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67-563: The hotel is located at 112-120 East Baltimore Street in Jackson , a city in Madison County, Tennessee , USA. The site of the hotel once served as headquarters for Colonel Carroll Marsh of the 11th Illinois Regiment during the city of Jackson's Union occupation. By 1870, the house that stood there, known as the Trimmer House, was used as a hotel. In 1884, it was sold to Mrs. J. H. Day. She

134-569: A poll tax , and resulted in reducing voting by many blacks and poor whites. After Reconstruction, white violence increased against blacks. In 1886, Eliza Woods , an African-American woman, was lynched in Jackson after being accused of poisoning and killing her employer, Jessie Woolen. Woolen's husband later confessed to the crime. Two other African Americans were known to have been lynched by whites in Madison County in this period that extended into

201-547: A Union position on the Mississippi north of Memphis. Forrest returned to Jackson again later that year in preparation for an attack on Federal river traffic on the Tennessee River east of Paris and the supply base at Johnsonville. With the emancipation of slaves and passage of US constitutional amendments granting suffrage to African-American males, Jackson's freedmen and formerly free people of color began to participate in

268-452: A city council or board of commission, to be elected from single-member districts. As a result, more African-American and women candidates have been elected as representatives from those jurisdictions. The dissolution of the former government in Jackson resulted in the need for an elected city school board, since one of the commissioners had previously managed education. The city commissioners chose to consolidate their school system with that of

335-407: A residential center for senior citizens. At this time, many of the plaster ceilings and original finishes were preserved behind the new additions and are awaiting future restoration. On May 4, 2003 , a tornado damaged the building, and it was restored by Crocker Construction Co. for the next two years. The New Southern was designed by architect Reuben A. Heavner , who is also known for his work on

402-655: A severe thunderstorm hit Jackson, dropping 13 inches of rain in a short period of time. Flash floods destroyed many homes and streets. Jackson developed rapidly just prior to the Civil War as a railroad junction and maintenance shop for several early railroads, including the Mississippi Central , the Tennessee Central and the Mobile and Ohio lines. Located over seventy miles east of Memphis, Jackson lies along

469-565: A vacancy) or by winning a partisan election. Either way, the justice would have to stand for re-election during the next general state election. In 1971, a statute modified this process at the appellate level. Under a modified version of the Missouri Plan , appellate judges (including supreme court justices) would be subjected only to a "Yes/No" retention vote rather than to any challenge from an electoral opponent. Thus, it became impossible to become an appellate judge without being appointed by

536-480: Is displayed in the area includes murals, performance art shows, galleries, live concerts, and theatrical/ballet productions. The district is also home to a number of small shops. Built in 1973, the Carl Perkins Civic Center is a multi purpose events facility with seating for 2,200. It is named for singer Carl Perkins . The center is located on the south side of the downtown square. The city of Jackson

603-800: Is home to a number of institutions of higher learning which offer collegiate sports, including Union University , Lane College , and Jackson State Community College . Union University has won six national titles (NAIA- 1998, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 and NCCAA- 2014) in women's basketball. In 2018, the Lady Bulldogs advanced to the Final Four of the NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament . In addition to success in women's basketball, Union boasts NCCAA national titles in volleyball (2003), men's soccer (2004), and softball (2001, 2002, 2004, 2013). Tennessee Supreme Court The Tennessee Supreme Court

670-455: Is the highest court in the state of Tennessee . The Supreme Court's three buildings are seated in Nashville , Knoxville , and Jackson , Tennessee. The Court is composed of five members: a chief justice , and four justices . As of September 1, 2023 , the chief justice is Holly M. Kirby . Unlike other states, in which the state attorney general is directly elected or appointed by

737-520: Is the larger principal city of the Jackson-Humboldt CSA , a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Jackson metropolitan area ( Chester and Madison counties) and the Humboldt micropolitan area ( Gibson County ), which had a combined population of 180,509 at the 2020 census . In the 2020 United States census , there were 68,205 people, 25,925 households, and 16,075 families residing in

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804-498: The Madison County school system in 1990, creating the Jackson-Madison County School Board. This was also done to achieve desegregation goals. The nine-member board is elected from six districts across the county; three districts elect two members each and the other three each elect one member. All members are elected for four-year terms, with elections held on a staggered basis every two years. The demographics of

871-460: The National Register of Historic Places since November 21, 2002. A music video for the song "Stella" by Hunter Cross was filmed at the hotel. Jackson, Tennessee Jackson is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee , United States. Located 70 miles (110 km) east of Memphis , it is a regional center of trade for West Tennessee . Its total population

938-611: The Tennessee River on December 17. Grant ordered a soldier concentration at Jackson under Brigadier General Jeremiah C. Sullivan and sent a cavalry force under Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll . Forrest's command defeated the Union cavalry in Lexington, Tennessee on December 18. As Forrest continued his advance the following day, Sullivan ordered Colonel Adolph Englemann to take a small force northeast of Jackson. At Old Salem Cemetery, acting on

1005-566: The governor or state legislature , the Tennessee Supreme Court appoints the Tennessee Attorney General . When Tennessee was admitted as a state on June 1, 1796, it didn't have a provision for a judicial branch of government in its constitution. The Tennessee legislature created a Superior Court with three judges who were elected by the general assembly and functioned as both a trial court and an appellate court. In 1809,

1072-605: The trial court , it hears only appeals of civil cases which have been heard by the Court of Appeals , and of criminal cases that have been heard by the Court of Criminal Appeals . The Tennessee Supreme Court was created through the Constitutional Convention of 1834 and replaced the Tennessee Court of Errors and Appeals . The method by which Tennessee's supreme court justices are selected has changed significantly over

1139-502: The Dyersburg branch. Jackson had been a west Tennessee hub for passenger train service. Passengers had direct service to Memphis, Nashville, Meridian, Montgomery, Mobile, Birmingham, Jacksonville, Daytona, Miami, Centralia, Champaign-Urbana, Springfield, Chicago, St. Louis, and New Orleans. From the 1930s to the 1960s, multiple regularly scheduled passenger trains of the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio and

1206-585: The Illinois Central made stops at Union Station. Gulf, Mobile and Ohio trains included: Illinois Central trains included: According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 49.5 square miles (128 km ), all land. Jackson has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) within the Köppen climate classification system, with hot, humid summers and cool winters. Jackson

1273-669: The South. Between December 11, 1862, and January 1, 1863, an engagement at Jackson occurred during Confederate Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest 's expedition into West Tennessee. Forrest wanted to disrupt the rail supply line to Grant's army, which was campaigning along the route of the Mississippi Central Railroad . If Forrest destroyed the Mobile & Ohio Railroad running south from Columbus, Kentucky through Jackson, Grant would have to curtail or halt his operations altogether. Forrest's 2,100-man cavalry brigade crossed

1340-690: The Superior Court was abolished by the Tennessee legislature and a new Supreme Court of Error and Appeals , which only heard appellate cases, was established. In 1835, Tennessee adopted a new state constitution that established the judiciary an independent branch of government, which included the Supreme Court as well as a system of lower courts. This court had three justices. The third Tennessee State Constitution , adopted in 1870, called for five justices, no more than two of whom may come from any one of

1407-485: The Tennessee Midland was abandoned east of Cordova with the exception of some track in Jackson. That track is now used to deliver goods to Jackson's east and west industrial parks. The Tennessee Midland Railway Company line from Memphis to Jackson was the forerunner of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway . This line was often referred to as the "NC" by locals. Like all other railroads to enter Jackson, it

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1474-742: The United States, in actions authorized by the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and ratified by the US Senate. European-American settlement of Jackson began along the Forked Deer River before 1820, primarily by migrants from eastern areas of the Upper South, such as Virginia and Kentucky. Originally named Alexandria, the city was renamed in 1822 to honor General Andrew Jackson , a hero of the War of 1812 . He

1541-447: The United States, with 624.6 violent crimes per 100,000 residents. According to Morgan Quitno 's 2010 Metropolitan Crime Rate Rankings the Jackson metropolitan area had the 13th highest crime rate in the United States. In 2007, Jackson ranked 9th most dangerous. In 2006, it had been listed as the 18th most dangerous. Jackson was the site of the now permanently closed International Rock-A-Billy Hall of Fame Museum, which recognized

1608-460: The ability of African Americans to register and vote. The City Charter was amended to include run-off elections within two weeks in cases of one candidate not receiving a majority of votes. This created an extra burden on campaigns by less wealthy candidates. In Jackson, the total effect of these changes to the city electoral system was to reduce the ability of African Americans in the 20th century to elect candidates of their choice and to participate in

1675-432: The area as it was developed. As county seat, Jackson was a trading town and retail center for surrounding agricultural areas. But developing as a railroad hub of several lines was most important to Jackson's industrial and population growth, from 1852 on for the next hundred years. In 1862 Tennessee came under the control of Union forces and was occupied until General Ulysses S. Grant decided to concentrate his efforts to

1742-406: The average family size was 3.03. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 13.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the city

1809-627: The city's growing need for high-quality business-class lodging and constructed a new hotel, deemed the New Southern, on the site. The hotel offered a central location in Courthouse Square and spaces for businessmen to entertain prospective clients. It featured a dining room, multiple ballrooms, men's and ladies' parlors, and a coffee shop. As the most luxurious hotel between Nashville and Memphis , it soon became an entertainment hub for politicians, local service clubs , and various organizations. It

1876-557: The city's significant minority of African-American residents. (According to the 1980 Census, the city population was 49,074, of whom 16,847, or 34.3%, were black.) Since 1915, no black person had ever been elected to, or served on, the Board of Commissioners. The court found this commission electoral system to be discriminatory in effect. Over the decades, the African-American minority was effectively closed out of city government. The case

1943-595: The city. In the census of 2010, there were 65,211 people, 25,191 households, and 15,951 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,317 inhabitants per square mile (508/km ). There were 28,052 housing units at an average density of 566.3 per square mile (218.6/km ). Since the 2010 Census, the city has added 9.4459 (24.5/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 49.2% White , 45.07% African American , 0.2% Native American , 1.2% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 2.3% from other races , and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.0% of

2010-579: The constitutionality of the Modified Missouri Plan had, "like Esau, sold [their] precious birthright, equality and freedom for a mess of potage" and had made the judicial branch subordinate to the legislative branch. Partially as a result of that decision, the statute was revised in 1974 to remove Tennessee Supreme Court justices from the plan, yet a 1994 revision to what was now called the " Tennessee Plan " extended it once again to supreme court justices. The case of DeLaney v. Thompson challenged

2077-678: The constitutionality of the Tennessee Plan but rather remanded the case on a technicality. In 2014, Tennessee voters approved an amendment to the Tennessee Constitution, which codified the Tennessee Plan while adding to it a provision that gubernatorial appointments must be confirmed by the General Assembly. Only one member of the Tennessee Supreme Court has ever been removed under the Tennessee Plan. Former Justice Penny White

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2144-472: The contributions of Tennessee musicians to this genre. In 1956, the city of Jackson purchased the Chester Street home of famed locomotive engineer, Casey Jones, to turn into a museum and tourist attraction. The museum opened to the public on April 30, and Governor Frank Clement was the main speaker for the ceremony. In 1978, a proposal to move the home and museum north to a plot of land next to Interstate 40

2211-438: The county in 2012 for major ethnic groups were 60.3% white and 37% African American. In 2008 the school system was still under a court order supervising its desegregation progress. In the post- World War II era, the railroad industry underwent restructuring and mergers. (See section below). By the end of the 1960s, it sharply reduced passenger service to Jackson; there were related losses of associated industrial jobs supporting

2278-454: The defensive, Englemann's two infantry regiments repulsed a Confederate mounted attack, then withdrew a mile closer to the city. The fight amounted to no more than a feint and show of force intended to hold Jackson's Union defenders in position, while two mounted Confederate columns destroyed railroad track to both the north and south of the town, then returned. Forrest withdrew from the Jackson area to attack Trenton and Humboldt after this mission

2345-475: The early 20th century. In 1915, Jackson was one of several cities in the state to adopt a commission form of government, changing its electoral scheme to at-large voting citywide for three designated positions: a mayor and two commissioners. This resulted in a government dominated by the majority, with no representatives elected from minority populations. (Other cities to make this change included Clarksville , Chattanooga , Knoxville and Nashville .) Although

2412-622: The founders of Jackson are buried. The cemetery's acres of old trees and many of the statues, monuments, and graves were damaged during the tornado. Parts of the Union University campus were damaged in November 2002 . The downtown area was devastated in May 2003 by an F4 tornado, and there were eight deaths. Many dormitories at the Union campus were demolished in a storm in February 2008 . On May 1, 2010,

2479-483: The governor. The revised statute was subject to litigation. In the case of Higgins v. Dunn (1973), the Court held that the retention elections were constitutional, as the constitution specified only that judges must be elected, without precisely defining what kinds of elections the General Assembly must enact for that purpose. Justice Allison B. Humphries , in his dissent, opined that the supreme court justices approving

2546-479: The justices. Justices are required to recuse themselves in cases in which they may have a personal interest; the whole court once had to step aside and a case be heard by a special court appointed by the governor, this occurring when the court itself became the subject of litigation , as described below. The Tennessee Supreme Court has no original jurisdiction . Other than in cases of worker's compensation , which have traditionally been appealed directly to it from

2613-505: The main hall of Lane College . Its exterior is in the Renaissance Revival style with a facade that features terra cotta details, festoons , and arched window transoms . The interior of the building is designed in an eclectic style with Mediterranean Revival influences. Its lobby features leather-brown grid oak paneling. Throughout the building, there are complex plaster strapwork ceilings and ogee archways. It has been listed on

2680-517: The political system. In 1977, the former company town of Bemis just south of Jackson, was annexed by the city of Jackson. In 1977, three city residents filed suit against the city in US District Court, in Buchanan v. City of Jackson (1988), (683 F.Supp. 1515), challenging the structure and electoral system of the city government because the at-large voting had diluted the voting power of

2747-511: The political system. But secret vigilante groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan , developed chapters in Tennessee and throughout the South that intimidated and attacked freedmen in order to exercise white supremacy . As Reconstruction continued, they worked to suppress the black Republican vote. In the late 19th century, the white-dominated state legislature passed several laws that made voter registration and voting more difficult, including payment of

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2814-411: The population. There were 25,191 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were married couples living together, 21.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.59% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and

2881-518: The produce of the region to market in Jackson and Dyersburg. The Birmingham and Northwestern Railway Company had four locomotives, five passenger cars, and 92 freight cars. When Isaac B. Tigrett became President of the GM&;N in 1920, he ceased to direct the affairs of the Birmingham and Northwestern Railroad Company. After he became president of the GM&O, the railroad was purchased and merged to become

2948-567: The railroads in the late 19th century with the construction of railroads after the American Civil War . Through the 1960s, the city was served by 15 passenger trains daily, but industry restructuring reduced such service and caused the loss of jobs. The economy has adjusted to new businesses, with major manufacturing in the area. This area was occupied by the historic Chickasaw people at the time of European encounter. They were pushed out by European-American settlers under various treaties with

3015-466: The railroads, causing economic problems in the region. Between 1999 and 2008, several violent tornadoes struck large portions of the city. The McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport was severely damaged in January 1999 , a storm that resulted in eleven fatalities. The 1999 tornado also damaged the 30-acre (120,000 m ) Riverside Cemetery , where 40 known Confederate soldiers, 140 unknowns, and many families of

3082-474: The seat of justice were Alexandria, Golden's Station, and Jackson. The larger portion of the settlers at that time were living on Cotton Grove Road, and as Jackson was closer to them than either of the other settlements, this settlement was determined to be the more suitable site for the seat of justice. At the time of the second Tennessee State Constitution in 1834, when the Tennessee Supreme Court

3149-558: The shortest rail route between Cairo, IL ; Jackson, Mississippi (Mississippi's capital); and New Orleans , Louisiana. As the railroad was extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico , Jackson, Tennessee was perfectly situated as a station along the north–south line; and, to serve as a junction between the north–south line, and lines east and west between Memphis and Nashville , the major cities of West and Middle Tennessee . The first

3216-412: The state as part of a legal education project for high school students called Supreme Court Advancing Legal Education for Students (SCALES). SCALES has been instrumental in allowing over 36,000 high school students from over 540 high schools in Tennessee to see the court in action since 1995. The justices serve eight-year terms and can succeed themselves. The office of chief justice rotates among

3283-431: The state in 1913 enacted a law enabling cities to adopt the commission form of government independently, Jackson was chartered by the state for this change. The commissioners each were allocated specific responsibilities, for instance, for the school system and city departments. In the late 19th century, the state of Tennessee had already adopted residency requirements, voting process, and poll taxes that sharply reduced

3350-594: The state until after passage of federal constitutional amendments following the Civil War that granted them citizenship and suffrage. This area was initially developed for agricultural purposes, especially cotton plantations for producing the chief commodity crop of the Mississippi Valley and Deep South. Cotton plantations were dependent on the labor of Slavery in the United States/enslaved African Americans, and thousands were brought into

3417-440: The state's three Grand Divisions ( East Tennessee , Middle Tennessee , and West Tennessee ) in order to prevent regional bias. For the same purpose, the court is required to convene alternately in Nashville , Knoxville , and Jackson . In recent years, its provision has been regarded as permissive rather than restrictive. Therefore, the court has met in other cities, such as Chattanooga , Kingsport , and Memphis , throughout

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3484-414: The station of Tigrett, and by April 20, 1912, 38 miles (61 km) of the line were ready for operations. On June 16 the remaining 11-mile (18 km) sector was set into service, connecting Dyersburg with Jackson. When the line began operations in 1912, its president was Isaac B. Tigrett, a prominent young banker of Jackson. The railroad became an important local thoroughfare, used to transport much of

3551-621: The statute once more in 1998. The plaintiffs argued that the process was not an " election " in the sense envisioned by the authors of the state constitution and that the court in Higgins v. Dunn had been incompetent to render a decision because of its interest in the outcome of the case. DeLaney v. Thompson was appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court, which, if it had not recused itself in the case of Higgins v. Dunn recused itself altogether and entirely now. The governor appointed five temporary replacements to hear this case. That body declined to rule on

3618-545: The years. Originally, each justice was elected by the Tennessee General Assembly for life. An 1853 amendment to the state constitution set judicial terms of office to eight years (even with changes in the election process, the tenure has remained the same ever since) and provided that all judges (including supreme court justices) would be elected by the people. Under this arrangement, a justice could enter office either through gubernatorial appointment (to fill

3685-407: Was $ 38,169, and the median income for a family was $ 45,938. Males had a median income of $ 41,085 versus $ 30,436 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 23,762. About 15.6% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 36% of those under age 18 and 8.24% of those age 65 or over. As of 2020, the Jackson metropolitan area, Tennessee ranked 38th worst in

3752-523: Was 68,205 as of the 2020 United States census . Jackson is the primary city of the Jackson, Tennessee metropolitan area , which is included in the Jackson- Humboldt, Tennessee combined statistical area . Jackson is Madison County 's largest city, and the second-largest city in West Tennessee after Memphis. It is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for West Tennessee , as Jackson

3819-499: Was accomplished. As a result of the destruction of the railroad, Grant abandoned his plans to invade Mississippi from Tennessee in favor of an attack on Vicksburg, Mississippi , for control of the river. Federal troops left Jackson and moved to Memphis, which became a major center for Union troops for the duration of the war. Forrest returned to Jackson in early 1864 and used the city as his headquarters as his forces attacked Federal positions in northern West Tennessee and Fort Pillow ,

3886-498: Was appealed and affirmed; the defendants ultimately proposed a new system, approved in 1988 by the court. By a new city charter, in 1989 the city created a Board of Commission based on nine single-member districts for broader representation. The mayor is elected at-large. Similar legal challenges to the electoral and city systems in Clarksville and Chattanooga led to changes in their city charters to establish more numerous members of

3953-570: Was approved, though not without much debate. The building was moved that winter. As of April 2022, a large portion of the historic Downtown area has been officially designated by the Jackson City Council as the Arts District, and is home to the Ned R. McWherter West Tennessee Cultural Arts Center, known locally as "The Ned," as well as The Carnegie Center for Arts and History. Some of the art that

4020-630: Was built with funds subscribed by citizens and investors of Jackson. The first passenger train entered Jackson from Memphis on June 1, 1888. The highly profitable railroad was merged into the Louisville and Nashville Railroad following WWII. Eventually the L&;N was merged into, and is now part of, CSX Transportation . A charter was granted by the State of Tennessee on August 16, 1910, and construction began on July l, 1911. The first sector extended from Jackson to

4087-596: Was contracted and later controlled by the Illinois Central Railroad . On December 29, 1886, the Tennessee Midland Railway received a charter to build a railroad from Memphis to the Virginia state line. The line from Memphis to Jackson was completed on June 1, 1888. In 1893, the Tennessee Midland went into receivership and was sold at foreclosure to the L&N Railroad. Circa 1968, the remainder of

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4154-658: Was established, Memphis had not yet been developed. The county seat of Jackson was the most significant city in West Tennessee and this was designated as a site for the State Supreme Court in this part of the state. The city of Jackson did not establish public elections until 1837, with a Board of Aldermen elected at-large . From 1854 to 1915, Jackson had a Board of Aldermen of eight members elected from four districts, each with two members elected at-large . Free people of color and freedmen were not allowed to vote in

4221-473: Was known to host political rallies, fraternal conventions, academic conferences, weddings, proms, and retirement parties. During the 1950s and 1960s, automobile culture and roadside motels grew in popularity, causing the New Southern's business, which relied on railroad travel, to decline. In 1970, the hotel closed and was converted into office spaces, which proved unsuccessful. In 1976, the New Southern underwent major renovations to turn its upper floors into

4288-500: Was later elected as President of the United States . The City of Jackson was founded by an act of the Tennessee General Assembly , passed in 1821, entitled an "act to establish a seat of justice for Henry, Carroll, Henderson and Madison Counties." The act required 50 acres (20 ha) of land to be deeded to the commissioners. The commissioners chosen by the Legislature were Sterling Brewer and James Fentress. The places considered for

4355-408: Was responsible for expanding the hotel into a three-story building of Italianate and Queen Anne style, which included the addition of a three-story wing to the rear. The hotel's size and location made it the premier hotel during this time. Day operated the hotel until her death in 1914. By 1928, hoteliers A.D Noe and Son, investor Ira Krupnick, and hotel developers Albert Pick & Co. recognized

4422-518: Was the Mobile and Ohio Railroad , which began in October 1849 in Mobile, Alabama . The line first entered Jackson in 1851. These tracks were completely destroyed during the Civil War. The line merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad in 1940 to become the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad . The second railroad to enter Jackson was the Mississippi Central & Tennessee. In 1873, the line

4489-426: Was the major city in the west when the court was established in 1834. In the antebellum era, Jackson was the market city for an agricultural area based on cultivation of cotton, the major commodity crop. Beginning in 1851, the city became a hub of railroad systems ultimately connecting to major markets in the north and south, as well as east and west. This was key to its development, attracting trade and many workers on

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