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76-670: New Borg El Arab ( Egyptian Arabic : برج العرب الجديده Borg el-ʿArab el-Gedīda ) is a new Egyptian city of the first generation, located in Alexandria Governorate , and administratively affiliated to the New Urban Communities Authority . It was established by decree of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt No. 506 dated December 5, 1979 under the name" New Amria City", and it remained in that name until

152-425: A W or Y as the last root consonant, which is often reflected in paradigms with an extra final vowel in the stem (e.g. ráma/yírmi "throw" from R-M-Y); meanwhile, hollow verbs have a W or Y as the middle root consonant, and the stems of such verbs appear to have only two consonants (e.g. gá:b/yigí:b "bring" from G-Y-B). Strong verbs are those that have no "weakness" (e.g. W or Y) in the root consonants. Each verb has

228-406: A capacity of 115 thousand m3/day with a total energy of 345 thousand m3/day. It will be implemented in three phases and is located to the west of the city. The length of the city's Sewerage is about 446 km. The length of electrical wires network in the city is approximately 2100 km, the capacity of electrical stations is 325 MV, the number of transformers in the city is 87 transformers, and

304-517: A distinct literary genre. Amongst certain groups within Egypt's elite, Egyptian Arabic enjoyed a brief period of rich literary output. That dwindled with the rise of Pan-Arabism , which had gained popularity in Egypt by the second half of the twentieth century, as demonstrated by Egypt's involvement in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War under King Farouk of Egypt . The Egyptian revolution of 1952 , led by Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser , further enhanced

380-408: A given vowel pattern for Past (a or i) and Present (a or i or u). Combinations of each exist. Form I verbs have a given vowel pattern for past ( a or i ) and present ( a , i or u ). Combinations of each exist: Example: kátab/yíktib "write" Note that, in general, the present indicative is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of bi- ( bi-a- is elided to ba- ). Similarly, the future

456-732: A modernist, secular approach and disagreed with the assumption that Arabic was an immutable language because of its association with the Qur'an . The first modern Egyptian novel in which the dialogue was written in the vernacular was Muhammad Husayn Haykal 's Zaynab in 1913. It was only in 1966 that Mustafa Musharafa 's Kantara Who Disbelieved was released, the first novel to be written entirely in Egyptian Arabic. Other notable novelists, such as Ihsan Abdel Quddous and Yusuf Idris , and poets, such as Salah Jahin , Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi and Ahmed Fouad Negm , helped solidify vernacular literature as

532-400: A natural extension of it. The city is organizationally divided into thirteen residential neighborhoods, comprising many schools, nurseries, buildings for government services, commercial complexes, hospitals, banks, sports clubs, recreational areas, and an area for universities And a technological zone, as well as ten industrial zones that include various industrial activities. The city's location

608-467: A number of 19 distributors in various residential neighborhoods and industrial areas. As for natural gas networks, the length of the city's gas lines reaches more than 100 km, the capacity of gas stations is 100 thousand m 3 / hour, and the number of network organizers is 12 on all lines. The length of the city's terrestrial communications network is approximately 410 km distributed across all residential neighborhoods and industrial areas, through

684-616: A phonology that differs significantly from that of other varieties of Arabic, and has its own inventory of consonants and vowels. In contrast to CA and MSA, but like all modern colloquial varieties of Arabic , Egyptian Arabic nouns are not inflected for case and lack nunation (with the exception of certain fixed phrases in the accusative case, such as شكراً [ˈʃokɾɑn] , "thank you"). As all nouns take their pausal forms, singular words and broken plurals simply lose their case endings. In sound plurals and dual forms, where, in MSA, difference in case

760-519: A plot of 100 acres was allocated for the establishment of The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications , and in 2009 a plot of 200 acres was allocated for the establishment of the Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology , and in 2012 the Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities began preparing the new general plan for the city. Until the year 2032, which

836-420: A preference for using Modern Standard Arabic in his public speeches, his successor, Gamal Abdel Nasser was renowned for using the vernacular and for punctuating his speeches with traditional Egyptian words and expressions. Conversely, Modern Standard Arabic was the norm for state news outlets, including newspapers, magazines, television, and radio. That was especially true of Egypt's national broadcasting company,

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912-522: A road with a length of 13 km, and there is an internal transport system consisting of buses that follow the city's authority and others that follow the General Authority for Passenger Transport in Alexandria, service lines, and taxis. The city is also connected to Alexandria through a train that runs from Sidi Gaber railway station to the city. A main station is currently being constructed within

988-665: A special inflectional pattern, as shown in the table. Only a small number of common colors inflect this way: ʔaḥmaṛ "red"; ʔazraʔ "blue"; ʔaxḍaṛ "green"; ʔaṣfaṛ "yellow"; ʔabyaḍ "white"; ʔiswid "black"; ʔasmaṛ "brown-skinned, brunette"; ʔaʃʔaṛ "blond(e)". The remaining colors are invariable, and mostly so-called nisba adjectives derived from colored objects: bunni "brown" (< bunn "coffee powder"); ṛamaadi "gray" (< ṛamaad "ashes"); banafsigi "purple" (< banafsig "violet"); burtuʔaani "orange" (< burtuʔaan "oranges"); zibiibi "maroon" (< zibiib "raisins"); etc., or of foreign origin: beeع "beige" from

1064-700: A spoken language until the 17th century by peasant women in Upper Egypt . Coptic is still the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Coptic Catholic Church . Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language. Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional law with the name اللغة العربية al-luġa al-ʿarabiyyah , lit. "the Arabic language". Interest in

1140-568: A step further and provided for his Standard Arabic plays versions in colloquial Arabic for the performances. Mahmud Taymur has published some of his plays in two versions, one in Standard, one in colloquial Arabic, among them: Kidb fi Kidb ( Arabic : كذب في كذب , lit.   'All lies', 1951 or ca. 1952) and Al-Muzayyifun ( Arabic : المزيفون , romanized :  Al-Muzayyifūn , lit.   'The Forgers', ca. 1953). The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after

1216-498: A study of three Egyptian newspapers ( Al-Ahram , Al-Masry Al-Youm , and Al-Dustour ) Zeinab Ibrahim concluded that the total number of headlines in Egyptian Arabic in each newspaper varied. Al-Ahram did not include any. Al-Masry Al-Youm had an average of 5% of headlines in Egyptian, while Al-Dustour averaged 11%. As the status of Egyptian Arabic as opposed to Classical Arabic can have such political and religious implications in Egypt,

1292-538: Is a city in Alexandria Governorate , Egypt . Situated in the northern part of the country along the Mediterranean coast, it holds historical significance and serves as an essential industrial hub within the region. The city's name, Amreya, is believed to have originated from the Arabic term " amir ," meaning commander, possibly indicating its historical role as a strategic location. Amreya is situated approximately latitude 30° 50' 56" North, longitude 29° 36' 42" East. It

1368-546: Is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, which has influenced the city's historical involvement in maritime trade. The city is located approx. 200 kms west of the Egyptian capital, Cairo and 20 kms from Alexandria downtown. Its strategic geographical location has historically facilitated connections between maritime trade routes and inland transportation networks. The history of Amreya dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human settlement and activity found in

1444-414: Is characterized by being located on a land 28 meters higher than sea level, which makes its climate dry and not humid. The population of the city, according to the statistics of 2022, is about 170,000 people. The history of the establishment of New Borg El Arab city dates back to 1979, when the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Anwar Sadat , issued Decree No. 506 on December 5, 1979, which stipulated

1520-555: Is fed with drinking water through the 40 kilometer water treatment plant "Mariot 2" located on the Cairo–Alexandria desert road , affiliated to the Alexandria Water Company , through three lines with diameters of 1000, 1500 and 1500mm, with a capacity of about 166 thousand m3 Daily, to three water pumping stations in the city with a lifting capacity of about 92,880 m3/day, in addition to the number of two Water towers in

1596-442: Is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of ḥa- ( ḥa-a- is elided to ḥa- ). The i in bi- or in the following prefix will be deleted according to the regular rules of vowel syncope: Example: kátab/yíktib "write": non-finite forms Example: fíhim/yífham "understand" Boldfaced forms fíhm-it and fíhm-u differ from the corresponding forms of katab ( kátab-it and kátab-u due to vowel syncope). Note also

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1672-410: Is present even in pausal forms, the genitive/accusative form is the one preserved. Fixed expressions in the construct state beginning in abu , often geographic names, retain their -u in all cases. Nouns take either a sound plural or broken plural . The sound plural is formed by adding endings, and can be considered part of the declension. For the broken plural, however, a different pattern for

1748-479: Is the case with Parisian French , Cairene Arabic is by far the most prevalent dialect in the country. Egyptian Arabic has become widely understood in the Arabic-speaking world primarily for two reasons: The proliferation and popularity of Egyptian films and other media in the region since the early 20th century as well as the great number of Egyptian teachers and professors who were instrumental in setting up

1824-410: Is the hottest with an average of 25.3 degrees Celsius, and for the level of humidity It is low due to the dry nature of the area and its height above sea level of about 28 meters. The average annual rainfall is about 109 mm. The city is characterized by a relative calm wind, except during the times of "The Khamaseen" winds and during the winter periods, and it blows during the autumn and summer from

1900-640: Is the second plan of the city since its establishment, where the new plan aims to increase the residential neighborhoods and industrial areas, and the Ministry completed the development of the general plan in January 2014, and was officially approved in 2018, and in May 2019 the general plan was modified by changing the activities of the Green Belt. New Borg El Arab is located in Alexandria Governorate , Egypt , at latitude 30° 50' 56" North, longitude 29° 36' 42" East, bounded on

1976-414: Is used in novels, plays and poems ( vernacular literature ), as well as in comics, advertising, some newspapers and transcriptions of popular songs. In most other written media and in radio and television news reporting, literary Arabic is used. Literary Arabic is a standardized language based on the language of the Qur'an , i.e. Classical Arabic . The Egyptian vernacular is almost universally written in

2052-424: Is used to specify grammatical concepts such as causative , intensive , passive , or reflexive , and involves varying the stem form. For example, from the root K-T-B "write" is derived form I kátab/yíktib "write", form II káttib/yikáttib "cause to write", form III ká:tib/yiká:tib "correspond", etc. The other axis is determined by the particular consonants making up the root. For example, defective verbs have

2128-522: The Arab Radio and Television Union , which was established with the intent of providing content for the entire Arab world , not merely Egypt, hence the need to broadcast in the standard, rather than the vernacular, language. The Voice of the Arabs radio station, in particular, had an audience from across the region, and the use of anything other than Modern Standard Arabic was viewed as eminently incongruous. In

2204-970: The Arabic alphabet for local consumption, although it is commonly transcribed into Latin letters or in the International Phonetic Alphabet in linguistics text and textbooks aimed at teaching non-native learners. Egyptian Arabic's phonetics, grammatical structure, and vocabulary are influenced by the Coptic language ; its rich vocabulary is also influenced by Turkish and by European languages such as French , Italian , Greek , and English . Speakers of Egyptian Arabic generally call their vernacular 'Arabic ' ( عربى , [ˈʕɑrɑbi] ) when juxtaposed with non-Arabic languages; " Colloquial Egyptian " ( العاميه المصريه , [el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ] ) or simply " Aamiyya " ( عاميه , colloquial ) when juxtaposed with Modern Standard Arabic and

2280-794: The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include No'man Ashour , Alfred Farag , Saad Eddin Wahba  [ ar ] , Rashad Roushdy , and Yusuf Idris . Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common. Later writers of plays in colloquial Egyptian include Ali Salem , and Naguib Surur . Novels in Egyptian Arabic after the 1940s and before the 1990s are rare. There are by Mustafa Musharrafah  [ ar ] Qantarah Alladhi Kafar ([قنطرة الذي كفر ] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |lable= ( help ) , Cairo, 1965) and Uthman Sabri's ( Arabic : عثمان صبري , romanized :  ʻUthmān Ṣabrī ; 1896–1986) Journey on

2356-483: The Egyptian dialect ( اللهجه المصريه , [elˈlæhɡæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ] ) or simply Masri ( مَصرى , [ˈmɑsˤɾi] , Egyptian ) when juxtaposed with other vernacular Arabic dialects . The term Egyptian Arabic is usually used synonymously with Cairene Arabic , which is technically a dialect of Egyptian Arabic. The country's native name, مصر Maṣr , is often used locally to refer to Cairo itself. As

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2432-1330: The Nile Mission Press . By 1932 the whole New Testament and some books of the Old Testament had been published in Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script. The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Arabic, partly in Standard Arabic: Mahmud Tahir Haqqi 's Adhra' Dinshuway ( Arabic : عذراء دنشواي ; 1906), Yaqub Sarruf 's Fatat Misr ( Arabic : فتاة مصر , romanized :  Fatāt Miṣr ; first published in Al-Muqtataf 1905–1906), and Mohammed Hussein Heikal 's Zaynab (1914). Early stage plays written in Egyptian Arabic were translated from or influenced by European playwrights. Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal translated plays by Molière , Jean Racine and Carlo Goldoni to Egyptian Arabic and adapted them as well as ten fables by Jean de La Fontaine . Yaqub Sanu translated to and wrote plays on himself in Egyptian Arabic. Many plays were written in Standard Arabic, but performed in colloquial Arabic. Tawfiq al-Hakim took this

2508-487: The 20th century, and it has since become a center for various industries, including textiles, chemicals, and manufacturing. Amreya's economy is predominantly industrial, with a focus on manufacturing and production. The city is home to several industrial zones and factories that produce a wide range of goods, including textiles, chemicals, plastics, and food products. The industrial activity in Amreya contributes significantly to

2584-493: The 21st century the number of books published in Egyptian Arabic has increased a lot. Many of them are by female authors, for example I Want to Get Married! ( عايزه أتجوز , ʻĀyzah atgawwiz , 2008) by Ghada Abdel Aal and She Must Have Travelled ( شكلها سافرت , Shaklahā sāfarit , 2016) by Soha Elfeqy. Sa'īdi Arabic is a different variety than Egyptian Arabic in Ethnologue.com and ISO 639-3 and in other sources, and

2660-612: The Bird';; 1994), Baha' Awwad's ( Arabic : بهاء عواد , romanized :  Bahāʾ ʿAwwād ) Shams il-Asil ( شمس الاصيل , Shams il-ʿAṣīl , 'Late Afternoon Sun'; 1998), Safa Abdel Al Moneim 's Min Halawit il-Ruh ( من حلاوة الروح , Min Ḥalāwit il-Rōḥ , 'Zest for Life', 1998), Samih Faraj's ( Arabic : سامح فرج , romanized :  Sāmiḥ Faraj ) Banhuf Ishtirasa ( بانهوف اشتراسا , Bānhūf Ishtirāsā , 'Bahnhof Strasse', 1999); autobiographies include

2736-746: The Burden from the Language of the People of Cairo") by the traveler and lexicographer Yusuf al-Maghribi ( يوسف المغربي ), with Misr here meaning "Cairo". It contains key information on early Cairene Arabic and the language situation in Egypt in the Middle Ages . The main purpose of the document was to show that while the Cairenes' vernacular contained many critical "errors" vis-à-vis Classical Arabic, according to al-Maghribi, it

2812-524: The Cat';, 2001) by Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi is exceptional in its use of Saʽidi Arabic . 21st-century journals publishing in Egyptian Arabic include Bārti (from at least 2002), the weekly magazine Idhak lil-Dunya ( اضحك للدنيا , Iḍḥak lil-Dunyā , 'Smile for the World';, from 2005), and the monthly magazine Ihna    [ ar ] ( احنا , Iḥna , 'We', from 2005). In

2888-521: The City Central Building of Telecom Egypt with a capacity of 30,000 land lines that can be increased, in addition to the presence of relay towers for mobile phone networks throughout the city. The city also includes a postal services center affiliated to the Egypt Post and is located in the first district. Egyptian Arabic language While it is primarily a spoken language, the written form

2964-501: The French; bamba "pink" from Turkish pembe . Verbal nouns of form I are not regular. The following table lists common patterns. Egyptian Arabic object pronouns are clitics , in that they attach to the end of a noun, verb, or preposition, with the result forming a single phonological word rather than separate words. Clitics can be attached to the following types of words: With verbs, indirect object clitic pronouns can be formed using

3040-464: The Nile ( Egyptian Arabic : رحلة في النيل , romanized:  Riḥlah fī il-Nīl , 1965) (and his Bet Sirri ( بيت سري , Bēt Sirri , 'A Brothel', 1981) that apparently uses a mix of Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic ). Prose published in Egyptian Arabic since the 1990s include the following novels: Yusuf al-Qa'id 's Laban il-Asfur ( لبن العصفور , Laban il-ʿAṣfūr , 'The Milk of

3116-725: The Nile Valley such as Qift in Upper Egypt through pre-Islamic trade with Nabateans in the Sinai Peninsula and the easternmost part of the Nile Delta . Egyptian Arabic seems to have begun taking shape in Fustat , the first Islamic capital of Egypt, now part of Cairo . One of the earliest linguistic sketches of Cairene Arabic is a 16th-century document entitled Dafʿ al-ʾiṣr ʿan kalām ahl Miṣr ( دفع الإصر عن كلام أهل مصر , "The Removal of

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3192-572: The allocation of state-owned desert lands in the Matrouh Governorate to establish a new urban complex under the name "New Amiriya City", The area of the new city was determined at 225 km, and actual planning for the city began in 1981, and the city remained in this name until the decision of the Egyptian Prime Minister Atef Sedky No. 1032 on September 14, 1989 to amend its name to become "New Borg El Arab city", after

3268-566: The area. Throughout its history, Amreya has been influenced by various civilizations, including the Pharaoh , Greeks , Romans , and Arabs . Its strategic location along the Mediterranean coast has led to its involvement in trade, commerce, and maritime activities over the centuries. In more recent times, Amreya gained prominence during the British colonial era due to its role as a transportation and logistics hub. The city's industrial development began in

3344-425: The city's residents belong to different and different social groups, backgrounds and cultures, and the majority of the city's residents work as employees or workers in industrial areas or in other professions, artisanal or commercial. New Borg El Arab city includes many of places of worship, such as: New Borg El Arab city includes many of hospitals and medical centers such as: New Borg El Arab city includes many of

3420-433: The consonants, along with prefixes and/or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as tense, person, and number, in addition to changes in the meaning of the verb that embody grammatical concepts such as causative , intensive , passive or reflexive . Each particular lexical verb is specified by two stems, one used for the past tense and one used for non-past tenses along with subjunctive and imperative moods. To

3496-550: The country. The dialect of the Fellah in Northern Egypt is noted for a distinct accent, replacing the urban pronunciations of / ɡ / (spelled ج gīm ) and / q / ( ق qāf ) with [ ʒ ] and [ ɡ ] respectively, but that is not true of all rural dialects, a lot of them do not have such replacement. The dialect also has many grammatical differences when contrasted to urban dialects. Egyptian Arabic has

3572-730: The decision of the Chairman of the council was issued. Ministers No. 1532 dated July 31, 1989 amending its name to become the New Borg El Arab city, with a total area of 47,403 acres (191 km), about 55 km away from Alexandria , about 8 km from the Mediterranean coast and the Alexandria Matrouh coastal road, and about 3 km from Borg El Arab . New Borg El Arab was established to reduce congestion in Alexandria and to be

3648-587: The education systems of various countries in the Arabian Peninsula and also taught there and in other countries such as Algeria and Libya . Also, many Lebanese artists choose to sing in Egyptian. Arabic was spoken in parts of Egypt such as the Eastern Desert and Sinai before Islam. However, Nile Valley Egyptians slowly adopted Arabic as a written language following the Muslim conquest of Egypt in

3724-458: The first district, where the number of units that It was built into approximately 2,500 housing units divided into low-cost housing, economic housing, medium housing, and above-average housing, in addition to the first and second industrial areas, and in the same year the population of the city reached nearly 4000 people, while the plan included that the city's population would reach about 100,000 people within ten years of its establishment. In 1992,

3800-430: The first line of High-speed rail in Egypt project next to the northern entrance to the city, and it is also planned that the Alexandria metro project, in its third phase, will reach the city. It has minibus taxis and bus lines that connect the city with the areas of Misr Station , Mahatet El Raml , El Manshiyya , Azarita , Moharam Bek , Amreya , Borg El Arab , KM 21 and the capital Cairo . New Borg El Arab city

3876-417: The former stem, suffixes are added to mark the verb for person, number, and gender, while to the latter stem, a combination of prefixes and suffixes are added. (Very approximately, the prefixes specify the person and the suffixes indicate number and gender.) Since Arabic lacks an infinitive , the third person masculine singular past tense form serves as the "dictionary form" used to identify a verb. For example,

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3952-493: The local vernacular began in the 1800s (in opposition to the language of the ruling class, Turkish) , as the Egyptian national movement for self-determination was taking shape. For many decades to follow, questions about the reform and the modernization of Arabic were hotly debated in Egyptian intellectual circles. Proposals ranged from developing neologisms to replace archaic terminology in Modern Standard Arabic to

4028-540: The national economy and provides employment opportunities for the local population. Amreya boasts a blend of historical and cultural landmarks that reflect its diverse heritage. Notable landmarks include the Borg El Arab Stadium , a prominent sports venue known for a large seating capacity and modern facilities. These sites offer insights into the city's rich history and the various civilizations that have left their mark on its landscape. The city's cultural scene

4104-410: The north and northwest direction, and from the southeast direction during the spring and winter seasons. The total area of New Borg El Arab city is 47,403 acres , divided into residential, service, industrial, and recreational areas. The city is organizationally divided into thirteen residential neighborhoods, other than the industrial areas, as follows: The population of New Borg El Arab city in 2007

4180-436: The north by Borg El Arab city, on the east Borg El Arab Airport , on the west El Hamam in the Matrouh Governorate and on the south Amreya . The prevailing climate in New Borg El Arab city is desert climate, characterized by its hot summer and somewhat humid winter, and the average annual temperature is 24.42 degrees Celsius, and January is the coldest month of the year with an average of 11.9 degrees Celsius, and August

4256-465: The nurseries, schools and universities such as: New Borg El Arab city includes many facilities, sports clubs and recreational areas, such as: The total road networks in New Borg El Arab city are approximately 630 km, and they are linked to the Cairo–Alexandria desert road through the 27 km long Kafoury-New Borg El Arab road, and to the international coastal road through an 8 km long road, and to Borg El Arab International Airport through

4332-447: The one by Ahmed Fouad Negm , by Mohammed Naser Ali  [ ar ] Ula Awwil ( اولى أول , Ūlá Awwil , 'First Class Primary School'), and Fathia al-Assal 's Hudn il-Umr ( حضن العمر , Ḥuḍn il-ʿUmr , 'The Embrace of a Lifetime'). The epistolary novel Jawabat Haraji il-Gutt ( Sa'idi Arabic : جوابات حراجى القط , romanized:  Jawābāt Ḥarājī il-Guṭṭ , lit.   'Letters of Haraji

4408-424: The perfect with / i / , for example for فهم this is faham instead of fihim . Other examples for this are لَبَس , labas , 'to wear', نَزَل , nazal , 'to descend', شَرَب , sharab , 'to drink', نَسَى , nasá , 'to forget', رَجَع, طَلَع, رَكَب. Port Said 's dialect (East Delta) is noted for a "heavier", more guttural sound, compared to other regions of

4484-488: The postposition of demonstratives and interrogatives, the modal meaning of the imperfect and the integration of the participle. The Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic variety of the western desert differs from all other Arabic varieties in Egypt in that it linguistically is part of Maghrebi Arabic . Northwest Arabian Arabic is also distinct from Egyptian Arabic. Egyptian Arabic varies regionally across its sprachraum , with certain characteristics being noted as typical of

4560-417: The preposition li- plus a clitic. Both direct and indirect object clitic pronouns can be attached to a single verb: agíib "I bring", agíb-hu "I bring it", agib-húu-lik "I bring it to you", m-agib-hu-lkíi-ʃ "I do not bring it to you". Verbs in Arabic are based on a stem made up of three or four consonants. The set of consonants communicates the basic meaning of a verb. Changes to the vowels in between

4636-409: The pronunciation of the origin of the term, the British guinea ). The speech of the older Alexandrians is also noted for use of the same pre-syllable (ne-) in the singular and plural of the first person present and future tenses, which is also a common feature of Tunisian Arabic and also of Maghrebi Arabic in general. The dialects of the western Delta tend to use the perfect with / a / instead of

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4712-505: The question of whether Egyptian Arabic should be considered a "dialect" or "language" can be a source of debate. In sociolinguistics , Egyptian Arabic can be seen as one of many distinct varieties that, despite arguably being languages on abstand grounds, are united by a common Dachsprache in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). During the early 1900s many portions of the Bible were published in Egyptian Arabic. These were published by

4788-410: The revolutionary government heavily sponsored the use of the Egyptian vernacular in films, plays, television programmes, and music, the prerevolutionary use of Modern Standard Arabic in official publications was retained. Linguistic commentators have noted the multi-faceted approach of the Egyptian revolutionaries towards the Arabic language. Whereas Egypt's first president , Mohammed Naguib exhibited

4864-488: The second industrial zone and the sixth district for use in times of emergency. The length of the city's water distribution networks is about 655 km. The city includes two sewage treatment plants belonging to the Alexandria Sewage Company. The first operates with an oxidation pond system with a capacity of 100,000 m3/day and is located east of the city, while the second operates with a triple treatment system with

4940-486: The seventh century. Until then, they had spoken either Koine Greek or Egyptian in its Coptic form. A period of Coptic-Arabic bilingualism in Lower Egypt lasted for more than three centuries. The period would last much longer in the south. Arabic had been already familiar to Valley Egyptians since Arabic had been spoken throughout the Eastern Desert and Sinai . Arabic was also a minority language of some residents of

5016-446: The significance of Pan-Arabism, making it a central element of Egyptian state policy. The importance of Modern Standard Arabic was reemphasised in the public sphere by the revolutionary government, and efforts to accord any formal language status to the Egyptian vernacular were ignored. Egyptian Arabic was identified as a mere dialect, one that was not spoken even in all of Egypt, as almost all of Upper Egypt speaks Sa'idi Arabic . Though

5092-427: The simple division. The language shifts from the eastern to the western parts of the Nile Delta , and the varieties spoken from Giza to Minya are further grouped into a Middle Egypt cluster. Despite the differences, there are features distinguishing all the Egyptian Arabic varieties of the Nile Valley from any other varieties of Arabic. Such features include reduction of long vowels in open and unstressed syllables,

5168-551: The simplification of syntactical and morphological rules and the introduction of colloquialisms to even complete "Egyptianization" ( تمصير , tamṣīr ) by abandoning the so-called Modern Standard Arabic in favor of Masri or Egyptian Arabic. Proponents of language reform in Egypt included Qasim Amin , who also wrote the first Egyptian feminist treatise, former President of the Egyptian University , Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , and noted intellectual Salama Moussa . They adopted

5244-488: The speech of certain regions. The dialect of Alexandria (West Delta) is noted for certain shibboleths separating its speech from that of Cairo (South Delta). The ones that are most frequently noted in popular discourse are the use of the word falafel as opposed to طعميّة taʿmiyya for the fava-bean fritters common across the country and the pronunciation of the word for the Egyptian pound ( جنيه ginēh [ɡeˈneː] ), as [ˈɡeni] , closer to

5320-469: The stem is used. The sound plural with the suffix ـِين , -īn is used for nouns referring to male persons that are participles or follow the pattern CaCCaaC. It takes the form ـيِين , -yīn for nouns of the form CaCCa and the form ـيِّين , -yyīn for nisba adjectives. A common set of nouns referring to colors, as well as a number of nouns referring to physical defects of various sorts ( ʔaṣlaʕ "bald"; ʔaṭṛaʃ "deaf"; ʔaxṛas "dumb"), take

5396-412: The syncope in ána fhím-t "I understood". Example: dárris/yidárris "teach" Boldfaced forms indicate the primary differences from the corresponding forms of katab : Example: sá:fir/yisá:fir "travel" The primary differences from the corresponding forms of darris (shown in boldface) are: Defective verbs have a W or Y as the last root consonant. Amreya Amreya ( Arabic : العامرية )

5472-538: The two varieties have limited mutual intelligibility . It carries little prestige nationally but continues to be widely spoken, with 19,000,000 speakers. The traditional division between Upper and Lower Egypt and their respective differences go back to ancient times. Egyptians today commonly call the people of the north بَحَارْوَه , baḥārwah ( [bɑˈħɑɾwɑ] ) and those of the south صَعَايْدَه , ṣaʿāydah ( [sˤɑˈʕɑjdɑ] ). The differences throughout Egypt, however, are more wide-ranging and do not neatly correspond to

5548-432: The verb meaning "write" is often specified as kátab , which actually means "he wrote". In the paradigms below, a verb will be specified as kátab/yíktib (where kátab means "he wrote" and yíktib means "he writes"), indicating the past stem ( katab- ) and non-past stem ( -ktib- , obtained by removing the prefix yi- ). The verb classes in Arabic are formed along two axes. One axis (described as "form I", "form II", etc.)

5624-527: The visit of the President Egyptian Hosni Mubarak to the city in November 1988. Since its inception, the city was within the administrative scope of Matrouh Governorate , and remained so until it was annexed to the Alexandria Governorate by decision of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt Hosni Mubarak No. 101 on March 8, 1990, and the city at that time consisted only of some areas of

5700-459: Was about 111,391 people, and the population of the city rose in 2011 to about 150 thousand people, and reached about 170 thousand people in 2022, and the population density is about 14.7 people / km, most of the city's residents are educated people. The city attracted its residents from the surrounding regions, cities and governorates, especially from Alexandria, Beheira Governorate , Matrouh Governorate , and Kafr El Sheikh Governorate . Therefore,

5776-574: Was also related to Arabic in other respects. With few waves of immigration from the Arabian peninsula such as the Banu Hilal exodus, who later left Egypt and were settled in Morocco and Tunisia, together with the ongoing Islamization and Arabization of the country, multiple Arabic varieties, one of which is Egyptian Arabic, slowly supplanted spoken Coptic. Local chroniclers mention the continued use of Coptic as

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