Social revolutions are sudden changes in the structure and nature of society . These revolutions are usually recognized as having transformed society, economy , culture , philosophy , and technology along with but more than just the political systems .
14-453: Nuevo Ideario Nacional (New National Ideology) is a 1929 insurrectionist proclamation made by young intellectuals of Paraguay that called for a social revolution to create an anarcho-syndicalist society. The Nuevo Ideario Nacional called for a social revolution to create an anarcho-syndicalist society governed by decentralized popular assemblies and labor unions . It denounced existing Paraguayan political structures, Marxism , and
28-435: A value-based model. Society is modeled in terms of the coordination of different values realized through socialization, norms and rules, which then legitimize the political order. Johnson argues that revolution occurs when these values become disaligned. Skocpol also argues that Marxist theories can be useful for understanding revolutions but that they lack an explanation for when revolutions do and don't occur not considering
42-422: Is a "combination of thoroughgoing structural transformation and massive national and class upheavals". She comes to this definition by combining Samuel P. Huntington 's definition that it "is a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, and government activities and policies" and Vladimir Lenin 's, which
56-550: Is given as an example of a psychological theory with this theory explaining violence as a result of anger deriving from an inability of individuals to achieve or do the things they value a state called relative deprivation . Charles Tilly with this book From Mobilization to Revolution is given as an example of a political conflict theory. He argues that groups with resources competed for political power, and that changes in access to resources could result in revolution. Chalmers Johnson with his book Revolutionary Change , discusses
70-485: Is that revolutions are "the festivals of the oppressed...[who act] as creators of a new social order". She also states that this definition excludes many revolutions, because they fail to meet either or both of the two parts of this definition. Academics have identified certain factors that have mitigated the rise of revolutions. Many historians have held that the rise and spread of Methodism in Great Britain prevented
84-676: The Nationalist Period's authoritarianism. The Nuevo Ideario Nacional wrote that present political parties and parliamentary politics served the elite rather than the people, and that the social revolution would become an ethnic conflict between the rural Guarani-speaking people and the European-influenced elite. Young Paraguayan intellectuals published the proclamation in Asunción , Paraguay's capital city, in August 1929. It spread through
98-530: The anarcho-syndicalist weekly newspaper La Palabra , which published 15 issues from the capital between October 1930 and January 1931. Students and militant trade unionists readily absorbed its ideas as international capitalism and internal laissez-faire economic policy lost currency. Nuevo Ideario Nacional and its opposition, the Liga Nacional Independiente were the major intellectual forces of Paraguay's Liberal Period. The movement climaxed with
112-529: The development of a revolution there. In addition to preaching the Christian Gospel, John Wesley and his Methodist followers visited those imprisoned, as well as the poor and aged, building hospitals and dispensaries which provided free healthcare for the masses. The sociologist William H. Swatos stated that "Methodist enthusiasm transformed men, summoning them to assert rational control over their own lives, while providing in its system of mutual discipline
126-811: The failed Taking of Encarnación in February 1931, which failed in conjunction with an aborted construction worker-led general strike in Asunción. The utopianism of Nuevo Ideario Nacional gradually dissipated in favor of more immediate politics, including rising interest in Marxism among the proclamation's adherents in the 1930s. Two of the proclamation's signatories would later lead the Partido Comunista Paraguayo . Social revolution Theda Skocpol in her article "France, Russia, China: A Structural Analysis of Social Revolutions" states that social revolution
140-447: The psychological security necessary for autonomous conscience and liberal ideals to become internalized, an integrated part of the 'new men' ... regenerated by Wesleyan preaching." The practice of temperance among Methodists, as well as their rejection of gambling , allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital. Individuals who attended Methodist chapels and Sunday schools "took into industrial and political life
154-673: The qualities and talents they had developed within Methodism and used them on behalf of the working classes in non-revolutionary ways." The spread of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, author and professor Michael Hill states, "filled both a social and an ideological vacuum" in English society, thus "opening up the channels of social and ideological mobility ... which worked against the polarization of English society into rigid social classes." The historian Bernard Semmel argues that "Methodism
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#1732895204912168-471: The role of the organization of the state in revolutions focusing instead of the class structures. Skocpol argues that while revolutions can be explained in terms of these sociological theories, it is difficult to work out which explanation is true because the concepts are so general. She argues that a comparative historical approach informed by concepts from sociology is useful. Bernard Semmel Bernard Semmel (July 23, 1928 – August 18, 2008)
182-683: Was an American historian specialising in British imperial history. Bernard Semmel was born in the Bronx , and attended New York City public schools. He received his B.A. from the College of the City of New York in 1947, and his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1955. His first academic position was at Park College in 1956; he visited the London School of Economics in 1959-60, working with Lionel Robbins . He taught at
196-434: Was an antirevolutionary movement that succeeded (to the extent that it did) because it was a revolution of a radically different kind" that was capable of effecting social change on a large scale. Skocpol distinguishes her theory from psychological theories of revolution ("aggregate psychological theories"), theories of systems and values, and theories about political conflicts. Ted Robert Gurr and his book Why Men Rebel
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