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70-556: The binding was the standard for cross-country skiing for decades. Rottefella also produces one of the two systems that have largely replaced the 75mm, the New Nordic Norm. Some skiers who ski on Rottefella bindings include: This article related to a manufacturing company is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Norwegian corporation or company article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cross-country skiing Cross-country skiing

140-427: A wax or texture on the ski bottom under the foot for traction on the snow to allow the skier to slide the other ski forward in virgin or tracked snow. With the skate skiing technique a skier slides on alternating skis on a firm snow surface at an angle from each other in a manner similar to ice skating. Both techniques employ poles with baskets that allow the arms to participate in the propulsion. Specialized equipment

210-410: A coordinated use of poles and the upper body to add impetus. Three common techniques are "V1", "V2" and "V2 alternate". In "V1" the skier pushes with a double pole plant each time the ski is extended on a temporarily "dominant" side, this technique is optimal for climbing. In "V2 alternate" the skier performs the double pole plant before the "dominant" ski is extended, this technique allows for maintaining

280-452: A foot (called a basket) near the end of the shaft that provides a pushing platform, as it makes contact with the snow. Baskets vary in size, according to the expected softness/firmness of the snow. Racing poles feature smaller, lighter baskets than recreational poles. Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing. Traditional skiing in the 1800s used a single pole for both cross-country and downhill. The single pole

350-415: A gliding surface and, for classic skis, a traction zone under foot. The base of the gliding surface is a plastic material that is designed both to minimize friction and, in many cases, to accept waxes. Glide wax may be used on the tails and tips of classic skis and across the length of skate skis. Each type of ski is sized and designed differently. Length affects maneuverability; camber affects pressure on

420-425: A higher speed and is often used on slightly downhill terrsin. In "V2" the skier performs the double pole plant each time the ski is extended on either side, on flat ground and in slight inclines this technique is often the fastest and most efficient of the 3. Skiers climb hills with these techniques by widening the angle of the "V" and by making more frequent, shorter strides and more forceful use of poles. A variant of

490-468: A public ski competition occurred in Tromsø , 1843. In Norwegian, langrenn refers to "competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in groomed tracks in the shortest possible time". In Norway, ski touring competitions ( Norwegian : turrenn ) are long-distance cross-country competitions open to the public, competition is usually within age intervals. A new technique, skate skiing ,

560-606: A small work written in Latin , completed in c.  1143 , spanning from the introduction of Christianity in Denmark to the author's own time. The next to be published was Brevis historia regum Dacie , written by Sven Aggesen (b. c.  1140–1150 – death unknown), thought to have been finished in 1186 or 1187 (the last event described happened in 1185), covering the years 300–1185. Saxo's works were received enthusiastically by Renaissance era scholars, who were curious about

630-678: A stickier substance, called klister . Ski boots are attached to the ski only at the toe, leaving the heel free. Depending on application, boots may be lightweight (performance skiing) or heavier and more supportive (back-country skiing). Bindings connect the boot to the ski. There are three primary groups of binding systems used in cross-country skiing (in descending order of importance): Ski poles are used for balance and propulsion. Modern cross-country ski poles are made from aluminium , fibreglass-reinforced plastic , or carbon fibre , depending on weight, cost and performance parameters. Formerly they were made of wood or bamboo . They feature

700-613: A technique for traveling cross-country over snow on skis, starting almost five millennia ago with beginnings in Scandinavia . It may have been practised as early as 600 BCE in Daxing'anling , in what is now China . Early historical evidence includes Procopius 's (around CE 550) description of Sami people as skrithiphinoi translated as "ski running samis". Birkely argues that the Sami people have practiced skiing for more than 6000 years, evidenced by

770-452: A traction zone, called the "grip zone" or "kick zone", underfoot. This comes either from a) texture , such as " fish scales " or mohair skins, designed to slide forward but not backwards, that is built into the grip zone of waxless skis, or from applied devices, e.g. climbing skins , or b) from grip waxes . Grip waxes are classified according to their hardness: harder waxes are for colder and newer snow. An incorrect choice of grip wax for

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840-546: A variety of formats for races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS) and by national organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association and Cross Country Ski Canada. It also encompasses cross-country ski marathon events, sanctioned by the Worldloppet Ski Federation , cross-country ski orienteering events, sanctioned by

910-484: A warrior family and writes that he is himself committed to being a soldier. He tells us that he follows "the ancient right of hereditary service", and that his father and grandfather "were recognized frequenters of your renowned sire's (Valdemar I) war camp". Saxo's education and ability support the idea that he was educated outside Denmark. Some suggest the title "Grammaticus" refers not to his education but rather his elaborate Latin style. We know from his writing that he

980-417: Is a form of skiing whereby skiers traverse snow-covered terrain without use of ski lifts or other assistance. Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity; however, some still use it as a means of travel. Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved, sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are specifically designed for

1050-418: Is a form of cross-country skiing competition that requires navigation in a landscape, making optimal route choices at racing speeds. Standard orienteering maps are used, but with special green overprinting of trails and tracks to indicate their navigability in snow ; other symbols indicate whether any roads are snow-covered or clear. Standard skate-skiing equipment is used, along with a map holder attached to

1120-412: Is adapted to each technique and each type of terrain. A variety of turns are used, when descending. Poles contribute to forward propulsion, either simultaneously (usual for the skate technique) or in alternating sequence (common for the classical technique as the "diagonal stride"). Double poling is also used with the classical technique when higher speed can be achieved on flats and slight downhills than

1190-474: Is assumed that the last eight books were written first, as Saxo drew heavily on the work of Absalon (who died in 1201, before the work was completed) for evidence of the age of Saint Canute and Valdemar I. The first eight volumes share a likeness with the works of Saxo's contemporary Snorri Sturluson . They deal with mythical elements such as giants and the Scandinavian pantheon of gods. Saxo tells of Dan

1260-434: Is available in the diagonal stride, which is favored to achieve higher power going uphill. The classic style is often used on prepared trails (pistes) that have pairs of parallel grooves (tracks) cut into the snow. It is also the most usual technique where no tracks have been prepared. With this technique, each ski is pushed forward from the other stationary ski in a striding and gliding motion, alternating foot to foot. With

1330-401: Is purely a competitive sport and not for amateurs. He further noted that in some competitions the skier "is also required to show his skill in turning his ski to one side or the other within given marks" at full speed on a steep hill. Nansen regarded these forms (i.e., jumping and slalom) as "special arts", and believed that the most important branch of skiing was travel "in an ordinary way across

1400-596: Is referred to as stå på ski (literally "stand on skis"). Fridtjof Nansen , describes the crossing of Greenland as På ski over Grønland , literally "On skis across Greenland", while the English edition of the report was titled, The first crossing of Greenland . Nansen referred to the activity of traversing snow on skis as Norwegian : skilöbning (he used the term also in the English translation), which may be translated as ski running . Nansen used skilöbning , regarding all forms of skiing, but noted that ski jumping

1470-538: The Boreal Loppet , held in Forestville, Quebec , Canada. Biathlon combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting . Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total running distance/time. For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets; the skier receives a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules. Ski orienteering

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1540-660: The Danes was compiled from sources that are of questionable historical value but were to him the only ones extant. He drew on oral tales of the Icelanders, ancient volumes, letters carved on rocks and stone, and the statements of his patron Absalon concerning the history of which the Archbishop had been a part. Saxo's work was not strictly a history or a simple record of old tales, but rather, as Friis-Jensen puts it, "a product of Saxo's own mind and times". Westergaard writes that Saxo combines

1610-681: The International Orienteering Federation , and Paralympic cross-country skiing, sanctioned by the International Paralympic Committee . The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. From 1924 to 1939, the World Championships were held every year, including the Winter Olympic Games . After World War II,

1680-568: The Japanese , motivated by the death of Japanese soldiers during a snow storm. Starting in 1919, Vladimir Lenin helped popularize the activity in the Soviet Union. Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at a target while skiing at "top speed", downhill racing among trees, downhill racing on large slopes without falling, and "long racing" on "flat ground". An early record of

1750-1044: The Ski Classics , which started in 2011, and the Worldloppet . Skiers race in classic or free-style (skating) events, depending on the rules of the race. Notable ski marathons , include the Vasaloppet in Sweden , Birkebeineren in Norway, the Tartu Maraton in Estonia , the Engadin Skimarathon in Switzerland , the American Birkebeiner , the Tour of Anchorage in Anchorage , Alaska , and

1820-589: The United States , Australia and New Zealand . Competitive cross-country skiing is one of the Nordic skiing sports. Cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship are the two components of biathlon . Ski orienteering is a form of cross-country skiing, which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks. The word ski comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means stick of wood. Skiing started as

1890-408: The "diagonal stride" variant the poles are planted alternately on the opposite side of the forward-striding foot; with the "kick-double-pole" variant the poles are planted simultaneously with every other stride. At times, especially with gentle descents, double poling is the sole means of propulsion. On uphill terrain, techniques include the "side step" for steep slopes, moving the skis perpendicular to

1960-550: The Danish-Norwegian army included specialized skiing battalions from 1747—details of military ski exercises from 1767 are on record. Skis were used in military exercises in 1747. In 1799 French traveller Jacques de la Tocnaye recorded his visit to Norway in his travel diary: Norwegian immigrants used skis ("Norwegian snowshoes") in the US midwest from around 1836. Norwegian immigrant " Snowshoe Thompson " transported mail by skiing across

2030-719: The International Ski Federation, or national standards. Standards address course distances, degree of difficulty with maximums in elevation difference and steepness—both up and downhill, plus other factors. Some facilities have night-time lighting on select trails—called lysløype (light trails) in Norwegian and elljusspår (electric-light trails) in Swedish. The first lysløype opened in 1946 in Nordmarka and at Byåsen ( Trondheim ). Cross-country ski competition encompasses

2100-689: The Sierra Nevada between California and Nevada from 1856. In 1888 Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen and his team crossed the Greenland icecap on skis. Norwegian workers on the Buenos Aires - Valparaiso railway line introduced skiing in South America around 1890. In 1910 Roald Amundsen used skis on his South Pole Expedition . In 1902 the Norwegian consul in Kobe imported ski equipment and introduced skiing to

2170-660: The World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years. Notable cross-country ski competitions include the Winter Olympics, the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the FIS World Cup events (including the Holmenkollen ). Cross-country ski marathons —races with distances greater than 40 kilometers—have two cup series,

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2240-465: The academic community. Oliver Elton , who was the first to translate the first nine books of Gesta Danorum into English , wrote that Saxo was the first writer produced by Denmark. Saxo's skill as a Latinist was praised by Erasmus , who wondered how "a Dane of that age got so great power of eloquence". Later R. W. Chambers would call Saxo's writings "difficult and bombastic, but always amusing Latin". There have been many attempts to understand

2310-479: The ban, most race waxes combined fluorinated hydrocarbon waxes with fluorocarbon overlays. Fluorocarbons decrease surface tension and surface area of the water between the ski and the snow, increasing speed and glide of the ski under specific conditions. Either combined with the wax or applied after in a spray, powder, or block form, fluorocarbons significantly improve the glide of the ski. Skis designed for classic technique, both in track and in virgin snow, rely on

2380-445: The base using an iron or applied in a liquid form. The excess wax is first scraped off and then finished by brushing. Most glide waxes are based on paraffin that is combined with additive materials. The paraffin hardness and additives are varied based on snow type, humidity and temperature. Since the 2021-2022 race season, fluorinated products are banned in FIS sanctioned competitions. Before

2450-531: The border and by sea. Valdemar I had also just won a civil war and later Valdemar II led an expedition across the Elbe to invade Holstein . Sven Aggesen , a Danish nobleman and author of a slightly earlier history of Denmark than Saxo's, describes his contemporary, Saxo, as his contubernalis , meaning tent-comrade . This gives evidence that Saxo and Sven might have soldiered in the Hird or royal guard, since Sven used

2520-488: The chest. It is one of the four orienteering disciplines recognized by the International Orienteering Federation . Upper body strength is especially important because of frequent double poling along narrow snow trails. Paralympic cross-country ski competition is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under

2590-500: The condition of the snow—crystal structure, temperature, degree of compaction, moisture content, etc. Depending on the initial condition of the snow, grooming may achieve an increase in density for new-fallen snow or a decrease in density for icy or compacted snow. Cross-country ski facilities may incorporate a course design that meets homologation standards for such organizations as the International Olympic Committee,

2660-410: The country". In Germany, Nansen's Greenland report was published as Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland (literally "On snowshoes through Greenland"). The German term, Schneeschuh , was supplanted by the borrowed Norwegian word, Ski , in the late 19th century. The Norwegian encyclopedia of sports also uses the term, skiløping , (literally "ski running") for all forms of skiing. Around 1900

2730-445: The death of his patron Absalon in 1202. What eventually came to be the first nine books of Gesta Danorum , were actually written after the death of Absalon , and they focus largely on mythology, for which Saxo has been criticized. The contrast to the seven books written during the lifetime of Absalon is "'enormous,' leading the main core of scholars to divide the two parts into mythical (books I–IX) and historical (books X–XVI),

2800-458: The fall line, the "herringbone" for moderate slopes, where the skier takes alternating steps with the skis splayed outwards, and, for gentle slopes, the skier uses the diagonal technique with shorter strides and greater arm force on the poles. With skate skiing, the skier provides propulsion on a smooth, firm snow surface by pushing alternating skis away from one another at an angle, in a manner similar to ice skating . Skate-skiing usually involves

2870-464: The first king of Denmark, who had a brother named Angul who gave his name to the Angles . He also tells the stories of various other Danish heroes, many of whom interact with the Scandinavian gods. Saxo's "heathen" gods, however, are not always good characters. They are sometimes treacherous, such as in the story of Harald, legendary king of the Danes , who was taught the ways of warfare by Odin and then

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2940-588: The four cardinal virtues in Gesta Danorum , have studied other elaborations and schemes in the writings of Saxo. Some of them have concluded that Saxo, instead of simply distorting allegedly true Nordic and Baltic traditions and/or beliefs, was creating something new, attuned to the approaching 13th century Danish race to strengthen institutions and engage in the Northern Crusades . Importantly, Saxo Grammaticus appears to have changed his agenda after

3010-436: The heel to enable a walking pace, as with Nordic disciplines and unlike Alpine skiing . Ski touring's subgenre ski mountaineering involves independently navigating and route finding through potential avalanche terrain and often requires familiarity with meteorology along with skiing skills. Ski touring can be faster and easier than summer hiking in some terrain, allowing for traverses and ascents that would be harder in

3080-653: The history and mythology of the heroic age of Denmark, and reworks it into his own story that exemplifies the past of the Danes. The history is composed of sixteen books, and extends from the time of the founders of the Danish people, Dan I of Denmark and Angul, into about the year 1187. The first four books are concerned with the history of the Danes before Christ , the next four books with their history after Christ, and books 9–12 with Christian Denmark, and books 13–16 promote Lund and exploits before and during Saxo's own lifetime. It

3150-453: The history with the Preface, which he wrote last, in c.  1216 under the patronage of Anders Sunesen , who replaced Absalon as Archbishop of Lund. Saxo included in the preface warm appreciation of both Archbishops and of the reigning King Valdemar II. Of particular interest for Shakespeare scholars is the story of Amleth , the first instance of the playwright's Hamlet . Saxo based

3220-470: The main advisor to Valdemar I of Denmark . He is the author of the Gesta Danorum , the first full history of Denmark , from which the legend of Amleth would come to inspire the story of Hamlet by Shakespeare . The Jutland Chronicle gives evidence that Saxo was born in Zealand . It is unlikely he was born before 1150 and it is supposed that his death could have occurred around 1220. His name Saxo

3290-405: The mid-1800s. Early skiers used one long pole or spear in addition to the skis. The first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. Traditional skis, used for snow travel in Norway and elsewhere into the 1800s, often comprised one short ski with a natural fur traction surface , the andor , and one long for gliding, the langski —one being up to 100 cm (39 in) longer than

3360-414: The other one during endurance events; this became known as the "marathon skate". The word ski comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski". Norwegian language does not use a verb-form equivalent in idiomatic speech, unlike English "to ski". In modern Norwegian , a variety of terms refer to cross-country skiing, including: In contrast, alpine skiing

3430-684: The other—allowing skiers to propel themselves with a scooter motion. This combination has a long history among the Sami people . Skis up to 280 cm have been produced in Finland, and the longest recorded ski in Norway is 373 cm. Ski warfare , the use of ski-equipped troops in war , is first recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in the 13th century. These troops were reportedly able to cover distances comparable to that of light cavalry . The garrison in Trondheim used skis at least from 1675, and

3500-541: The pre- Christian history and legends. Saxo's portrayals of history have been seen to differ greatly from those of his contemporaries, especially Norwegian and Icelandic , including portrayals of various historical characters as either heroes or villains. There are also differences between Saxo's work and that of the fellow Danish historian Sven Aggesen from the same era. These differences have to do with Saxo's elaboration and euhemerism in his descriptions of mainly Scandinavian history and mythology, Saxo's account on

3570-565: The preface to the work, Saxo writes that his patron Absalon ( c.  1128 – 21 March 1201), Archbishop of Lund, had encouraged him to write a heroic history of the Danes . The history is thought to have been started about 1185, after Sven Aggesen wrote his history. The goal of Gesta Danorum was, as Saxo writes, "to glorify our fatherland", which he accomplishes on the model of Virgil's Aeneid . Saxo also may have owed much to Plato and Cicero , as well as to more contemporary writers like Geoffrey of Monmouth . Saxo's history of

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3640-442: The rules of the International Paralympic Committee . These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport. Cross-country skiing has two basic propulsion techniques, which apply to different surfaces: classic (undisturbed snow and tracked snow) and skate skiing (firm, smooth snow surfaces). The classic technique relies on

3710-408: The snow beneath the feet of the skier; side-cut affects the ease of turning; width affects forward friction; overall area on the snow affects bearing capacity; and tip geometry affects the ability to penetrate new snow or to stay in a track. Each of the following ski types has a different combination of these attributes: Glide waxes enhance the speed of the gliding surface. The wax is either melted on

3780-415: The snow conditions encountered may cause ski slippage (wax too hard for the conditions) or snow sticking to the grip zone (wax too soft for the conditions). Grip waxes generate grip by interacting with snow crystals, which vary with temperature, age and compaction. Hard grip waxes do not work well for snow which has metamorphosed to having coarse grains, whether icy or wet. In these conditions, skiers opt for

3850-462: The sport. Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing, from which all skiing disciplines evolved, including alpine skiing , ski jumping and Telemark skiing . Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward (classic style) or side-to-side in a skating motion (skate skiing), aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow. It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes, including Europe , Canada , Russia ,

3920-418: The story on an oral tale of a son taking revenge for his murdered father. Christiern Pedersen, a Canon of Lund, collaborated with Jodocus Badius Ascensius , a fellow enthusiast, to print the work of Saxo Grammaticus early in the sixteenth century. This was the first major step toward securing the historical significance of Gesta Danorum . Starting from that point, the knowledge of it began to spread within

3990-402: The success of Bill Koch ( United States ) in 1982 Cross-country Skiing Championships drew more attention to the skating style. Norwegian skier Ove Aunli started using the technique in 1984, when he found it to be much faster than classic style. Finnish skier, Pauli Siitonen , developed a one-sided variant of the style in the 1970s, leaving one ski in the track while skating to the side with

4060-590: The summer and skiers in the winter. Groomed trail skiing occurs at facilities such as Nordmarka (Oslo), Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort and Gatineau Park in Quebec , where trails are laid out and groomed for both classic and skate-skiing. Such grooming and track setting (for classic technique) requires specialized equipment and techniques that adapt to the condition of the snow. Trail preparation employs snow machines which tow snow-compaction, texturing and track-setting devices. Groomers must adapt such equipment to

4130-480: The summer. Skis can also be used to access backcountry alpine climbing routes when snow is off the technical route, but still covers the hiking trail. In some countries, organizations maintain a network of huts for use by cross-country skiers in wintertime. For example, the Norwegian Trekking Association maintains over 400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails which hikers can use in

4200-471: The tale of Thyri, for instance, is considered to be far more fantastic than the same tale presented by Sven . Saxo's work has been criticized for this reason. Kurt Johannesson's studies expanded greatly on the comprehension of Gesta Danorum , deviating from the approach that focuses mostly on mythology, and allowing the development of a wider understanding of Saxo's works. Recently some scholars, such as Sigurd Kværndrup, inspired by Johannesson's study of

4270-685: The technique is the "marathon skate" or "Siitonen step", where the skier leaves one ski in the track while skating outwards to the side with the other ski. Turns, used while descending or for braking, include the snowplough (or "wedge turn"), the stem christie (or "wedge christie"), parallel turn , and the Telemark turn . The step turn is used for maintaining speed during descents or out of track on flats. Equipment comprises skis, poles, boots and bindings; these vary according to: Skis used in cross-country are lighter and narrower than those used in alpine skiing . Ski bottoms are designed to provide

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4340-545: The type of Latin language used by Saxo, and to juxtapose it in history, to provide more information on where he was educated. Some have considered his Latin to have more in common with legal than with ecclesiastical training, and his poetry is thought to have traces of parallelism . Although Saxo is commonly viewed by modern Danes as their "first national historian", two other coherent accounts of Danish history by Danish authors predate Gesta Danorum . They are Chronicon Roskildense ( English : Roskilde Chronicle ),

4410-496: The very old Sami word čuoigat for skiing. Egil Skallagrimsson 's 950 CE saga describes King Haakon the Good 's practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis. The Gulating law (1274) stated that "No moose shall be disturbed by skiers on private land." Cross-country skiing evolved from a utilitarian means of transportation to being a worldwide recreational activity and sport, which branched out into other forms of skiing starting in

4480-656: The word Skilaufen was used in German in the same sense as Norwegian : skiløping . Recreational cross-country skiing includes ski touring and groomed-trail skiing, typically at resorts or in parklands. It is an accessible form of recreation for persons with vision and mobility impairments . A related form of recreation is dog skijoring —a winter sport where a cross-country skier is assisted by one or more dogs. Ski touring takes place off- piste and outside of ski resorts . Tours may extend over multiple days. Typically, skis , bindings , and boots allow for free movement of

4550-476: The word contubernium in reference to them. There is also a Saxo to be found on a list of clergy at Lund , where there was a Sven recorded as Archdeacon. Likewise there is Dean Saxo who died in 1190; however, the date does not match what is known about Saxo. Both arguments, for a secular or religious Saxo, would confirm that he was well educated; as clergy, he would have received training in Latin and sons of great men were often sent to Paris . Saxo comes from

4620-637: Was a common name in medieval Denmark. The name Grammaticus ("the learned") was first given to him in the Jutland Chronicle and the Sjælland Chronicle makes reference to Saxo cognomine Longus ("with the byname 'the tall ' "). He lived in a period of warfare and Danish expansion, led by Archbishop Absalon and the Valdemars. The Danes were also being threatened by the Wends who were making raids across

4690-448: Was betrayed and killed by the god, who then brought him to Valhalla . Saxo's world is seen to have had very warlike values. He glorifies the heroes that made their names in battle far more than those who made peace. His view of the period of peace under King Frode is very low and is only satisfied when King Knut brings back the ancestral customs. Saxo's chronology of kings extends up to Saint Canute and his son Valdemar I. Saxo finished

4760-460: Was experimented with early in the 20th Century, but was not widely adopted until the 1980s. Johan Grøttumsbråten used the skating technique at the 1931 World Championship in Oberhof, one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross-country skiing. This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces. It became widespread during the 1980s after

4830-404: Was in the retinue and received the patronage of Absalon, Archbishop of Lund, who was the foremost adviser to King Valdemar I. In his will Absalon forgives his clerk Saxo a small debt of two and a half marks of silver and tells him to return two borrowed books to the monastery of Sorø . The legacy of Saxo Grammaticus is the sixteen-book heroic history of the Danes called Gesta Danorum . In

4900-401: Was longer and stronger than the poles that are used in pairs. In competitive cross-country poles in pairs were introduced around 1900. Saxo Grammaticus Saxo Grammaticus ( c.  1150  – c.  1220 ), also known as Saxo cognomine Longus , was a Danish historian, theologian and author. He is thought to have been a clerk or secretary to Absalon , Archbishop of Lund ,

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