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54-464: In the 19th century Tiflis (Tbilisi) was a major Armenian cultural center with a large Armenian population. Numerous Armenian schools, various publications, drama associations and societies, charities and nonprofit organizations functioned in the city. The Nersisian School officially opened in 1824 and throughout its existence it had a unique role in Eastern Armenian education. In 1905, the school

108-439: A distinct smell. Closely related to Eastern European and Mediterranean cuisine , various spices , vegetables , fish , and fruits combine to present unique dishes. Armenia is also famous for its wine and brandy . In particular, Armenian cognac is renowned worldwide (winner of several awards), and was considered by the late British Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill , as his favourite. It has often been referred to as

162-623: A late 70's Armenian progressive folk band based out of France . Inga and Anush Arshakyans are an unexpected duo who create ethno, contemporary tracks that are also full of Armenian spirit. After graduating from the Yerevan State Conservatory, the singers started performing together on the professional stage in 2000. Later, in 2009 Inga & Anush represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. They ended up taking

216-509: A net ground, Armenian needlelace involves making the net itself decorative. There is some archaeological evidence suggesting the use of lace in prehistoric Armenia and the prevalence of pre-Christian symbology in traditional designs would certainly suggest a pre-Christian root for this art form. In contrast to Europe where lace was the preserve of the nobility, in Armenia it decorated everything from traditional headscarves to lingerie. Thus lacemaking

270-401: A play of Alexander Shirvanzade describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of namus (a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father. In 1969, Sergei Parajanov created The Color of Pomegranates . Armenian cuisine is as ancient as the history of Armenia , and is known for often having

324-676: Is critically endangered within Armenia. The Armenian cochineal scale insect, Porphyrophora hamelii , is in a different taxonomic family from the cochineal found in the Americas . Both insects produce red dyestuffs that are also commonly called cochineal. Porphyrophora hamelii is one of the ancient natural sources of red dye in the Middle East and Europe, along with the insect dyes kermes (from Kermes vermilio and related species), lac (from Kerria lacca and related species), and carmine from other Porphyrophora species such as

378-489: Is a sexually dimorphic species. The adult female, from which carmine is extracted, is oval-shaped, soft-bodied, crimson in color, and has large forelegs for digging . The females can be quite large for a Porphyrophora species: up to 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and 7 mm (0.28 in) wide. It has been noted that one troy pound (360 grams) of cochineal insects requires 18,000–23,000 specimens of Porphyrophora hamelii , but 100,000–130,000 specimens of

432-652: Is a majority Christian country in the Caucasus . Armenian literature began in 405 A.D. when Mesrop Mashtots created the Armenian alphabet , according to tradition, probably basing it on the Pahlavi and Greek alphabets . Movses Khorenatsi (Moses of Khorene) was a prominent Armenian writer of the 5th century and the author of the History of the Armenians . Modern writers include

486-482: Is a popular language in the business world. The dominant religion in Armenia is Christianity and the Armenian Apostolic Church is the national church of Armenia. A wide array of sports are played in Armenia. Football is the most popular sport in Armenia. Other popular sports are wrestling , weightlifting , judo , chess , and boxing . Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for

540-732: Is featured on the Grammy-award-winning soundtrack of the film, the Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. Bayrakdarian is also the winner of four Juno Awards for Best Classical Album (Vocal). Further, she is a featured vocalist of Atom Egoyan's movie, Ararat, in collaboration with the band "Delerium", which brought in another Grammy nomination. Şahan Arzruni is an internationally renowned concert pianist, born in Istanbul, Turkey. Through his live performances and sound recordings he has disseminated

594-532: Is for a pile carpet. Though women historically dominated carpet-weaving in Armenian communities, several prominent carpet-weavers in Karabakh are known to have been men, and in some cases whole families took up the art. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak ) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that

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648-455: Is performed by men, who face each other in pairs. The key element of the dance is a forward movement when participants rapidly approach one another and vigorously clap onto the palms of hands of dancers in the opposite row. Classical Armenian architecture is divided into four separate periods. The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th centuries, beginning when the Armenian monarchy converted to Christianity and ending with

702-585: Is the major constituent of kermes from Kermes vermilio . In 1833 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich von Brandt suggested the scientific name Porphyrophora hamelii after the Russian physician, traveler, and historian of German descent Iosif Khristianovich Gamel (Josef Hamel) ( ru ), who visited the Ararat plain in the early 1830s and wrote a report about the "cochineal" insects living there. Porphyrophora hamelii

756-580: The Dactylopius coccus cochineal species from the Americas, which could be harvested several times per year and yielded a much more concentrated dye. The carmine dyestuff of Porphyrophora hamelii owes its red color almost entirely to carminic acid , making it difficult to distinguish chemically from the dyestuff of cochineal from the Americas. The dyestuff of Porphyrophora polonica can be distinguished by its small admixture of kermesic acid , which

810-623: The Ararat cochineal or Ararat scale , is a scale insect indigenous to the Ararat plain and Aras (Araks) River valley in the Armenian Highlands , including East of Turkey . It was formerly used to produce an eponymous crimson carmine dyestuff known in Armenia as vordan karmir ( Armenian : որդան կարմիր , literally "worm's red") and historically in Persia as kirmiz . The species

864-723: The Komitas Quartet , Hover Chamber Choir , National Chamber Orchestra of Armenia and the Serenade Orchestra. Classical music can also be heard at one of several smaller venues, including the Yerevan State Musical Conservatory , the Komitas Chamber Music Hall and the Komitas Museum . Jazz is popular in Armenia, especially in the summer when live performances are a regular occurrence at one of

918-511: The Pan-Armenian Games . In Post-Soviet countries , the Armenian football players are well known for their skills and well developed techniques. This is mainly due to the success of the Armenian players such as, Khoren Hovhannisyan , Eduard Markarov , Levon Ishtoyan , Nikita Simonyan , etc. One of the biggest successes of Armenian club was the took place in the golden year of 1973, where the famous Armenian club Ararat Yerevan took both,

972-563: The Polish cochineal ( Porphyrophora polonica ), and the plant dye madder (from Rubia tinctorum and related species). It is possible that Armenian cochineal dye was in use as early as 714 BC, when the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was recorded as seizing red textiles as spoils of war from the kingdoms of Urartu (the geographic predecessor of Armenia) and Kilhu. The Roman-era physician and pharmacologist Dioscorides , writing in

1026-698: The Russian-Armenian author, poet, and philosopher Mikael Nalbandian , who worked to create a new Armenian literary identity in the 19th century. From the fifth to the third millennia B.C. , in the higher regions of Armenia there are rock paintings of scenes of country dancing. The energetic Armenian Yarkhushta is a martial dance mentioned in the medieval works of Movses Khorenatsi , Faustus of Byzantium , and Grigor Magistros . It has traditionally been danced by Armenian soldiers before combat engagements, partly for ritualistic purposes, and partly in order to cast off fear and boost battle spirit. The dance

1080-569: The Vordan Karmir State Reservation , a salt meadow habitat of 198.33 ha (490.1 acres) northwest of Arazap village and 21.52 ha (53.2 acres) in the north of Jrarat village established in 1987 near the Araks River border with Turkey , plus a site southeast of Ararat village and a few patches of several hectares elsewhere. There have been no recent scientific reports on populations of Porphyrophora hamelii outside

1134-523: The 1st century AD, noted that the best kokkos baphike , the kermes shrub and its "grain" ( kermes insect ) that some ancient writers likely confused with Porphyrophora hamelii , came from Galatia and Armenia. In the Early Middle Ages the Armenian historians Ghazar Parpetsi and Movses Khorenatsi wrote specifically of a worm-produced dyestuff from the Ararat region. During the Middle Ages

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1188-602: The 6th or 7th century, silk liturgical gloves from 15th-century France , Ottoman fabrics such as velvets and lampas of the 15th through 17th centuries, and a 16th-century velvet cap of maintenance that belonged to Henry VIII of England . At the time of the Renaissance in Europe, Porphyrophora insects were so valuable that in Constantinople during the 1430s, one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of Porphyrophora hamelii insects

1242-462: The 7th century BC or earlier. Complete rugs, or nearly complete rugs of this period have not yet been found. The oldest, single, surviving knotted carpet in existence is the Pazyryk carpet. Although claimed by many cultures, this square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be of Caucasian, specifically Armenian, origin. The rug is woven using the Armenian double knot, and

1296-520: The Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas , some with side apses . By the 5th century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the 7th century, centrally-planned churches were built with a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hripsime style. By the time of the Arab invasion most of classical Armenian architecture had formed. Various rug fragments have been excavated in Armenia dating back to

1350-593: The Armenian cochineal dyestuff vordan karmir , also known in Persia as kirmiz , was widely celebrated in the Near East . Kirmiz is not to be confused with dyer's kermes , which was derived from another insect. The Armenian cities Artashat and Dvin were early centers of the production of kirmiz : during the 8th through 10th centuries Arab and Persian historians even referred to Artashat as "the town of kirmiz ". The Arabs and Persians regarded kirmiz as one of

1404-535: The Armenian piano music throughout the world. He has some two dozen recordings, devoted mostly to the works of Armenian composer. Arzruni is also an author, a lecturer, a producer and impresario. He has been awarded two medals by the Armenian government for furthering Armenian culture. He lives in New York City. Since 2014, The Naghash Ensemble has been touring in Europe performing new music by American-Armenian composer John Hodian based on sacred Armenian poetry by

1458-417: The Armenian verb khashél (Armenian: խաշել), which means "to boil." The dish, initially called khashoy , is mentioned by a number of medieval Armenian authors, e.g. Grigor Magistros (11th century), Mkhitar Heratsi (12th century), Yesayi Nchetsi (13th century), etc. The pomegranate , with its symbolic association with fertility represents that nation. The apricot is the national fruit. Since Roman times,

1512-778: The Armenian word for pile carpets, gorg , was used in historical sources was in a 1242-1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh. Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making. Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as artsvagorgs (eagle-carpets), vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and otsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug mentioned in

1566-577: The Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh. The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to the making of curtains as evidenced in a passage by Kirakos Gandzaketsi , a 13th-century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-Khatun, the wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for their expertise and skill in weaving. Armenian carpet

1620-653: The Turkish, Iranian, and Russian Caucasus , but by the 1990s the extent of occurrence in Armenia had shrunk to about 20 km (7.7 sq mi), mostly in Armavir Province. During the Soviet period, desalination of the Armenian salt marshes to create "economic and agricultural regions", and the creation of lakes for fisheries , "severely restricted the [habitable] area for the insects and [endangered their] existence." The population in Armenia resides almost entirely in

1674-629: The United States, while in 1995, at the age of fifteen, he found a band and recorded his first album. In 1988, Armen went back to his hometown in Armenia and lived there for a year, and at the same time released the album, "Armen, memories from Armenia." This release initiated his path to star-dom. With his current fame, Armen is still very dedicated to the Armenian community. It was in October 2003 that he had his first concert in Glendale, California. The concert

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1728-426: The apricot was known as Prunus Armeniaca , literally translated as " Armenian Plum". According to encyclopedia.com,"A popular Armenian drink to this day is tan, a mixture of water and soured yogurt". The Armenian language dates to the early period of Indo-European differentiation and dispersion some 5000 years ago, or perhaps as early as 7,800 years ago according to some recent research. Trade and conquest forced

1782-438: The city's many outdoor cafés and parks. Armenian rock has made its input to the rock culture. The most known Armenian traditional instrument is the Ծիրանափող, meaning apricot flute, also known as duduk ( pronounced [duˈduk] or doo-dook ). Modern day Armenian artists have incorporated folk music into more modern jazz and rock genres so that the traditional music still influences their creations, such as Zartong

1836-433: The common reed Phragmites australis . The nymphs continue to feed on these roots throughout the spring and summer, forming protective pearl -like cysts in the process. From mid-September to mid-October adults emerge from the ground between 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. to mate. The adult insects, lacking mouthparts, do not feed. Adult males live for only a few days, but adult females can live longer, burrowing into

1890-569: The comparison between Armenian and Polish cochineal, the author of a 15th-century treatise on silks in Florence wrote that "two pounds of the large [Armenian cochineal insects] will dye as much [silk] as one pound of small [Polish cochineal insects]; it is true that it gives a more noble and brighter colour than the small, but it gives less dye." Around the end of the 16th century the Old World Porphyrophora dyes were supplanted by dyes of

1944-587: The food of today. A very important aspect of the Armenian cuisine is the traditional bread called Lavash . In 2014, "Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia" was included in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity . The Armenian soup, Khash , also has its own, unique place in the Armenian cuisine. The name khash originates from

1998-504: The ground to lay their eggs. The red dye-producing insects of the Ararat plain were once plentiful: a 19th-century French traveler wrote that shepherds' flocks, when led to drink from the Araxes (Araks) River , would appear bloody from the insects. In the mid-20th century the extent of occurrence in Armenia was 100 km (39 sq mi) with a recorded distribution that included the Ararat and Armavir provinces in Armenia as well as

2052-537: The language to change, adding new words into the people's vocabulary. Literature and books written in Armenian appeared by the 4th century. The written language of that time, called classical Armenian or Grabar , remained the Armenian literary language, with various changes, until the 19th century. Meanwhile, spoken Armenian developed independently of the written language. Many dialects appeared when Armenian communities became separated by geography or politics, and not all of these dialects are mutually intelligible. English

2106-451: The medieval painter, poet and priest Mkrtich Naghash . With three female vocalists, duduk, oud, dhol and piano, The Naghash Ensemble combines new classical music and post-minimaslism with Armenian folk and spiritual music. Soviet Armenia (1924) was the first Armenian documentary film . Namus was the first Armenian silent black and white film (1926, Namus at IMDb   [REDACTED] ), directed by Hamo Beknazarian and based on

2160-538: The most important parts of Armenian culture is the music , which has brought new forms of music in recent years, while maintaining traditional styles too. This is evidenced by the world-class Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra that performs at the beautifully refurbished Aram Khachaturian Concert Hall in the Yerevan Opera House, where one can also attend a full season of opera. In addition, several chamber ensembles are highly regarded for their musicianship, including

2214-468: The most valuable commodities exported from Armenia. The Armenians themselves used vordan karmir to produce dyes for textiles (including oriental rugs ) and pigments for illuminated manuscripts and church frescos . Chemical analyses have identified the dye of Porphyrophora hamelii in Coptic textiles of the 3rd through 10th centuries, a cashmere cloth used in a kaftan from Sassanid Persia in

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2268-483: The new building. In front of the school stood statues of Nerses Ashtaraketsi and Alexander Mantashev. The following is the list of notable alumni of the Nersisian School with the year of graduation in parentheses: Armenian culture The culture of Armenia encompasses many elements that are based on the geography , literature , architecture , dance , and music of the Armenian people . Armenia

2322-579: The practice of sports like skiing and rock climbing . Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practiced on lakes, notably Lake Sevan . Competitively, Armenia has been very successful at chess , weightlifting , and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), Federation of International Bandy (FIB), and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts

2376-410: The red filaments color was made from Armenian cochineal . Traditionally, since ancient times the carpets were used in Armenia to cover floors, decorate interior walls, sofas, chairs, beds and tables. The Armenian words for carpet are " karpet " ( Armenian : կարպետ) or " gorg " ( Armenian : գորգ). Though both words in Armenian are synonymous, word "karpet" is mostly used for non-pile rugs and "gorg"

2430-504: The sister species Porphyrophora polonica (or 20,000–25,000 specimens of Dactylopius coccus ). The adult male Porphyrophora hamelii is a winged insect. The life cycle of Porphyrophora hamelii is mostly subterranean . Newly hatched nymphs emerge from the ground in the springtime and crawl until they find the roots of certain grassy plants that grow in saline soil , such as Aeluropus littoralis ( Armenian : որդանխոտ (genus Aeluropus ), literally "worm's grass") and

2484-533: The surroundings of Mount Ararat. Porphyrophora hamelii is considered critically endangered within Armenia by meeting the following conditions: an area of occupancy of less than 10 km (3.9 sq mi), plus severely fragmented occupancy or known to exist at only a single location, plus continued decline (observed, inferred, or projected) in the area of occurrence, area of occupancy, and area, extent, and/or quality of habitat; and an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km (39 sq mi) with

2538-594: The television and theatre industries, producing Wagner's Die Walkure which was performed by the Canadian Opera Company in April 2004. Egoyan's creation Ararat (2002) is about the 1915 Armenian Genocide perpetrated by Turks in the Turkish Ottoman Empire . It depicts the consequences and suffering of a child survivor Arshile Gorky, and is an incredibly made-movie for both Armenians and non-Armenians. One of

2592-412: The tenth place with 92 points. Their music is a balanced fusion of Armenian folk music, rock, jazz and other contemporary genres. Another singer from Yerevan, Armenia who is popular among young adults is Armen Gondrachyan, more famously known as 'Armenchik'. The influence of his father, who was also a singer, inspired Armen to start singing at the young age of seven. In 1989, Armen and his family moved to

2646-788: The title of the Soviet Top League and the Soviet Cup . Since independence, Armenia has been very successful in chess. Armenia's men team have won the Chess Olympiad 3 times, making them 5th most successful team in chess world history. Famous chess players, such as Tigran Petrosyan and Garry Kasparov are both of Armenian origins. В ковре нити темно-синего и голубого цвета окрашены индиго по карминоносным червецам, нити красного цвета – аналогичными червецами типа араратской кошенили . On folktales : Armenian cochineal The Armenian cochineal ( Porphyrophora hamelii ), also known as

2700-540: Was a sellout, and in that same year, Armen received an award for the best-selling album of the year, "Anunt Inche". Isabel Bayrakdarian is an opera singer of Armenian descent and is now known and popular both among Armenians and non-Armenians. She graduated from the University of Toronto with a degree in biomedical engineering, but has become very successful in North America as an opera singer and an active concertizer. She

2754-736: Was also renowned by foreigners who traveled to Artsakh; the Arab geographer and historian Al-Masudi noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life. The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages . The National Gallery of Armenia , Modern Art Museum of Yerevan , and the Matenadaran are three examples of museums displaying various forms of visual art. Like Lacis , Armenian needlelace seems to be an obvious descendant of netmaking. Where lacis adds decorative stitches to

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2808-466: Was destroyed in a bombing. Afterward, Alexander Mantashev solved all the school's financial problems with the designing and building of the school by a Russian-Armenian military architect Nikita Lazarev . The façade of the building was built of an orange stone from the Tsater ( Lori ) and Karahunj ( Zangezur ) villages. Alexander Mantashev spent 370,000 rubles (444 kg/gold) during the construction of

2862-621: Was part of many women's lives. Born in Cairo , Egypt, Atom Egoyan is now an internationally known filmmaker who is celebrated for his contemporary work, including personal feature films and other related projects. He is the winner of many awards at international film festivals, such as the Grand Prix and international Critics' Awards from the Cannes Film Festival and two Academy Award nominations for "The Sweet Hereafter". Egoyan has also worked in

2916-495: Was worth more than 5 grams (0.18 ounces) of gold . The crimson Porphyrophora -based dyes were especially prized in Europe for dyeing silk , as the scarlet dye kermes was more plentiful, cheaper, and more effective for dyeing woolen textiles, which are heavier than silk and require more dye. It has been estimated that on the order of a half million dried Porphyrophora hamelii insects were required to dye one kilogram (2.2 lb) of silk crimson during this period. On

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