
1328-412: A woman's caucus was formed (led by Freeman and Shulamith Firestone ), who tried to present their own demands to the plenary session. However, the women were told their resolution was not important enough for a floor discussion, and when through threatening to tie up the convention with procedural motions they succeeded in having their statement tacked to the end of the agenda, it was never discussed. When
1411-519: Is a 263-day parental leave in Finland. It is illegal to discriminate against women in the workforce . Two feminist groups were created to help the movement: The Marxist-Feminists ( Marxist-Feministerna ) and The Red Women ( Rödkäringarna , Puna-akat ). The feminists in Finland were inspired by other European countries such as Sweden and Switzerland . Other important groups for the Finnish women in
1494-520: Is mostly associated with Group 8 , a feminist organization which was founded by eight women in Stockholm in 1968. The organization took up various feminist issues such as demands for expansions of kindergartens, 6-hour working day, equal pay for equal work and opposition to pornography. Initially based in Stockholm, local groups were founded throughout the country. The influence of Group 8 on feminism in Sweden
1577-471: Is still prevalent. In 1967, "The Discontent of Women", by Joke Kool-Smits , was published; the publication of this essay is often regarded as the start of second-wave feminism in the Netherlands. In this essay, Smit describes the frustration of married women, saying they are fed up being solely mothers and housewives. The beginnings of second-wave feminism can be studied by looking at the two branches that
1660-504: Is usually considered the greatest success of the women's movement. In January 2013, US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta announced that the longtime ban on women serving in US military combat roles had been lifted. In 2013, the US Department of Defense (DoD) announced their plan to integrate women into all combat positions by 2016. Second-wave feminism also affected other movements, such as
1743-475: Is utilized often as a marketing strategy to sell goods within a capitalist driven society. The report from the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, along with Friedan's book, spoke to the discontent of many women (especially housewives ) and led to the formation of local, state, and federal government women's groups along with many independent feminist organizations. Friedan was referencing
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#17328701822351826-539: The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to use Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to enforce more job opportunities among American women met with fierce opposition within the organization. Siding with arguments among several of the group's African-American members, many of NOW's leaders were convinced that the vast number of male African-Americans who lived below the poverty line were in need of more job opportunities than women within
1909-503: The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , the outlawing of marital rape (although not outlawed in all states until 1993 ), and the legalization of no-fault divorce (although not legalized in all states until 2010 ), a 1975 law requiring the U.S. Military Academies to admit women, and many Supreme Court cases such as Reed v. Reed of 1971 and Roe v. Wade of 1973. However, the changing of social attitudes towards women
1992-566: The Redstockings Manifesto, and historical documents from W.I.T.C.H. It also includes a document from the Black Women's Liberation Group from Mount Vernon ; this piece demonstrates the race-conscious "sisterhood" that some second-wave black feminists demanded and was used by many second-wave feminists to communicate this demand. It also includes what Morgan coined "verbal karate": useful quotes and statistics about women. The anthology
2075-450: The Students for a Democratic Society and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and created a platform to speak on the violent and sexist issues women faced while working with the larger Civil Rights Movement . After being removed from the workforce, by either personal or social pressures , many women in the post-war America returned to the home or were placed into female only jobs in
2158-417: The civil rights movement and the student's rights movement , as women sought equality within them. In 1965 in "Sex and Caste", a reworking of a memo they had written as staffers in civil-rights organizations SNCC , Casey Hayden and Mary King proposed that "assumptions of male superiority are as widespread and deep rooted and every much as crippling to the woman as the assumptions of white supremacy are to
2241-408: The combined oral contraceptive pill , which was made available in 1961. This made it easier for women to have careers without having to leave due to unexpectedly becoming pregnant. It also meant young couples would not be routinely forced into unwanted marriages due to accidental pregnancies. Though it is widely accepted that the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of
2324-654: The "boys' clubs" such as military academies , the United States Armed Forces , NASA , single-sex colleges, men's clubs, and the Supreme Court , and making gender discrimination illegal. However, in 1982, adding the Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution failed, having been ratified by only 35 states, leaving it three states short of ratification. Second-wave feminism
2407-408: The 'Freedom Trash Can'..." Dobbins was arrested for spraying Toni permanent wave solution around the mayor's box. She used Toni, because it was a sponsor of the pageant. Hanisch said, "Up until this time, we hadn't done a lot of actions yet. We were a very small movement. It was kind of a gutsy thing to do. Miss America was this 'American pie' icon. Who would dare criticize this?" Along with tossing
2490-584: The 'burial', but to be prepared to bury traditional female roles. The organization compiled and published feminist texts in Notes from the First Year (1968), followed by Notes from the Second Year (1970). "Principles" by New York Radical Women was included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood Is Powerful edited by Robin Morgan . Notes from the First Year is based on speeches given by members and discussions held at
2573-703: The 1970s include Unioni and The Feminists ( Feministit- Feministerna ). During the 1960s several German feminist groups were founded, which were characterized as the second wave. The Irish Women's Liberation Movement was an alliance of a group of Irish women who were concerned about the sexism within Ireland both socially and legally. They first began after a meeting in Dublin's Bewley's Cafe on Grafton Street in 1970. They later had their meetings in Margaret Gaj 's restaurant on Baggot Street every Monday. The group
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2656-635: The National Conference for New Politics (NCNP) Director William F. Pepper refused to recognize any of the women waiting to speak and instead called on someone to speak about American Indians , five women, including Firestone, rushed the podium demanding to know why. But Willam F. Pepper allegedly patted Firestone on the head and said, "Move on little girl; we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation", or possibly, "Cool down, little girl. We have more important things to talk about than women's problems." Freeman and Firestone called
2739-611: The Negro", and that in the movement, as in society, women can find themselves "caught up in a common-law caste system". In June 1967, Jo Freeman attended a "free school" course on women at the University of Chicago led by Heather Booth and Naomi Weisstein . She invited them to organize a woman's workshop at the then-forthcoming National Conference of New Politics (NCNP), to be held over Labor Day weekend 1967 in Chicago . At that conference,
2822-514: The Playboy Bunnies as symbols of male chauvinism, noting that the club's manual instructed the Bunnies that "there are many pleasing ways they can employ to stimulate the club's liquor volume". By 1968, Steinem had become arguably the most influential figure in the movement and support for legalized abortion and federally funded day-cares had become the two leading objectives for feminists. Among
2905-645: The United States. "The media picked up on the bra part", Hanisch said later. "I often say that if they had called us 'girdle burners', every woman in America would have run to join us." In January 1969, the last event they attended was the Counter-Inauguration in Washington D.C. The protest targeted women who supported the Vietnam War. Protestors were sent invitations telling them not to bring flowers or even to cry at
2988-529: The Vaginal Orgasm . Notes from the Second Year was created in response to the popularity and demand for Notes from the First Year . It was produced as a radical feminist periodical to present new ideas and clarify relevant political issues. Articles chosen were seen to be politically important and/or influential and have the potential to open up further debate. With its choice to publish new material rather than material that had already been widely circulated,
3071-587: The Women's Liberation Movement is a 1970 anthology of feminist writings edited by Robin Morgan , a feminist poet and founding member of New York Radical Women . It is one of the first widely available anthologies of second-wave feminism . It is both a consciousness-raising analysis and a call-to-action. Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology (1984) is the follow-up to Sisterhood Is Powerful . After Sisterhood Is Global came its follow-up, Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for
3154-456: The blatant sexism faced in the workplace." It includes classic feminist essays and writings by activists such as Naomi Weisstein , Kate Millett , Eleanor Holmes Norton , Florynce Kennedy , Frances M. Beal , Lucinda Cisler , Joreen , Marge Piercy , Lynn Strongin , and Mary Daly , as well as historical documents including the N.O.W. Bill of Rights, excerpts from the SCUM Manifesto ,
3237-438: The burning." A New York Post story about the protest made an analogy between the feminist protest and Vietnam War protesters who burned their draft cards . It has been argued there was no bra burning, nor did anyone take off her bra. A local news story reporting on the event did report there was a burning of bras and other items. It said "as the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women's magazines burned in
3320-539: The country (and in a few foreign countries), giving the new movement of women's liberation its name. Many of the women in the Westside group went on to start other feminist organizations, including the Chicago Women's Liberation Union . In 1968, an SDS organizer at the University of Washington told a meeting about white college men working with poor white men, and "[h]e noted that sometimes after analyzing societal ills,
3403-564: The different beliefs that feminists hold. Some black feminists who were active in the early second-wave feminism include civil rights lawyer and author Florynce Kennedy , who co-authored one of the first books on abortion, 1971's Abortion Rap ; Cellestine Ware, of New York's Stanton-Anthony Brigade ; and Patricia Robinson. These women "tried to show the connections between racism and male dominance" in society. The Indochinese Women's Conferences (IWC) in Vancouver and Toronto in 1971, demonstrated
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3486-477: The early 1960s and lasted roughly two decades, ending with the feminist sex wars in the early 1980s and being replaced by third-wave feminism in the early 1990s. It occurred throughout the Western world and aimed to increase women's equality by building on the feminist gains of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Second-wave feminism built on first-wave feminism and broadened the scope of debate to include
3569-435: The era of third-wave feminism in the early 1990s. In 1963, Betty Friedan published her book The Feminine Mystique addressing the issues that many white-middle class housewives were facing at the time. Friedan's work catalyzed the second wave, and in particular the liberal feminist sector of the movement. Her work gave these women the language to be able to articulate the dissatisfaction they felt in their role of being
3652-405: The generation of suffragettes who fought for legal rights to the feminists of the 1960s and '70s. It is now used to not only distinguish the different priorities in feminism throughout the years but to establish an overarching fight for equity and equality as a way of understanding its history. This metaphor however is critiqued by feminists as it generalizes the contradictions within the movement and
3735-491: The groundwork for the second wave, specifically the work of French writer Simone de Beauvoir in the 1940s where she examined the notion of women being perceived as "other" in the patriarchal society. Simone de Beauvoir was an existentialist, meaning she believed in the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. She went on to conclude in her 1949 treatise The Second Sex that male-centered ideology
3818-674: The home for a source of income. In 1967, at the International Alliance of Women Congress held in London, delegates were made aware of an initiative by the UN Commission on the Status of Women to study and evaluate the situation of women in their countries. Many organizations and NGOs like the Association of Business and Professional Women, Soroptimists Clubs , as well as teaching and nursing associations developed committees in response to
3901-447: The idea that they should not have any ambitions outside their home. Friedan described this as "The Problem That Has No Name". The perfect nuclear family image depicted and strongly marketed at the time, she wrote, did not reflect happiness and was rather degrading for women. This book is widely credited with having begun second-wave feminism in the United States. The problems of the nuclear family in America are also heteronormative and
3984-589: The initiative to prepare evaluations on the conditions of women and urge their governments to establish National Commissions on the Status of Women. In Turkey and Israel , second-wave feminism began in the 1980s. The Regatta Hotel protest in 1965 that challenged the ban on women being served drinks in public bars in Queensland marked the beginning of second wave feminist action in Brisbane and gained significant media coverage. Kay Saunders notes, "when you use
4067-561: The interest of a multitude of women's groups in the Vietnam Antiwar movement. Lesbian groups, women of color, and Vietnamese groups saw their interests mirrored in the anti-imperialist spirit of the conference. Although the IWC used a Canadian venue, membership was primarily composed of American groups. The ideals of liberal feminism worked towards the idea of women's equality with that of men because liberal feminists felt that women and men have
4150-494: The items into the trash can, they marched with signs, passed out pamphlets, and crowned a live sheep, comparing the beauty pageant to livestock competitions at county fairs. A small group bought tickets and entered the hall. While 1967 Miss America, Debra Barnes Snodgrass , was giving her farewell address, four protestors unfurled a bed sheet from the balcony that said "Women's Liberation" and began to shout. They were quickly removed by police but drew coverage by newspapers from across
4233-458: The key meeting spaces and economic engines of the movement. Because white feminists' voices have dominated the narrative from the early days of the movement, typical narratives of second-wave feminism focus on the sexism encountered by white middle- and upper-class women, with the absence of black and other women of color and the experience of working-class women, although women of color wrote and founded feminist political activist groups throughout
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#17328701822354316-424: The late Franco period and early transition period was not unified. It had many different political dimensions, however, they all shared a belief in the need for greater equality for women in Spain and a desire to defend the rights of women. Feminism moved from being about the individual to being about the collective. It was during this period that second-wave feminism arrived in Spain. Second-wave Spanish feminism
4399-552: The law shall not be denied because of sex, and most of these provisions mirror the broad language of the Equal Rights Amendment. Furthermore, many women's groups are still active and are major political forces. As of 2011 , more women earn bachelor's degrees than men, half of the Ivy League presidents are women, the numbers of women in government and traditionally male-dominated fields have dramatically increased, and in 2009
4482-531: The mainstream media, and how placing them at home (as 'housewives') limited their possibilities and wasted potential. She had helped conduct a very important survey using her old classmates from Smith College . This survey revealed that the women who work in the workforce while also playing a role in the home were more satisfied with their life compared with the women who stayed home. The women who stayed home showed feelings of agitation and sadness. She concluded that many of these unhappy women had immersed themselves in
4565-458: The men shared leisure time by 'balling a chick together.' He pointed out that such activities did much to enhance the political consciousness of poor white youth. A woman in the audience asked, 'And what did it do for the consciousness of the chick? ' " (Hole, Judith, and Ellen Levine, Rebirth of Feminism , 1971, pg. 120). After the meeting, a handful of women formed Seattle 's first women's liberation group. The term "second-wave feminism" itself
4648-563: The middle and upper class. Friedan stepped down as president in 1969. In 1963, freelance journalist Gloria Steinem gained widespread popularity among feminists after a diary she authored while working undercover as a Playboy Bunny waitress at the Playboy Club was published as a two-part feature in the May and June issues of Show . In her diary, Steinem alleged the club was mistreating its waitresses in order to gain male customers and exploited
4731-539: The most significant legal victories of the movement after the formation of NOW were a 1967 Executive Order extending full affirmative action rights to women, a 1968 EEOC decision ruling illegal sex-segregated help wanted ads, Title IX and the Women's Educational Equity Act (1972 and 1974, respectively, educational equality), Title X (1970, health and family planning), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974),
4814-577: The movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed. The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963, when Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique , and President John F. Kennedy 's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women released its report on gender inequality. The administration of President Kennedy made women's rights a key issue of the New Frontier , and named women (such as Esther Peterson ) to many high-ranking posts in his administration. Kennedy also established
4897-458: The movement formed in: the liberal feminists and the radical feminists. The liberal feminists, led by figures such as Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem advocated for federal legislation to be passed that would promote and enhance the personal and professional lives of women. On the other hand, radical feminists, such as Casey Hayden and Mary King, adopted the skills and lessons that they had learned from their work with student organizations such as
4980-421: The movement, especially in the 1970s. At the same time some narratives present a perspective that focuses on events in the United States to the exclusion of the experiences of other countries. Writers like Audre Lorde argued that this homogenized vision of "sisterhood" could not lead to real change because it ignored factors of one's identity such as race, sexuality, age, and class. The term " intersectionality "
5063-406: The need for free abortions. In 1970 there was a brief but strong women's movement belonging to second wave feminism. Rape in marriage was not considered a crime at the time, and victims of domestic violence had few places to go. Feminists also fought for a day-care system that would be open to the public, and for the right for not only paid maternity leave but also paternity leave. Today there
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#17328701822355146-483: The percentage of women in the American workforce temporarily surpassed that of men. The salary of the average American woman has also increased over time, although as of 2008 it is only 77% of the average man's salary, a phenomenon often referred to as the gender pay gap . Whether this is due to discrimination is very hotly disputed, however economists and sociologists have provided evidence to that effect. The movement
5229-454: The problem at hand. The second wave of the feminist movement also marks the emergence of women's studies as a legitimate field of study. In 1970, San Diego State University was the first university in the United States to offer a selection of women's studies courses. The 1977 National Women's Conference in Houston , Texas, presented an opportunity for women's liberation groups to address
5312-463: The publication notably marks the first appearance of foundational women and gender studies theories such as Carol Hanisch 's " The Personal Is Political ", and Kate Millett 's "Sexual Politics: A Manifesto for Revolution", which would later become part of her classic feminist book Sexual Politics . By 1969, ideological differences split the group into a radical feminist faction and a socialist feminist (or "politico") faction. Tension grew between
5395-472: The relationships they had with each other. Feminist activists have established a range of feminist businesses , including women's bookstores , feminist credit unions, feminist presses, feminist mail-order catalogs, feminist restaurants, and feminist record labels. These businesses flourished as part of the second and third waves of feminism in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Sisterhood Is Powerful Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from
5478-405: The right women had to equality was one small part of the nationwide civil rights revolution that was happening during the 1960s. Women who favoured radical feminism collectively spoke of being forced to remain silent and obedient to male leaders in New Left organizations. They spoke out about how they were not only told to do clerical work such as stuffing envelopes and typing speeches, but there
5561-445: The same intrinsic capabilities and that society has socialized certain skills out. This elimination of difference works to erase sexism by working within a pre-existing system of oppression rather than challenging the system itself. Working towards equality preserves a system by giving everyone the same opportunities regardless of their privilege whereas the framework of equity would address problems in society and find solutions to target
5644-404: The second wave. In 1961, 50,000 women in 60 cities, mobilized by Women Strike for Peace , protested above ground testing of nuclear bombs and tainted milk. In 1963, Betty Friedan, influenced by Simone de Beauvoir's ground-breaking, feminist The Second Sex , wrote the bestselling book The Feminine Mystique . Discussing primarily white women, she explicitly objected to how women were depicted in
5727-474: The service sector. After the publication of Friedan's The Feminine Mystique in 1963, many women connected to the feeling of isolation and dissatisfaction that the book detailed. The book itself, however, was not a call to action, but rather a plea for self-realization and consciousness raising among middle-class women throughout America. Many of these women organized to form the National Organization for Women in 1966, whose "Statement of Purpose" declared that
5810-559: The term ‘‘second wave’’ it actually started in Brisbane." In 1970 the law was changed to allow women to be served drinks in public bars in Queensland. In the 1960s, feminism again became a part of debate in Finland after the publication of Anna-Liisa Sysiharjun 's Home, Equality and Work (1960) and Elina Haavio-Mannilan 's Suomalainen nainen ja mies (1968), and the student feminist group Yhystis 9 (1966–1970) addressed issues such as
5893-400: The two splinter groups until January 1969 when the organization fell apart. Socialist feminists like Robin Morgan left to form Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (W.I.T.C.H.), while radical feminists led by Shulamith Firestone and Ellen Willis started Redstockings . Second-wave feminism Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity that began in
5976-521: The weekly meetings of New York Radical Women, and it remained their base until the group dissolved in the early 1970s. New York Radical Women's first public action was at the convocation of the Jeannette Rankin Brigade. Members of the group led an alternative protest event, a "burial of traditional womanhood", held in Arlington National Cemetery . The liturgy was written and recited by founding member Peggy Dobbins . Kathie Sarachild wrote
6059-536: The weekly meetings of the New York Radical Women in 1968. This pamphlet was part of a movement of mimeographed movement journals that coincided with the new radical feminism erupting in the United States. Many pieces from this pamphlet were foundational in the development of what we now call women and gender studies. The pamphlet notably marks the first appearance of the theory that would later grow into Anne Koedt 's well-known pamphlet and book, The Myth of
6142-460: Was coined in 1989 by Kimberlé Crenshaw at the end of the second wave. Many scholars believe that the beginning of third wave feminism was due to the problems of the second wave, rather than just another movement. The second wave of feminism in the United States came as a delayed reaction against the renewed domesticity of women after World War II : the late 1940s post-war boom , which was an era characterized by an unprecedented economic growth,
6225-546: Was about the struggle for the rights of women in the context of the dictatorship. PCE would start in 1965 to promote this movement with MDM, creating a feminist political orientation around building solidarity for women and assisting imprisoned political figures. MDM launched its movement in Madrid by establishing associations among the housewives of the Tetuán and Getafe in 1969. In 1972, Asociación Castellana de Amas de Casa y Consumidora
6308-404: Was also an expectation for them to sleep with the male activists that they worked with. While these acts of sexual harassment took place, the young women were neglected their right to have their own needs and desires recognized by their male cohorts. Many radical feminists had learned from these organizations how to think radically about their self-worth and importance, and applied these lessons in
6391-423: Was also fought alongside the civil rights , Black power , Chicano and gay liberation movements, where many feminists were active participants throughout these fights for a voice in the United States. Many historians view the second-wave feminist era in America as ending in the early 1980s with intra-feminism disputes of the feminist sex wars over issues such as sexuality and pornography , which ushered in
6474-462: Was being accepted as a norm and enforced by the ongoing development of myths, and that the fact that women are capable of getting pregnant, lactating, and menstruating is in no way a valid cause or explanation to place them as the "second sex". This book was translated from French to English (with some of its text excised) and published in America in 1953. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved
6557-463: Was brought into common parlance by American journalist Martha Lear in a March 1968 New York Times Magazine article titled "The Second Feminist Wave: What Do These Women Want?". She wrote, "Proponents call it the Second Feminist Wave, the first having ebbed after the glorious victory of suffrage and disappeared, finally, into the great sandbar of Togetherness." The term wave helped link
6640-538: Was cited by the New York Public Library as one of the "New York Public Library's Books of the [20th] Century". However, Chile, China and South Africa banned the anthology. The Oxford English Dictionary credits Robin Morgan with first using the term " herstory " in print in the book. Concerning the feminist organization W.I.T.C.H., Morgan wrote: Morgan established the first American feminist grant-giving organization, The Sisterhood Is Powerful Fund, with
6723-468: Was created to widen the group's ability to attract members. Second-wave feminism entered the Spanish comic community by the early 1970s. It was manifested in Spanish comics in two ways. The first was that it increased the number of women involved in comics production as writers and artists. The second was it transformed how female characters were portrayed, making women less passive and less likely to be purely sexual beings. In Sweden, second-wave feminism
6806-514: Was largely successful, with the failure of the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment and Nixon 's veto of the Comprehensive Child Development Bill of 1972 (which would have provided a multibillion-dollar national day care system) the only major legislative defeats. Efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment have continued. Ten states have adopted constitutions or constitutional amendments providing that equal rights under
6889-548: Was short-lived, but influential. It was initially started with twelve women, most of whom were journalists . One of the co-founders was June Levine . In 1971, a group of Irish feminists (including June Levine , Mary Kenny , Nell McCafferty , Máirín Johnston , and other members of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement ) travelled to Belfast , Northern Ireland , on the so-called " Contraceptive Train " and returned with condoms , which were then illegal in Ireland. In 1973,
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