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121-421: In a 1946 letter, Kirstein stated, "The only justification I have is to enable Balanchine to do exactly what he wants to do in the way he wants to do it." He served as the company's General Director from 1946 to 1989, developing and sustaining it by his organizational and fundraising abilities. The company was named New York City Ballet in 1948 when it became resident at City Center of Music and Drama . Its success

242-529: A Faun . The performers included Maria Calegari, Kyra Nichols, Heather Watts , Leonid Kozlov , Afshin Mofid, Patricia McBride , Helgi Tomasson , Karin von Aroldingen , Lourdes Lopez , Bart Cook, and Joseph Duell. After Balanchine's death in 1983, Peter Martins was selected as balletmaster of the company. After 30 years, Martins was judged to have maintained the New York City Ballet's financial security and

363-556: A Ford Foundation scholarship to continue his training. At age 15, he was recruited by the School of American Ballet and traveled to New York for their summer session. He stayed as a full-time scholarship student. In 1975, Duell followed his brother Daniel in joining the New York City Ballet corps. It was around this time that he began to harbor a "secret competitive feeling" with Daniel, he would confess years later. The intensity of these competitive thoughts and feelings of inadequacy led him to

484-558: A New York City building. In keeping with the Shriners' heritage, the City Center building's facade incorporates several motifs inspired by Islamic architecture . Knowles had to work around the irregularly shaped site, and he needed to accommodate meeting rooms, an auditorium, and a banquet hall. As such, he placed the clubrooms and lodge rooms on the northern half of the site, which was narrower and faced 56th Street. The northern portion of

605-448: A ballet company; and choreographic forums, symposia and round-table discussions on choreography, music, and design elements. School of American Ballet School of American Ballet Houston Ballet Academy (Houston Ballet II) School of American Ballet Ballet West Conservatory School of American Ballet San Francisco Ballet School Contra Costa Ballet School School of North Carolina Dance Theatre South Carolina Governor's School for

726-529: A deep depression, and after a year and a half he dropped out of the company. He later recounted in a New York Times interview, "I couldn't avoid the comparison with Dan and other boys who were physically much more knit ... I hadn't yet worked out who I was and why I was dancing." However, four months after he dropped out, Duell returned to the company more driven than ever. Apparently having moved past his internal crisis, he and his brother became very close again, and he worked hard to perfect his art. Suki Schorer,

847-458: A diameter of 88 feet (27 m); by contrast, the outer chord has a radius of about 54 feet (16 m). The dome's outer surface consists of a 3-inch (7.6 cm) layer of a material called "Nailcrete", which was spread across metal lath ; the terracotta tiles were then attached to the Nailcrete. Both the 1922 and 2005 tiles for the structure were produced by Ludowici Roof Tile and colored in

968-399: A former teacher at the School of American Ballet who worked with him during this period, said of him, "What God gave him to dance with wasn't terrific, but he took it and became a beautiful dancer, performing with a great musical sense." In 1980, Duell was promoted to soloist, and in 1982 as a choreographer he made his debut with the company, La Creation Du Monde , which was well received by

1089-550: A future mayoral administration from shuttering City Center, the CCMD renewed its lease of the building in July 1945 for five years, paying at least $ 10,000 a year. City Center planned to establish a theatrical company for the 1945–1946 season, which would present revivals of plays; during that season, the center hosted 614,000 guests. Officials installed an air-conditioning system in the auditorium in mid-1946. City Center remained popular in

1210-526: A large pointed arch spanning nearly the entirety of the facade. Early plans called for the facade to be laid in contrasting shades of sandstone; ultimately, the building was clad with golden Ohio sandstone. The word "Mecca" was originally inscribed at the top of the large arch. The 55th Street elevation also contains multicolored glazed terracotta tiles originally manufactured by the New York Architectural Terra-Cotta Company . In

1331-401: A meeting hall in the basement; a three-level auditorium; three studios; and three stories of offices. The auditorium was to contain 5,000 seats, which would allow it to be rented out for events such as concerts. James Stewart & Co. was hired as the building's general contractor. The Shriners hosted a parade on October 13, 1923, after which Arthur S. Tompkins , a New York state judge and

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1452-538: A net profit of $ 844. This prompted City Center officials to make plans for their own ballet company and repertory theater company. Friedgut resigned as managing director in July 1944, citing disputes with Morris. Although attendance at City Center doubled to 750,000 during the 1944–1945 season, the center recorded a net loss of $ 36,000, in part because of the orchestra company's large expenses. The Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo began performing at City Center in late 1944 and remained there for five years. To prevent

1573-416: A renovation of the 55th Street building in 1967. This money was used to overhaul the air-conditioning system, repaint the interior, and replace wiring. After Baum died in early 1968, the CCMD's board appointed an executive committee to temporarily take over the organization's operations. Later the same year, the CCMD appointed Norman Singer as the organization's general administrator and Richard Clurman as

1694-466: A scimitar and a crescent. There are also metal lamps within the arches. The entryway's design reflects the arrangement of the staircases and lobby inside. The five central arches are grouped together and lead to the theater's lobby. The two horseshoe arches on either side lead to staircases that ascend to the theater's mezzanine and first balcony. On either side of the arcade are double-height sandstone arches, which connect to staircases that lead down to

1815-406: A steel frame above the membrane; and 8,000 stainless-steel anchors that connect the tiles to the steel frame. The 56th Street elevation of City Center's facade was designed in a substantially different manner than that on 55th Street, as the northern part of the building was designed for a different purpose. The facade contains elements of an abstract classical style. At ground level, the facade

1936-401: A theater except during the workday. By 1911, the Shriners owned a converted brownstone row house at 107 West 45th Street, and they also held large meetings in the concert hall of Madison Square Garden . The row house contained a grill room on the ground floor, a lounge and committee room on the second floor, executive offices on the third floor, and an assembly room on the fourth floor. By

2057-644: A theater. In March 1943, La Guardia named a committee to study these plans. La Guardia and Morris cofounded the City Center of Music and Drama (CCMD) with tax lawyer Morton Baum , who was described as "the financial, production, and political brain that held it together". The CCMD was to present opera, concerts, dance, ballet, and theatrical productions at the Mecca Temple. The men wished to provide "cultural entertainment at popular prices", with tickets costing as little as $ 1. To attract working-class audiences, La Guardia proposed that shows start at 5:30 p.m., after

2178-498: A varied blend of reds and ochers. The tiles gradually narrow near the top of the dome, which also makes City Center the only structure in the Northeastern United States with a dome of graduated clay tiles. The top of the dome originally was decorated with a scimitar and a crescent. The roof was renovated in 2005. The refurbished roof includes a 1 ⁄ 8 -inch (3.2 mm) waterproof membrane underneath each tile;

2299-444: Is an important symphonic institution in its own right, having played for virtually all of the thousands of performances NYCB has given over the decades. It is one of the most versatile orchestras in the world, on any given week performing perhaps three or four times the repertoire that another symphony might be expected to do. Principal players of the orchestra also perform the majority of the concertos, other solos, and chamber music in

2420-469: Is divided into outer and inner sections. The outer lobby has a bar, while the inner lobby has screens for video installations, which are changed three times a year. The original seating capacity of the main auditorium is disputed but has been variously cited as 4,080 or 4,400. According to the Boston Daily Globe , the main auditorium originally had a foyer with space for another 600 people, bringing

2541-441: Is made of limestone and contains five arches. The outermost arches are the widest and are connected directly to stage rear, as is the center arch, which is slightly narrower. The second-outermost arches on either side are the narrowest and are flanked by lanterns on either side. The upper 11 stories are clad with yellow brick. The third story contains three windows, which contain sandstone moldings, balconies, and pediments . All

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2662-986: Is the training school of the company. After the company's move to the State Theater, Balanchine's creativity as a choreographer flourished. He created works that were the basis of the company's repertory until his death in 1983. He worked closely with choreographer Jerome Robbins , who resumed his connection with the company in 1969 after having produced works for Broadway. NYCB still has the largest repertoire by far of any American ballet company. It often stages 60 ballets or more in its winter and spring seasons at Lincoln Center each year, and 20 or more in its summer season in Saratoga Springs. City Ballet has performed The Nutcracker , Romeo and Juliet , A Midsummer Night's Dream , and many more. City Ballet has trained and developed many great dancers since its formation. Many dancers with already developed reputations have also joined

2783-493: The Architectural Forum characterized the Shriners' clubhouses in general as " Saracenic ". The building contains a steel superstructure . The roof is carried by a large 65-short-ton (58-long-ton; 59 t) girder measuring 92.5 feet (28.2 m) long and 13 feet (4.0 m) wide. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) wrote that, at the time, it was the largest piece of steel ever installed in

2904-638: The City Center 55th Street Theater Foundation , headed by these ballet companies. The plan nearly failed because of disagreements between the CCMD and the dance companies, but the agreement was finalized in August 1976 after months of debate. Subsequently, the 55th Street building was almost entirely controlled by the 55th Street Theater Foundation, led by lawyer Howard Squadron . The CCMD, meanwhile, focused on its Lincoln Center operations. Joseph Duell Joseph Duell (April 30, 1956 – February 16, 1986)

3025-539: The City Opera and City Ballet , as well as symphony, dance theater, drama, and art companies. After the City Opera and Ballet relocated to Lincoln Center in the 1960s, the CCMD continued to operate the building until 1976, when the City Center 55th Street Theater Foundation took over operation. City Center largely hosted dance performances during the late 20th century, although it also began hosting off-Broadway shows when

3146-531: The CitySpire office building to the west and 125 West 55th Street to the east. Immediately to the north are Carnegie Hall , Carnegie Hall Tower , Russian Tea Room , and Metropolitan Tower from west to east. Other nearby buildings include 140 West 57th Street , 130 West 57th Street , and the Parker New York hotel to the northeast, as well as the 55th Street Playhouse to the southwest and 1345 Avenue of

3267-717: The Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City . Developed by the Shriners between 1922 and 1924 as a Masonic meeting house, it has operated as a performing arts complex owned by the government of New York City . City Center is a performing home for several major dance companies as well as the Manhattan Theatre Club (MTC), and it hosts the Encores! musical theater series and the Fall for Dance Festival annually. The facility

3388-531: The New York City Treasurer 's office was acting as the receiver for the theater and office building. That September, the New York City government bought the building for $ 100,000 at a foreclosure auction. The city was offering the Mecca Temple for rent the next month. Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and New York City Council president Newbold Morris began planning to convert the Mecca Temple into

3509-571: The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center after the 1963–1964 season. By the CCMD's 20th anniversary in December 1943, the theater had received 16 million total guests over twenty 40-week seasons. During the 1963–1964 season, the CCMD recorded a net profit for the first time in 18 years, after donors covered that season's operating deficits. Meanwhile, the CCMD was still contemplating relocating its opera, light opera, and drama companies to

3630-705: The Rodin Studios , and the Osborne Apartments , as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society , the Lotos Club , and the American Society of Civil Engineers . By the 21st century, the artistic hub had largely been replaced with Billionaires' Row , a series of luxury skyscrapers around

3751-737: The Saratoga Performing Arts Center and regularly tour internationally. Introductory talks about a current performance, called First Position Discussions, are held before some performances or during some intervals in the fourth ring, house right; the docents are volunteers and include laymen as well as former dancers. Hour-long Inside NYCB events explore the history and inner workings of the company through performance and discussion, often with dancers and artistic staff. Other public programs include Family Saturdays, one-hour interactive programs for children 5 and up; Children's Workshops and In Motion Workshops, pre-performance explorations of

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3872-500: The 1949–1950 season, the CCMD recorded a net operating loss of $ 3,517 during that season. Several months before City Center's lease expired in 1950, musicians' labor union Local 802 had proposed buying the building for $ 850,000. Theatrical critic Brooks Atkinson wrote that "all of the City Center's programs lose money. But the losses are not calamitous" because of the theater's relatively cheap tickets and because of various large donations. Uncertainty over City Center's lease caused

3993-499: The 1950–1951 season to be delayed, as the CCMD could not book shows until its lease had been renewed. After mayor William O'Dwyer pledged his support of City Center, the Board of Estimate renewed the CCMD's lease in February 1950. The CCMD agreed to cap ticket prices at $ 2.50, and its rent was set at 1.5 percent of its annual gross receipts. City Center's deficit grew to over $ 72,000 during

4114-494: The 1950–1951 season. By mid-1951, Baum considered hosting dramas only during the winter, as attendance was generally lower during the spring. Low patronage during the summer had already prompted him to stop staging musicals in July and August. The CCMD announced plans in March 1952 to convert one of the center's emergency-exit hallways into a visual art gallery ; the space would exhibit contemporary sculptures and visual art. Kirstein

4235-514: The 1959–1960 season prompted officials to increase the center's maximum ticket prices by mid-1960. As early as 1959, the CCMD was negotiating to move all of its shows from the former Mecca Temple to the newly-developed Lincoln Center on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The CCMD closed City Center's art gallery in May 1961, as the gallery had been unprofitable and had not attracted sponsorships. At

4356-559: The 55th Street facade is relatively plain in design, except for lancet windows on the sides. The uppermost part of the facade is stepped upward at its center, following the curve of the domed roof, and is topped by a large cornice with dentils . The corners are chamfered at the top; this was intended to serve as a transition between the cube-shaped lower stories and the domed roof. The theater's domed roof measures 104 ft (32 m) wide and 50 ft (15 m) tall, with 28,475 pieces of Ludowici Spanish roof tile. Structurally,

4477-567: The 55th Street theater's basement into the City Center Cinematheque, with one or more movie theaters and a film museum. In January 1971. the CCMD proposed taking over Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theater and renovating it. To fund the $ 5.2 million cost of renovating the Beaumont, the CCMD planned to demolish the 55th Street theater and replace it with an office skyscraper containing a 3,000-seat theater. The CCMD withdrew its plan for

4598-611: The 55th Street theater. The CCMD became a member company of Lincoln Center in 1965 and signed a sublease for the New York State Theater in January 1966. Although the organization recorded a $ 1.7 million operating deficit during the 1965–1966 season due to the costs of the second theater, this was offset by nearly $ 2 million in donations. The CCMD continued to subsidize the 55th Street theater after relocating its ballet and opera companies. After Newbold Morris retired in 1966, Baum

4719-632: The Acting Company , which became the City Center Acting Company. By October 1972, the CCMD had recorded a total deficit of $ 1.3 million. The organization had recorded a net operating loss of $ 3.7 million for the 1971–1972 season, but it had not received enough grants and donations to offset these losses, which grew during the next year. Although the Ford Foundation gave $ 500,000 each to the CCMD's ballet and opera companies in early 1973,

4840-468: The Americas to the southeast. The neighborhood was part of a former artistic hub around a two-block section of West 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway . The hub had been developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall. Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street,

4961-548: The Arts and Humanities School of American Ballet Conjunctive Point Westside School of Ballet School of American Ballet School of American Ballet Miami City Ballet Summer Program School of American Ballet Les Jeunes Danseurs Chautauqua Summer Dance Program School of American Ballet Westside Ballet School of American Ballet The following is the current artistic staff (except dancers, who are listed at List of New York City Ballet dancers ): The 66-member NYCB Orchestra

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5082-603: The Beaumont that December, but it continued to contemplate the demolition of the 55th Street theater. City Center stopped producing drama altogether in 1969, although Singer proposed creating a drama company in early 1972. Before the 1972–1973 season began, two companies joined the CCMD: the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater , which became the Alvin Ailey City Center Dance Theater, and

5203-487: The Board of Estimate voted to provide $ 65,000 for the building's renovation. The next month, the Board of Estimate gave the CCMD a permit to stage live shows within the Mecca Temple. Due to material shortages during World War II, the city government postponed the renovation of the theater's interior. Harry Friedgut was appointed as City Center's first managing director in September 1943, while Morris served as chairman of

5324-609: The CCMD had to drastically reduce funding for the Joffrey Ballet and for the proposed Cinematheque. Later that year, the Board of Estimate extended the theater's lease for another 52 years. By the 1970s, the CCMD was subsidizing the ballet and opera at Lincoln Center, as well as the Joffrey Ballet, the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, the Acting Company, and the Young People's Theater at 55th Street. The CCMD also subsidized

5445-445: The CCMD planned to construct a dance theater in the proposed skyscraper. Singer resigned as the organization's director that July. By then, the center's net deficit had grown to $ 4 million. The CCMD ultimately decided to retain the existing building in early 1975. A reorganization of City Center began in May 1975, when the CCMD's interim chairman created a board of governors, which in turn established separate boards of directors for

5566-589: The CCMD, had already stopped operating. The Joffrey Ballet, the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, the American Ballet Theatre, and the Eliot Feld Ballet proposed taking over the 55th Street theater in April 1976, alleging that the CCMD had retained control over the building while forcing the ballet companies to subsidize their own operation. CCMD officials agreed to turn over the 55th Street theater's operation to

5687-490: The CCMD. The Mecca Temple was officially renamed City Center shortly afterward. The CCMD began paying $ 2,000 a month in rent that October, before the theater had formally opened. City Center opened on December 11, 1943, with a concert by the New York Philharmonic and a birthday party for La Guardia. The publicist Jean Dalrymple was appointed as volunteer director of public relations. The first theatrical show

5808-673: The Central Opera House on the Upper East Side , leased the building's ballroom and kitchens in 1934, with plans to convert it into the Mecca Temple Casino. Aside from opera, dance, theatrical productions, and concerts, the auditorium's events in the 1930s included a Federal Theatre Project circus, a protest meeting attended by over one-fifth of the city's Armenian population. and a speech by former Greek prime minister Alexandros Papanastasiou . Manufacturers Trust foreclosed on

5929-648: The Cinematheque, which had leased space under the Queensboro Bridge in 1973; the Cinematheque never opened due to a lack of money. In addition, the CCMD co-produced the American Ballet Theatre (ABT). CCMD officials considered selling the 55th Street theater in 1974 to a developer who planned to erect a residential and commercial skyscraper on much of the block. The 55th Street theater had hosted dance performances nearly exclusively for several years, so

6050-459: The City Ballet, the City Opera, and the 55th Street theater. The board of governors had 12 members, compared to the 41-member board of directors. John S. Samuels III became the chairman of the board of governors the same year. The CCMD concentrated its resources on the ballet and opera companies at Lincoln Center. The drama and music companies at the 55th Street theater, no longer subsidized by

6171-504: The City Center on a rainy night; the mayor's program soon became soaked, and the roof was fixed shortly afterward. The CCMD continued to lose money, recording a deficit of $ 225,000 for the 1953–1954 season, even as annual attendance had reached 962,000. An organization called the Friends of City Center was created in January 1954, selling annual memberships to raise money. The Friends sold 3,000 memberships, mostly to small-dollar donors; it

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6292-521: The Grand Master of Masons in New York State, laid the building's cornerstone on 56th Street. At the time, the building was planned to cost $ 2.5 million. The Mecca Temple received a $ 1 million mortgage loan from Manufacturers Trust in July 1924. The building was dedicated on December 29, 1924, with the invocation offered by Episcopal bishop William T. Manning ; contemporary sources characterized

6413-800: The Koch Theater. These have included the Australian Ballet in the Spring 2012, and the San Francisco Ballet in the Fall 2013. New York City Center New York City Center (previously known as the Mecca Temple , City Center of Music and Drama , and the New York City Center 55th Street Theater ) is a performing arts center at 131 West 55th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in

6534-590: The MTC moved to City Center in 1984. The venue was renovated in the 1980s and again in the 2010s. New York City Center, originally the Mecca Temple, is at 131 West 55th Street , between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue , in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City . The building's L-shaped land lot covers 25,153 square feet (2,336.8 m ), extending 200 feet (61 m) northward to 56th Street, with frontage of 150 feet (46 m) along 55th Street and 100 feet (30 m) on 56th Street. City Center abuts

6655-416: The Mecca Temple was converted to the City Center, the lodge rooms became rehearsal studios. During the 1950s, scripts for the television show Your Show of Shows , starring Sid Caesar , were written in one of the offices on the sixth floor. The theater's modern-day rehearsal studios occupy the upper stories. The City Center building on 55th Street was constructed as the Mecca Temple, the headquarters of

6776-584: The NYCB repertory as well. The orchestra accompanies the ballet on all of its North American tours, and while the ballet uses local orchestras on its international tours, members of the NYCB Orchestra often go along as soloists or extras. Besides the members of the orchestra, the NYCB has six pianists on full-time staff. They all perform in the pit with the orchestra on a regular basis. The NYCB Orchestra also occasionally accompanies dance companies from other cities at

6897-531: The New York City Symphony Orchestra, led by Leopold Stokowski , debuted at City Center the next month. NBC initially sponsored all of City Center's concerts and music performances. The theater's first several shows were profitable, even though ticket prices were capped at $ 1.65. By the end of the first operating season in May 1944, the theater had grossed over $ 414,000 from 171 performances, which had attracted 346,000 guests. City Center recorded

7018-494: The New York State Theater, although Lincoln Center and CCMD officials could not agree on who would control that theater. By then, Variety magazine described the original City Center on 55th Street as having "many faulty seat locations" and a shallow stage. The organization ultimately agreed in January 1965 to permanently relocate its ballet and opera companies to the New York State Theater. The CCMD would relaunch its drama company and would continue to host light opera and drama at

7139-467: The Shriners. The order's previous headquarters had been located at Sixth Avenue and 23rd Street since 1875. The order began hosting large events at Carnegie Hall in 1891, but the hall banned smoking, even though many Shriners enjoyed smoking large cigars during their meetings. Although the Shriners moved to the 71st Regiment Armory on Park Avenue in 1905, the armory was not well-suited for theatrical productions. The Shriners also had trouble booking

7260-564: The Spring 2008 season was a celebration of Jerome Robbins ; major revivals were mounted of the following ballets: Friday, June 27, 2008, the first Dancers' Choice benefit was held for the Dancers' Emergency Fund. The program was initiated by Peter Martins , conceived and supervised by principal dancer Jonathan Stafford , assisted by Kyle Froman, Craig Hall, Amanda Hankes, Adam Hendrickson, Ask la Cour, Henry Seth, and Daniel Ulbricht, and consisted of:   and excerpts from: On June 14, 2009,

7381-512: The auditorium from the Aeolian Building on 42nd Street. During the 1920s, the Mecca Temple also hosted events such as a meeting of post-office workers; a memorial service for American Revolutionary War military commander Casimir Pulaski ; and the meetings of Congregation Rodeph Sholom . Unlike other Shriners temples, which were tax-exempt, mainly philanthropic concerns, the Mecca Temple earned money from renting its auditorium out, so it

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7502-540: The auditorium had been relegated to "political oratory, all sorts of organizational harangues and resolutions, [and] second-rate prize fights". Opera and ballet impresario Max Rabinoff announced in August 1941 that he would convert the auditorium into the Cosmopolitan Opera House and that he would convert the office section into the People's Art Center. Rabinoff planned to leave the exterior intact while remodeling

7623-403: The auditorium was decorated in red, green, blue, and gilded rococo, but it was repainted again in beige and taupe in 1982. The original color scheme was restored in 2011, along with the murals on the ceiling of the mezzanine lobby. The auditorium's original design focused the audience's attention at the center of the stage, but this design also created difficult sightlines; one observer likened

7744-409: The ballet and opera companies for three years. The 75 by 15 ft (22.9 by 4.6 m) visual-art gallery opened in September 1953; it hosted ten exhibitions of 50 canvases per year. The building needed repairs by the mid-1950s, and the city government did not always fix these issues promptly. To convince the city government to fix the leaking roof, Morris invited mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri to

7865-467: The ballet as principal dancers: In 1960, Balanchine mounted City Ballet's Salute to Italy with premieres of Monumentum pro Gesualdo and Variations from Don Sebastian (called the Donizetti Variations since 1961), as well as performances of his La Sonnambula and Lew Christensen 's Con Amore . The performance was repeated in 1968. In 1972, Balanchine offered an eight-day tribute to

7986-406: The basement and up to the second balcony. Each of the arcade's five central doorways is topped by a pair of arched windows on the mezzanine level; these windows are separated by engaged columns and surrounded by an extension of the terracotta frieze. The five center bays are flanked by blue terracotta pilasters and topped by a muqarnas cornice above the mezzanine level. The upper portion of

8107-408: The basement into two auditoriums. As of 2022 , MTC operates two off-Broadway spaces in the basement, known as Stage I and Stage II. Stage I contains 299 seats, while Stage II contains 150 seats. MTC also operates a coatroom, restroom, and members' lounge on the landing of the staircase between the basement and the lobby. The three lodge rooms were placed in the northern wing of the building. When

8228-505: The box office, or online or by phone with an account; sales for each performance week (Tue. evening through Sun. matinee) begin at 10:00 a.m. on the Monday of that week. New York City Ballet's Fourth Ring Society offered discounted tickets to all shows in the theater's Fourth Ring for a small annual fee. This program was closed to new members in 2011 and renamed Society NYCB to reflect an expanded offering of discounted seats in all sections of

8349-487: The building as a "mosque". The Mecca Temple's auditorium first opened to the general public in May 1925, when it hosted a fashion show. By then, the building was complete except for interior decorations and the installation of seats on the first floor. John Philip Sousa 's band performed in the temple's first public concert that October, and the New York Symphony Orchestra relocated its performances to

8470-423: The building contained 12 stories of offices, a main auditorium with 2,753 seats, two smaller auditoriums in the basement, and four studios. The main doorways on 55th Street lead to a ticket lobby, where gold-metal doors surrounded by ceramic tiles lead to the main auditorium. In 2011, the lobbies were rearranged so that audiences entered the auditorium from the sides, rather than from the rear. The modern-day lobby

8591-415: The building in 1937 after the Shriners failed to make mortgage payments. Verschleiser then took over the building and began operating it through his company, Mecca Temple Casino Inc. Verschleiser failed to make a profit on the building, and the 130 West 56th Street Corporation took over in 1939. The Shriners had stopped using the building completely by 1940. A writer for The New York Times reported that

8712-403: The building to the CCMD for $ 1 per year. The CCMD saw an $ 220,000 operating loss during the 1955–1956 season, although grants and donations covered much of this cost. After the City Opera suspended the beginning of its 1957 season due to financial deficits, Kirstein unsuccessfully proposed reorganizing City Center and establishing a new opera company. The CCMD had received $ 281,000 in gifts by

8833-411: The building, at 12 stories high, is also taller than the rest of the building. The auditorium and banquet hall were placed on the wider southern half, facing 55th Street, since these spaces were to be used much more frequently. The southern part of the building has a tiled rooftop dome. The southern part of the building, which contains the theater, is largely clad with ashlar sandstone and contains

8954-467: The ceiling were decorated in the Islamic style, with such motifs as stalactites and honeycombs. The main auditorium's interior contained Moorish motifs such as multi-pointed stars, lancet windows , and large chandeliers hanging from molded ceiling plasterwork. After the city government moved into the theater in 1943, the space was repainted white because it was easier to maintain. During the mid-20th century,

9075-498: The chairman of its board. Under Clurman's leadership, the CCMD proposed relocating from its 55th Street theater, which officials felt was obsolete. As part of the proposed City Center Plaza, the CCMD wished to build four theaters, each with 400 to 800 seats, on the site of the third Madison Square Garden (MSG) on Eighth Avenue . While negotiations for the MSG site were ongoing, CCMD officials announced in early 1970 that they would convert

9196-526: The composer, his great collaborator, who had died the year before. His programs included twenty-two new works of his own dances, plus works by choreographers Todd Bolender , John Clifford , Lorca Massine , Jerome Robbins, Richard Tanner , and John Taras , as well as repertory ballets by Balanchine and Robbins. Balanchine created Symphony in Three Movements , Duo Concertant , and Violin Concerto for

9317-509: The critics. His dancing career flourished, and in 1984 he was promoted to principal. According to his close friends and colleagues, Duell was a man of deep thought who approached his art with an obsessive, mechanical, and often frustrated passion. A New York Times interview with his mentor, George Balanchine, described him: "Unlike many young dancers, he was not satisfied to convey beauty and grace; he wanted to pick apart and understand these gauzy concepts. Mr. Duell did not merely want to perform

9438-415: The decoration above the third story was made of buff-colored terracotta. The stories above originally contained the Shriners' lodge rooms, so Knowles chose not to add windows, as was typical for office buildings of the time. Instead, on the fourth through ninth stories, the center of the facade contains six vertical piers , which are made of projecting bricks that are angled outward. The side elevations of

9559-421: The design to "watching a television screen". Variety magazine stated that the auditorium's stage could fit 100 musicians. Unlike traditional theaters, the stage originally did not have any wing space for performers; even after the theater was renovated in 2011, the wing space was too small to accommodate certain types of productions, To accommodate the Shriners, who frequently smoked in the Mecca Temple, there

9680-454: The early 1920s, the Shriners had outgrown their 45th Street location and wished to build a new headquarters prior to their 50th anniversary in 1922. This prompted 1,500 Shriners to vote in favor of a new temple in April 1921. The Shriners planned to fund the new temple by issuing bonds and by constructing an office building above the temple. The order issued $ 1.5 million in bonds, and its 11,080 members had purchased $ 1 million worth of bonds by

9801-483: The early 2010s, a glass-and-steel marquee was installed above the entrance. The entrance consists of an alfiz with an arcade of nine horseshoe arches . The arches are surrounded by a terracotta frieze with ocher, green, and blue foliate motifs. Each of the horseshoe arches in the arcade is supported by pink-veined and gray-veined granite columns and contain voussoirs made of glazed ocher tiles. The tympanum of each arch has multicolored tiles, some of which depict

9922-460: The end of 1921, allowing the Shriners to build a standalone temple. The rest of the bond issue was used to pay expenses, taxes, and interest on the mortgage loan. Mecca Temple paid Yale University $ 400,000 for the lots at 131–135 West 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan in December 1921. Yale, in turn, had acquired the site from William S. and Mary E. Mason three months beforehand. The sale

10043-446: The end of the 1956–1957 season, saving it from insolvency, although it still operated at a net loss. After the 1956–1957 season, City Center's drama company stopped performing for several seasons. The following season, the CCMD recorded an operating deficit of over $ 550,000, although donations covered almost all of this deficit. The Friends of City Center had 2,670 members, who paid between $ 10 and $ 1,000 per year. Further losses during

10164-438: The end of the workday. The New York Supreme Court approved the articles of incorporation for the City Center of Music and Drama Inc. in July 1943. La Guardia and Morris appointed a board of 24 people to operate the CCMD. The city government hired Aymar Embury II the same month to renovate the Mecca Temple's auditorium. City officials filed plans for the renovation with the city's Department of Buildings that August, and

10285-488: The entire orchestra and raking the first ten rows. The front rows of the rebuilt orchestra were raised 10 inches (250 mm), while the rear rows were raised by as much as 4 feet 6 inches (1.37 m). City Center was again downsized in 2011 to approximately 2,250 seats. This project involved removing six rows of seats, increasing the slope of the orchestra level, widening each seat by 2 inches, and reupholstering them in blue and green. The proscenium arch and

10406-452: The fifth position in ballet; he wanted to know why the fifth position was central to classical technique." His friend and fellow dancer, Toni Bentley, said of Joseph, "He was extremely intense and very introverted sometimes - you'd see him thinking, and he wouldn't even see you." Despite these internal conflicts, he maintained an outward demeanor of a charming, affable and giving young man. Only later would he confess in an interview that he

10527-513: The floor of the auditorium. The space between the trusses contained ducts that supplied fresh air to the auditorium and basement; a system of exhaust pipes for the basement; and other utilities. After an attempt in 1970 to convert City Center's basement into a cinematheque , the basement became a 299-seat off-Broadway theater called The Space in 1981. When The Space opened, it was only occasionally used by dance companies. The Manhattan Theatre Club (MTC) moved to The Space in 1984 and divided

10648-467: The following year. Balanchine's 50th Anniversary Celebration was held by the company in 2002. On April 26, 1984, NYCB celebrated the 20th anniversary of the New York State Theater. The program started with Igor Stravinsky 's Fanfare for a New Theater, followed by Stravinsky's arrangement of The Star-Spangled Banner . The ballets included three of Balanchine's works, Serenade , Stravinsky Violin Concerto , and Sonatine ; and Jerome Robbins' Afternoon of

10769-416: The gallery, is cantilevered above the first balcony and the orchestra; the center of this level is supported by a truss measuring 92.5 feet (28.2 m) long. During the mid-20th century, the seating capacity was reduced to approximately 2,932. During a 1982 renovation, City Center officials removed another 186 seats from the orchestra, reducing it to 2.746 seats. The 1982 renovation also included raising

10890-472: The interior for ballet, opera, and concerts. The theater had reopened by November 1941. It hosted shows such as a series of four programs by the NBC Symphony Orchestra ; the operettas The Gypsy Baron and Beggar Student ; and a set of concerts to raise money for "war stamps" issued during World War II. By 1942, the 130 West 56th Street Corporation had not paid taxes for several months, and

11011-424: The late 1940s, with over 750,000 guests during the 1946–1947 season. Although the city government no longer financially supported the center, City Center sold over $ 1 million worth of tickets per year. City Center accommodated about 578,000 guests during the 1947–1948 season and around 576,000 guests the following season. The New York City Symphony stopped performing at City Center after that season, mainly due to

11132-400: The music, movement, and themes of a ballet featured in the matinee performance for children ages 5–8 and 9–11, respectively; and Ballet Essentials, a 75-minute informal ballet class for adults ages 21 and up with little to no prior dance experience. These programs are all facilitated by NYCB dancers. New York City Ballet offers tickets for $ 30 to select performances for patrons ages 13 to 30 at

11253-820: The musicality and performance level of the dancers, but he has not emphasized the Balanchine style to the extent that many observers expected he would. Martins retired from his position in 2018. For the company's 40th anniversary, Martins held an American Music Festival, having commissioned dances from choreographers Laura Dean , Eliot Feld , William Forsythe , Lar Lubovitch , Paul Taylor . He also presented ballets by George Balanchine and Robbins. The programs included world premieres of more than twenty dances. Martins contributed Barber Violin Concerto , Black and White , The Chairman Dances , A Fool for You , Fred and George , Sophisticated Lady , Tanzspiel , Tea-Rose , and The Waltz Project . A major component of

11374-484: The new building was dedicated on December 29, 1924. The Great Depression prompted the Shriners to downsize their activities in the 1930s and relocate out of the building entirely by 1940. New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia and New York City Council president Newbold Morris established the City Center of Music and Drama Inc. (CCMD) to operate the building as a municipal performing-arts venue, which reopened on December 11, 1943. In its early years, City Center housed

11495-432: The northern half of the building contain even less decoration; they largely consist of brick walls with some scattered window openings. Originally, the Mecca Temple included a three-level auditorium with space for 5,000 people in total. The building also contained a banquet room in the basement, which could fit 5,000 people, and three lodge rooms on the upper stories, which could accommodate another 3,000 people. By 2010,

11616-703: The occasion. He and Robbins co-choreographed and performed in Pulcinella . Balanchine had produced an earlier Stravinsky festival in 1937 as balletmaster of the American Ballet while engaged by the Metropolitan Opera . The composer conducted the April 27th premiere of Card Party . In 1975, Balanchine paid his respects to the French composer Maurice Ravel with a two-week Hommage à Ravel . Balanchine, Robbins, Jacques d'Amboise , and Taras made sixteen new ballets for

11737-600: The occasion. Repertory ballets were performed as well. High points included Balanchine's Le Tombeau de Couperin and Robbins' Mother Goose . In 1981, Balanchine planned a two-week NYCB festival honoring the Russian composer Peter Ilyitch Tschaikovsky . Balanchine, Joseph Duell , d'Amboise, Peter Martins , Robbins, and Taras created twelve new dances. In addition to presenting these and repertory ballets, Balanchine re-choreographed his Mozartiana from 1933. Philip Johnson and John Burgee 's stage setting of translucent tubing

11858-494: The roof is composed of four main ribs; between these are twelve smaller ribs, which are supported at their tops by a "ring" just below the top of the dome. Unlike other domes in the United States, it was designed as a true sphere. The lower half of each rib is composed of two chords , while the upper half is made of I-beams measuring 15 inches (380 mm) thick. The inner chord of the dome rises 37.5 feet (11.4 m) and has

11979-467: The second Dancers' Choice benefit was held at a special evening performance. The program included Sleeping Beauty and Union Jack . The program was supervised by principal dancer Jenifer Ringer. NYCB performs fall, winter and spring repertory seasons at the David H. Koch Theater at Lincoln Center as well as George Balanchine's Nutcracker during November and December; they have a summer residency at

12100-434: The southern end of Central Park . When the Mecca Temple was constructed in 1923, the city block had contained garages, stables, and a school. The lots on the southern part of the building's site, at 131–133 West 55th Street, had been used by Famous Players–Lasky Corporation as a movie studio. The two lots on the northern part of the site, at 132 and 134 West 56th Street, contained horse stables. New York City Center

12221-661: The theater's poor acoustics. George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein 's Ballet Society became a resident organization of the CCMD in 1948 and was accordingly renamed the New York City Ballet Company . The CCMD established the New York City Theater Company the same season. The New York City Dance Theater performed at City Center during the 1949–1950 season, although it did not schedule any performances afterward. Despite grossing over $ 1.2 million from opera, ballet, theater, and dance performances during

12342-424: The theater, although over time a few ballet programs (e.g., Nutcracker) and individual dates became unavailable. City Ballet's Choreographic Institute was founded by Irene Diamond and Peter Martins in 2000. It has three main programmatic programs: choreographic sessions, providing choreographers with dancers and studio space; fellowship initiatives, annual awards in support of an emerging choreographer affiliated with

12463-430: The time, the gallery attracted 2,500 monthly visitors, and it had displayed 3,600 artworks, one-eighth of which had been sold. Donors reduced the organization's operating deficit to $ 12,000 for the 1961–1962 season, and the CCMD had a $ 37,500 surplus the next season, although the City Opera's losses soon eliminated this surplus. In advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair , the City Ballet announced that it would move to

12584-455: The total capacity to 5,000. These seats were spread across a ground-story orchestra level and two steeply raked balconies; in contrast to the balconies, the orchestra was originally nearly flat. Both balcony levels are supported by girders that are cantilevered from the rear of the auditorium. The first balcony level is supported by a pair of diagonal girders on either end because of its unusual shape. The second balcony level, also known as

12705-672: Was a revival of Rachel Crothers 's play Susan and God , on December 13, 1943. Initially, City Center presented revivals of successful Broadway shows to attract as many visitors as possible. Performers who appeared at City Center between the 1940s and 1960s included Helen Hayes , Montgomery Clift , Orson Welles , Gwen Verdon , Charlton Heston , Marcel Marceau , Bob Fosse , Nicholas Magallanes , Francisco Moncion , Tallulah Bankhead , Vincent Price , Jessica Tandy , Hume Cronyn , Uta Hagen , and Christopher Walken . The newly-established New York City Opera started performing at City Center in February 1944 under director Laszlo Halasz ;

12826-576: Was an American dancer and choreographer for the New York City Ballet . The day after his performance in George Balanchine 's Symphony in C, for which he was praised for the elegance of his classical style, Duell jumped from the window of his apartment building on West 77th Street and died in an apparent suicide. Joseph Duell was born in Dayton, Ohio, the son of a Baptist minister. His upbringing

12947-480: Was an air intake on the auditorium's roof. Fresh air traveled from the intake to a fan and heater room above the auditorium's proscenium, and air was then distributed through the floor slabs of each level. A lighting booth was also installed in the auditorium in 2011. The basement originally contained a banquet hall. This space did not contain columns. Instead, it was spanned by a set of deep lattice trusses , which were flanked by deep plate girders ; these formed

13068-573: Was appointed as City Center's managing director later that year. CCMD officials, citing increasing production costs asked the New York State Legislature in early 1953 to pass a law allowing the organization to lease the building for $ 1 annually. The law was enacted later the same year. The CCMD began raising $ 200,000 in April 1953 as part of its first-ever fundraiser, and the Rockefeller Foundation also donated $ 200,000 to fund

13189-552: Was appointed as the chairman of City Center's board of directors. The same year, the Robert Joffrey Ballet became a resident dance company and was renamed the City Center Joffrey Ballet, relocating to 55th Street that September. The CCMD's drama company also resumed performances at the 55th Street theater during the 1966–1967 season, having been inactive for nine years. The city government donated $ 500,000 for

13310-406: Was battling depression and personal demons of high creative standards and long-ago sibling rivalry . It was also later revealed that Duell had been under the care of both a psychologist and a psychiatrist for several years and had been taking an antidepressant medication. Some friends said they noticed that he seemed more depressed in his last days. An official of the ballet company said, "Everyone

13431-429: Was built by the Shriners between 1922 and 1924 as the Mecca Temple , a Masonic house of worship. The building was designed by architects Harry P. Knowles (a Master Mason ), who died before its completion, in conjunction with the firm of Clinton and Russell . The building's design is Neo-Moorish , although sources have described the 55th Street wing as "Moresco-Baroque" and "delightfully absurd". An article for

13552-474: Was described as strict, but he and his older brother Daniel were encouraged to follow artistic and expressive pursuits. He learned to play drums and piano while Daniel played flute. Both brothers began taking ballet classes (Joseph at age 7), studying under two well-known teachers in Dayton: Hermine and Josephine Schwarz. Joseph and Daniel were both considered to be very promising, and at age 10, Joseph received

13673-481: Was designed by Harry P. Knowles and Clinton and Russell in the Moorish Revival style and is divided into two parts. The southern section houses a main auditorium, with 2,257 seats across three levels; this auditorium could originally fit over four thousand people, but it has been downsized over the years. Immediately beneath the main auditorium are two smaller theaters, one of which is used by MTC; these occupy what

13794-446: Was designed to be hung and lit in different architectural configurations throughout the entire festival. In 1982, Balanchine organized a centennial celebration in honor of his long-time collaborator Igor Stravinsky , during which the City Ballet performed twenty-five ballets set to the composer's music. Balanchine made three new ballets, Tango , Élégie , and Persephone , and a new version of Variations . The choreographer died

13915-470: Was finalized in January 1922; the Shriners hoped that their new temple would increase land values in the surrounding area. The Shriners bought two stables at 133 and 135 West 56th Street from George C. Mason that April for $ 140,000. H. P. Knowles filed plans for a house of worship on 55th Street with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings in August 1922. The structure was to cost $ 750,000 and was to contain

14036-594: Was marked by its move to the New York State Theater, now David H. Koch Theater , designed by Philip Johnson to Balanchine's specifications. City Ballet became the first ballet company in the United States to have two permanent venue engagements: one at Lincoln Center 's David H. Koch Theater on 63rd Street in Manhattan , and another at the Saratoga Performing Arts Center , in Saratoga Springs, New York . The School of American Ballet (S.A.B.), which Balanchine founded,

14157-490: Was not tax-exempt. By the 1930s, the Great Depression had forced many fraternal groups, such as the Shriners, to reduce the scope of their activities. The Mecca Holding Company, the Mecca Temple's original owner, transferred the building's title to a group of Shriners trustees in 1933. The Fides Opera Company, led by Cesare Sodero , began performing at the Mecca Temple the same year. Irving Verschleiser, operator of

14278-469: Was originally a banquet hall. This section contains an ornate sandstone facade with an alfiz –like entryway made of terracotta, as well as a dome measuring about 104 feet (32 m) across. The northern section is much simpler in design, with a largely windowless brick facade, and contains four rehearsal studios and a 12-story office tower. The Shriners decided in 1921 to construct the 55th Street building after having outgrown their previous headquarters, and

14399-558: Was really wrong," according to Martin Duffy, the investigating detective in the 20th Precinct. That night, according to fellow dancer Toni Bentley, Duell immersed himself in work. He went to rehearsal and "worked like crazy on 'Who Cares?' the Gershwin ballet." She added, "He hadn't gone and holed himself up. He had many chances to reach out." The following morning, Sunday, February 16 at around 10 A.M. according to police, Joseph Duell jumped from

14520-457: Was reorganized after losing $ 25,000. The City Center Light Opera Company hosted its first performances in May 1954. Kirstein resigned as City Center's managing director in January 1955 because he and the board of directors could not agree on basic policy. Whereas Kirstein wanted to spend more money to stage experimental shows, the board wished to stage more established shows and reduce its expenses. The Board of Estimate voted that February to lease

14641-538: Was worried about him in the last two weeks. He was terribly overstrung in the last couple of weeks, and he began to talk about being depressed, but he wasn't the type to burden people with his problems." The day before his death, Saturday, February 15, Duell made his final performance in George Balanchine's Symphony in C. That evening he was seen by his brother Daniel, who would later tell the police that he had been feeling dejected, but Daniel "didn't think anything

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