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17-774: The Nerother Kopf is the conical hill of an extinct volcano (a cinder cone ) near Neroth in the Eifel mountains. It is 651.7 m above  sea level (NHN) and situated in the county of Vulkaneifel in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate . The Nerother Kopf rises in the Volcanic Eifel Nature Park on the eastern edge of the Gerolstein Land. Its north top, or kuppe , lies around 1 km east-southeast of Neroth, 2.5 km west-southwest of Neunkirchen , 3.5 km west of Pützborn and 2 km (all as

34-825: A circular base and smooth sides with a gradient of up to 30°. Such conical mountains are found in all volcanically-formed areas of the world such as the Bohemian Central Uplands in the Czech Republic , the Rhön in Germany or the Massif Central in France . The conical hill as a geomorphological term first appeared in the German language, as Kegelberg , coined by Goethe and geologists of his era. From their natural appearance these were mostly basaltic or phonolitic landforms in

51-451: A tendency to form a cone at the surface. However, stratovolcanoes are able to form steeper sides whilst shield volcanoes only form very flat cones. The reason for this is that stratovolcanoes are composed largely of solid, eruptive material, whereas shield volcanoes are built up mainly by fluid lava flows. Over the course of time, after several eruptions , a cone of debris forms from the eruptive material. The natural conical shape so formed

68-591: Is only possible where there is a stable, central crater. Many volcanoes are therefore only conical from one direction of view; from other angles they appear to have an irregular shape or bulges. Conical hills may form in tropical karst regions, such terrain being known as kegelkarst . A typical example of non-volcanic conical hills are the Chocolate Hills in Bohol on the Philippines . In almost all mountain regions of

85-450: Is simply a result of the fact that the amount of ejected material decreases with the radially distance from the crater . The layer of debris deposited is greater near the volcano than further away, so the volcano grows more rapidly close to the crater itself. The slope gradient of the resulting volcano is dependent both on the angle of repose as well as the speed at which the volcano is weathered. The angle of repose is, in turn, dependent on

102-415: Is treeless, has been mined for many years for its basalt . The snow-covered edge of the quarry can be seen in the above photograph on the horizon to the right of the summit. Conical hill Conical hills or mountains occur in different shapes and are not necessarily geometrically-shaped cones; some are more tower-shaped or have an asymmetric curve on one side of the hill. Typically, however, they have

119-527: The Geognostic Charter of the Kingdom of Saxony and its Adjacent Territories ( Erläuterungen zu Section VII der geognostischen Charte des Königreiches Sachsen und der angränzenden Länderabtheilungen ) thus: "The ordinary form of basalt and phonolitic hills is generally so wonderfully uniform that you can often recognize them even from a distance. They are cones. Of course, this typical form has many variations;

136-418: The [normally] round base may be elongated, the peak may take the form of a rocky crest or ridge, ... but most forms can be reduced at least to a conical or a cone-segment shape. ... Flat ridges are then arranged in rows, out of which rise only a very isolated basalt or phonolite cones." In this work, which was published by Naumann and later revised by Bernhard Cotta , the most important hills are described in

153-436: The composition of the lava , its viscosity and rate of solidification, and also the amount of ejected loose rock . Many volcanoes tend to produce subsidiary craters or adventive cones . These are new openings formed on the sides of the volcano through which new material is ejected sometimes only on one side. As a result, these mountains lose their ideal conical shape. The formation of an almost perfect conical mountain or hill

170-513: The crow flies ) north of Oberstadtfeld . About 450 metres from the north top is the lower south kuppe . To the west the stream of Kleine Kyll flows through Neroth. On the north top of the originally prominent double volcano are the ruins of a castle, the Freudenkoppe - built 1337–1340 and now a protected monument - as well as the Mühlstein Cave . The entrance to the cave, which is near

187-823: The first comprehensive works on the subject issued in the English language, which gave great impetus to the study of rocks in Britain . Cotta supported democratic and liberal ideas. In 1848 he was a candidate for the German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main , as well as the president of the Patriotic Club in Freiberg. He also contributed to popularizing Alexander von Humboldt 's Kosmos work. He also worked with Professor Carl Friedrich Naumann to publish geological maps of

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204-495: The relevant map sheets, for example: 33. The Mittenberg , a conical hill in the centre between Tollenstein , Schönfeld and Neuhütte; rock, coarse splinters, with grey feldspar crystals. Today the descriptors "cone", "conical hill" or "conical mountain" are mainly used as morphological terms in geography for a steep-sided, isolated hill or mountain, because they are not always seen or described in connexion with volcanic processes. All stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes have

221-574: The shape of a mathematical cone, hence why the term came to be used in the early geological literature. The first systematic geological mapping of the Kingdom of Saxony , proposed and started by Abraham Gottlob Werner , describes, in his later works, numerous mountains and hills of volcanic or subvolcanic origin as Kegel ("cone") or Kegelberg ("conical hill/mountain"). The term was introduced more definitively by Carl Friedrich Naumann in Notes to Section VII of

238-708: The structure of fossil plants. Later on he gave his attention to geology, to the study of ore -deposits, of rocks and metamorphism . He studied deposits of minerals in the Austrian Alps , Hungary, and Romania . He also examined soils and studied their effects on the geography and history of Germany. From 1842 to 1874 he held the professorship of geology in the Bergakademie and was regarded as an excellent teacher. He published many important works on geology, including Rocks Classified and Described: A Treatise on Lithology (translated by Philip Henry Lawrence, 1866), one of

255-521: The summit, lies at a height of 643.2 m. It was in the cave where the Nerother Wandervogel , a youth club, was founded on New Year's Eve in 1919/1920. The nature reserve of Nerother Kopf around the beech -covered north top is a popular walking and recreation area which is accessed by several paths including the Eifelsteig , which runs right over the summit. The south top, whose summit region

272-821: The world, conical peaks may be formed by erosion processes, but they are not usually isolated landforms. Often they arise through the formation of ordinary riverine meanders . But they can also result from the action of an entrenched river that has cut deeply into a plateau . The resulting cutoff meander spur may be cone-shaped. The artificially created hills or mounds associated, for example, with mining also tend to be cone-shaped. These artificial hills are also free-standing and, once tipping has finished, they may become conical hills overgrown with vegetation. However, as artificial features they are classed as spoil tips rather than natural hills. Bernhard von Cotta Carl Bernhard von Cotta , known as Bernhard von Cotta (24 October 1808 – 14 September 1879),

289-668: Was a German geologist. He was born in a forester's lodge at Kleine Zillbach , Meiningen , near Eisenach , the son of Heinrich von Cotta , founder of the Tharandt Forestry Academy near Dresden . He was educated first at the Tharnadt Academcy, then at the Bergakademie Freiberg and the University of Heidelberg . Botany at first attracted him and he was one of the earliest to use the microscope in determining

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