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107-788: The yeshiva is an all-male Lithuanian (Litvish) -style Talmudic academy and is politically affiliated with Agudath Israel of America . The yeshiva is composed of three departments: The Mechina for high school students ( Mesivta Bochurim), the yeshiva for post high school students ( Beis Medrash Bochurim), and the Kollel for married students ( yungerleit —literally translated as "young men"). The graduates of Ner Yisroel are known for their dedication to Torah study and communal leadership. In 2000, The New York Times described Ner Yisroel as being "unusual in that it has always allowed students access to secular, professional education." This takes place off-premises, as university-accredited night-courses, with

214-545: A Bachelor of Talmudic Law (four years), Master of Talmudic Law (six years), Doctorate in Talmudic Law (ten years and authoring a commentary on Talmudic or Rabbinic texts). Rabbinic ordination ( Semichah ) can also be conferred in Ner Yisroel. Ner Yisroel's Machon program, which began in 1962, trains religious educators for Jewish communities and schools and students earn a Torah Umesorah recognized certification. In

321-626: A Maggid Shiur and was the Posek of the Yeshiva. Rabbi Herman Naftali Neuberger , a son-in-law of Rabbi Sheftel Kramer, brother-in-law of Ruderman, and an alumnus of the Mirrer Yeshiva in Europe, and of Ner Israel itself, was president of Ner Israel from 1940 until his death in 2005. Rabbi Neuberger joined the Yeshiva as a student when he arrived from his native Bavaria in 1938. His son Rabbi Sheftel Neuberger

428-613: A charter from King Michael Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Shlyakhta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before

535-735: A disciple of Rabbi Shlomo Heiman and senior lecturer in the Yeshiva, served as the Rosh Yeshiva from Weinberg's death in 1999 until his death on November 30, 2000. Other rabbis who served on the faculty include the late: Rabbi Shimon Schwab , later rabbi of the German-Jewish Frankfurt Kehillah / community in Washington Heights N.Y.; Rabbi Simcha Zissel Broide of the Chevron Yeshiva in Jerusalem; Rabbi Ephraim Eisenberg,

642-459: A distinction between what he terms the " meshichists " (those who believe the late Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson is the messiah ) and the " elokists " (those who believe he was a part of God or God "clothed in a body"). He ruled that it is forbidden to associate with elokists under any circumstances due to their heresy and that they cannot be counted for a minyan , stating that most Chabad adherents do not fall under that category. Regarding

749-857: A nationalist trend that reflected throughout Europe, the government scaled back much of this autonomy, and cases of antisemitism increased. Lithuanian President Antanas Smetona was known for his tolerant stance towards Jews and his radical opponents not once nicknamed him as "Jewish King". Under Smetona's rule in Lithuania, not a single anti-Jewish law was passed and high-ranking Lithuanian officials, including ministers, did not publicly say anti-Jewish statements. Smetona considered Jews not as foreigners, but as Lithuanian citizens of foreign nationality and himself acted against antisemitic acts with his statements which were later followed by actions of governmental institutions (e.g. censorship). The Lithuanian courts, war commandants, Lithuanian Police Force severely punished

856-476: A policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin ( Responsa , § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from

963-409: A renewal in research and preservation of the community's historic resources and possessions. Increasing numbers of Lithuanian Jews are interested in learning and practising the use of Yiddish. In 2000, the Jewish population of the country was 3,600. The beginning of the 21st century was marked by conflicts between members of Chabad-Lubavitch and secular leaders. In 2005, Chief Rabbi Sholom Ber Krinsky

1070-405: A rotating cycle of nine different Talmudic tractates it covers in the course of nine years: Bava Kamma 1, Yevamos, Bava Basra, Gittin, Bava Kamma 2, Nedarim, Bava Metzia, Kiddushin, and Kesubos. There are additional tractates that are sometimes studied in the spring semester. These include Succah, Pesachim, and Makkos. As is true in many Lithuanian -style Yeshivas, the methodology of the study of

1177-691: A son-in-law of Weinberg, is the yeshiva's mashgiach ruchani . Rabbi Simcha Cook is the menahel of the high school. Rabbi Yosef Neuberger is the Mashgiach. Rabbi Azriel Hauptman is the General Studies principal. The campus (known as "The Beren Campus") is nearly 100 acres at Mt. Wilson Lane , just northwest of the Baltimore City limits, where the yeshiva moved in 1968 from 4411 Garrison Boulevard in Baltimore. Ner Israel has two central study halls, one for

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1284-424: A special minyan on Shabbos for Persian students. There are large communities of Orthodox Persian Jews in Baltimore, Los Angeles, and New York that are a direct result of Rabbi Neuberger's efforts. There are many South American students in the Yeshiva. This is primarily due to Camp Or Haner, which is a camp for South Americans that is located in Ner Yisroel. Many of the campers are inspired to remain as students in

1391-616: A time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within Lithuania. Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagiellon . The latter confirmed

1498-413: A total of 2,448; this was a significant decrease from the number of 423 in 2011. Karaims have historically defined themselves as ethnically distinct from Jews in Lithuania. In both the 2001 and 2011 census, Jews were Lithuania's fifth biggest ethnic minority, behind Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians, and just ahead of Germans. Interest among descendants of Lithuanian Jews has spurred tourism and

1605-572: A variety of academic fields. The agreement also allows the students to receive academic credits for their religious studies. Ner Yisrael also has a pre-med program in association with Stevenson University of Owings Mills . The Mechina high school is an accredited high school in the state of Maryland under the name "Israel Henry Beren High School". The high school was dedicated by the philanthropic Beren family in memory of Israel Henry Beren who died in 1994. The yeshiva's studies are primarily Talmud texts and relevant rabbinic literature. The yeshiva has

1712-672: Is "pure apikorsus." He also quoted Rav Yosef Dov HaLevi Soloveitchik (R. Lichtenstein's father in law) as saying Leumius (Zionism) is Apikorsus. In 2020, Rav Feldman gave the keynote address at the Annual Agudah Convention. He spoke about the fact that the Eretz Hakodesh slate joining the WZO violated what a century of Gedolei Torah (from the Chofetz Chaim to Rav Elyashiv) warned Torah Jews not to do. He asserted that alleged support for

1819-555: Is a dining hall, the Sindler/Wolf Dining Hall, and three dormitories on campus. There is housing on campus for members of the faculty and some members of the kollel. This section of the campus is known as "Yeshiva Lane". In 1959, Rabbi Sholom Gold established a branch of Ner Yisroel in Toronto . In 1964, Rabbi Yaakov Weinberg became the Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel of Toronto until 1971. This yeshiva still functions but

1926-595: Is also a member of the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah (Council of Torah Sages). Rabbi Aharon Feldman is the son of Rabbi Joseph Feldman (died 1993), a native of Warsaw and scion of a rabbinical family. Rabbi Josef H. Feldman served as a rabbi in Manchester, New Hampshire in the 1930s, but left that post to assume the helm of Baltimore's Franklin Street Synagogue so his sons could attend a Hebrew day school. He

2033-468: Is as the rosh yeshiva (dean) and is also a council member of the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah . Feldman studied in the yeshiva in the 1950s, but had been living in Israel from 1961 until his appointment as rosh yeshiva in 2001. Rabbi Boruch Neuberger is the menahel (president) of the yeshiva, succeeding his father, Rabbi Sheftel Neuberger. Jerome Kadden is the yeshiva's executive director. Rabbi Beryl Weisbord,

2140-508: Is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb lubit = "to love," and not lupit = "to beat" ( Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz ( Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It

2247-686: Is in line for a position as MK in the Israeli parliament in the Degal HaTorah party. In 1961 Rabbi Feldman and his wife Leah made aliyah with their family to Israel in order to raise their eight children in a more religious environment. They lived in Bnei Brak for 12 years and relocated to Jerusalem in 1973. Rabbi Feldman served as one of the Rosh Yeshivas of Ohr Somayach Yeshiva for many years, and also founded Yeshiva Be'er HaTorah in Jerusalem in

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2354-498: Is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to Crimea , and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John I Albert , they established themselves in towns situated near the Lithuanian boundary. This permission, given at first for a period of two years,

2461-489: Is known of these early yeshivot . No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshivah was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir , Volhynia , who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostroh in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster , rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to

2568-513: Is no longer affiliated with Ner Yisroel in Baltimore. In recent years, Ner Israel has sent alumni to kollelim across the United States and several have founded their own institutions. Major student projects include "PROJECT YAHUD", a spring break fund-raising effort for the religious school in Yahud, Israel , and "PROJECT SEED", a summertime outreach effort in smaller communities across America and

2675-674: Is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only— German —and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written "Brisk." The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. Benjamin Aaron Solnik states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of 16th and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from

2782-571: Is studied in depth (Iyyun), and the other one is studied in its entirety at a faster pace which is known as the study of Bekius. At the end of the school year, the students take an exam on the entire tractate that was studied in the Bekius program. This exam is called the "Masechta Bechina". An exam on an entire tractate is considered a major accomplishment due to the amount and complexity of the information contained in each tractate. Former students recount how decades later they still have an incredible recall of

2889-454: Is taught by Rabbi Tzvi Berkowitz. Additionally, half an hour per day is dedicated to the study of Musar literature . Kollel Avodas Levi is a department of the Yeshiva that is composed of older students, mostly married, who are engaged in advanced studies. Established in 1959, the Kollel was later named "Avodas Levi" in memory of Rabbi Ruderman who authored a sefer of the same name. Most of

2996-417: Is that Jews migrated during the reign of Grand Duke Gediminas (reigned 1316–1341) attracted by his invitation of merchants and craftspeople in 1323–1324 and economic opportunities – at the time, Lithuania had no cities in the western sense of the word, no Magdeburg Rights or closed guilds . In the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded into Galicia–Volhynia (see Galicia–Volhynia Wars ) and

3103-590: The Choral Synagogue , Vilnius's only remaining synagogue, along with the Jewish community headquarters, both of which were temporarily shuttered due to the threats. In February 2024, the European Jewish Congress reported that security cameras caught an unknown perpetrator throwing a stone at the Litvak Jewish Community (LJC) center and breaking the glass, as well as stones being thrown into

3210-621: The German and the Austrian Jews . On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia , when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount. Religious observances owe greatly to Elijah ben Solomon (1720–1797), the Vilna Gaon, who lived in Lithuania's greatest city, Vilnius . His style of Torah and Talmud study shaped

3317-493: The Jews in Poland in 1264. Therefore, it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Lithuanian communities in securing the charters from Vytautas. Under the charter, the Lithuanian Jews formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with

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3424-491: The Moetzes Gedolai Hatorah of America . Rabbi Feldman is a friend and was a chavrusa of the economist Israel Kirzner . In 1994, Rabbi Feldman spoke publicly against the actions of Baruch Goldstein saying that there could be "no justification", and describing the actions as "way beyond the pale". In 2003, in response to a question from Gil Student , Feldman issued a ruling regarding Chabad messianists . He drew

3531-536: The Ner Yisroel faculty for nearly 50 years. He served as a Maggid Shiur from 1945 to 1965, as well as dean of the Kollel from 1953 to 1965. From 1971 until 1987, he served as an assistant to the Rosh Yeshiva and head of the Kollel. From Ruderman's death in 1987 until his own death on July 1, 1999, Weinberg served as Rosh Yeshiva . Weinberg was married to Chana Ruderman, the only child of Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman. She died on January 23, 2012. Rabbi Yaakov Moshe Kulefsky ,

3638-703: The Principality of Kiev (see Battle on the Irpin River and Battle of Blue Waters ), territories already inhabited by Jews. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity , together with

3745-475: The meshichists , he determined that while their beliefs do not make them heretics, it is forbidden to conduct any action which would be seen as lending credence to their messianic beliefs. Feldman has penned a lengthy critical review of the Steinsaltz Talmud . Among many criticisms, he writes, "Specifically, the work is marred by an extraordinary number of inaccuracies stemming primarily from misreadings of

3852-647: The occupation of Lithuania in 1940 . After the Soviet occupation in June 1940 , some Jewish communists assumed significant roles in the NKVD and local communist nomenklatura (e.g. Nachman Dushanski ). Other Jews, particularly religious Jews and Zionists, were treated harshly by the Soviet-imposed communist government in Lithuania prior to the German invasion. The Lithuanian Republic

3959-520: The yeshivah of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (died 1585), Moses Isserles (died 1572), and David Gans (died 1613), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshivot of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were flourishing in the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of

4066-531: The 1970s due to the political turmoil following the Iranian Revolution and the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war , which saw many young Iranian men being sent to the front-lines with little military training, life became difficult for Iran's Jews. Rabbi Herman Neuberger was very instrumental in bringing to the United States over 1,000 young Persian men, most of whom studied in Ner Yisroel. Ner Yisroel still maintains

4173-503: The 250+ members, known as yungerleit, learn within the framework of a study group, called a "chabura", that is focused on a specific topic and led by a senior member of the Kollel. Ner Yisroel confers Semicha (Rabbinic Ordination) upon qualified members. Rabbi Ezra Neuberger, son of Rabbi Herman became Rosh Kollel/Dean of the Kollel/Graduate school in his father's lifetime. The Mechina High School studies two tractates every year. One

4280-666: The Japanese consul in Kaunas, Chiune Sugihara , its leaders and students managed to escape to the Shanghai ghetto . Following the expulsion of Nazi German forces in 1944, The Soviets reannexed Lithuania as a Soviet republic, and prosecuted a number of Lithuanians for collaborating with the Nazis. Sites of wartime massacres, such as the Ninth Fort near Kaunas became monuments. To avoid nationalist themes,

4387-466: The Jew. Luria gives an account ( Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that

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4494-431: The Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Herz ( Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah , § 157), Naphtali says

4601-440: The Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful. The impoverished Jewish merchants, having no capital of their own, were compelled to borrow money from the nobility, from churches, congregations, monasteries, and various religious orders. Loans from the latter were usually for an unlimited period and were secured by mortgages on

4708-409: The Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years. At the same time, the middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and

4815-456: The Jews in Trakai . The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form communities and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time from the first migrations. Therefore, various historians attempted to claim that Jews migrated to Lithuania earlier. For example, Abraham Harkavy (1835–1919) claimed that

4922-408: The Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the toll houses of the Jewish tax-collectors. Hence when the favorable moment arrived,

5029-403: The Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover their heads when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practice subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head. The responsa of Meïr Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided

5136-436: The Jews were given extensive autonomy. Under these equitable laws the Jews of Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Grodno, Trakai, Lutsk, and Minsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in

5243-461: The Jews when they go to church." Sirkes (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue

5350-459: The Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Lithuanian Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against heretics , notably the Lutherans , Calvinists , and Jews. The Reformation , which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken

5457-519: The Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special poll tax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates. The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in

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5564-570: The Ottoman Empire, to the Palestine region that would become British Mandate of Palestine . Lithuanian Jews took an active part in Freedom wars of Lithuania . On December 29, 1918, Lithuania's government called for volunteers to defend the Lithuanian state; of 10,000 volunteers more than 500 Jewish. More than 3,000 Jews served in the Lithuanian army between 1918 and 1923. Initially, the Jewish community

5671-756: The Steinsaltz Talmud gives off the impression that the Talmud is intellectually flabby, inconsistent, and often trivial. In 2005, he wrote a critique of Rabbi Natan Slifkin , explaining and defending the 2004 ban issued against Slifkin's books. Feldman has been an opponent of Open Orthodoxy . He argues that "The basis of Orthodox Judaism is a belief in the Divine origin of both the Oral and Written Torah. Yeshivat Chovevei Torah’s leaders or their graduates have said clearly or implicitly on many occasions that they do not accept that

5778-672: The Talmud is based on the Brisker method . Other Lithuanian-style Yeshivos follow almost exclusively the Rabbi Boruch Ber Leibowitz style of the Brisker method. Although Rabbi Lebowitz's works are studied in Ner Yisrael, his specific style of study is not the only approach in Ner Yisroel as Ner Yisroel subscribes to a more eclectic approach of the Brisker method. Hour-long Shiurim (lessons) on Talmud are given daily. The highest level shiur

5885-594: The Talmudical Academy and Ner Yisroel, becoming a close disciple of the Rosh Yeshiva, Rabbi Yitzchak Ruderman . He went on to study under Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner and then Rabbi Aryeh Leib Malin , who had "the most profound influence" in Feldman's Talmudic studies and introduced him to the Brisker method . Afterwards he taught in several yeshivas in New York. He has dual citizenship to both Israel and America, and

5992-608: The Torah was authored by Hashem, that parts of the Torah can be excised, and that the Oral Law was developed by Rabbis to adjust the Written Torah to the realities of the time that they lived in. This basic philosophy is what writes them out of Orthodox Jewry." Rav Feldman has written and spoken strongly against the ideology of Zionism. In a letter to R. Aharon Lichtenstein, he quoted their mutual Rebbe, Rav Yitzhok Hutner as saying that Zionism

6099-409: The Yeshiva sends several Rebbeim once a year to spend a Shabbos in the community. This is known as "The Baltimore Shabbos of Chizuk ". Additionally, many students visit older members in the community in the nearby Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center and Hospital on Fridays. History of the Jews in Lithuania The history of the Jews in Lithuania spans the period from the 14th century to

6206-445: The Yeshiva. Many of these students return to their communities of origin, which has made a significant impact on the religious observance of members of those communities. The camp was founded by Rabbi Moshe Fuller, who began himself as a South American student of the Yeshiva. Rabbi Fuller died in 2008. Students periodically engage in community service such as leading the prayers in the nearby North Oaks retirement community. Additionally,

6313-421: The adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country. The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Lithuanian Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as

6420-455: The agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the shlyakhta . The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the shlyakhta . Members of the nobility, like Borzobogaty , Zagorovski , and others, attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since

6527-440: The allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks , or Tatars . The Bishop of Vilnius complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The shlyakhta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with

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6634-679: The analytical "Lithuanian-style" form of learning still practiced in most yeshivas . The yeshiva movement itself is a typical Lithuanian development, initiated by the Vilna Gaon's main disciple, Rabbi Chaim Volozhin . The Misnagdim were the early opponents of Hasidic Judaism , led by the Vilna Gaon who sharply denounced the innovations by the Hasidim . Despite this, several prominent Hasidic scholars and dynasties originated from Lithuania such as Karlin-Stolin founded by Aharon of Karlin , Kopust founded by Yehuda Leib Schneersohn and Koidanov . Some Polish Hasidic dynasties even settled in Lithuania such as those of Elijah Winograd . In 1795

6741-407: The application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion

6848-468: The charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The favorable attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and

6955-406: The conditions which had existed up to 1648. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the grand duchy of Lithuania secured

7062-450: The country from less developed parts of the USSR and some development of the Holocaust narrative over the years. The book Mass Murders in Lithuania was published in 1965 and 1973 as the first publication directly addressing the topic of Holokaust. The Art of Lithuania's Jews exhibition was opened in Kaunas and Vilnius in 1988 as the first public display of Jewish culture anywhere in the Soviet Union. Lithuanian Jewish Cultural Association

7169-456: The early 1990s. In 2001 Rabbi Feldman accepted the request of Ner Yisroel to serve as its Rosh Yeshiva. Before returning to the United States he consulted with Rabbis Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and with Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman who both counseled him to take the position in America. In 2005, he was one of 15 Jewish educators invited to an informal discussion on Jewish education in the White House's Roosevelt Room . Rabbi Feldman serves on

7276-479: The final Third Partition ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the former lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became part of the Russian partition . By the end of the 19th century, many of Lithuania's Jews fled Eastern Europe to escape the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire and the antisemitism . Tens of thousands of Lithuanian Jews emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa . A small number also emigrated to

7383-449: The first Jews migrated in the 10th century from the Khazar Khaganate (see also Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry ). Other historians claim that Jews migrated from Germany in the 12th century. German Jews were persecuted during the era of crusades . The traditional language of the vast majority of Jews of Lithuania, Yiddish , is based largely upon the Medieval German spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants. Another theory

7490-558: The head of the Kremenetz yeshivah , Isaac Cohen (died 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise. At the time of the Lublin Union , Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and Lithuania. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin . The far-reaching authority of

7597-455: The high school (known as the Mechina) and one much larger for the beis medrash and the kollel (also doubling as the main prayer sanctuaries). There is an additional study hall/multi-purpose room of a smaller size that is called the "Friedman Beis Medrash". Enrollment is approximately 250 students in its high school division, 300 students in its beis medrash/undergraduate division, and about 200 members in its kollel/postgraduate division. There

7704-582: The homes of Jews in Šiauliai County . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Singer, Isidore ; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Lithuania" . The Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Aharon Feldman Rabbi Aharon Feldman (born 1932) is an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and rosh yeshiva (dean) of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel (Ner Israel Rabbinical College) in Baltimore , Maryland . He has held this position since 2001. He

7811-402: The house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions ( She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition

7918-493: The increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future. Duke Vytautas granted privileges to the Jews of Trakai on June 24, 1388. Later similar privileges were granted to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388), Grodno (1389), Lutsk , Vladimir , and other large towns. The charter was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir III, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz , to

8025-574: The lack of any intent to support the project, the Jewish community was allowed to open the Jewish Museum in 1944 which was located in the apartment of its first director, Shmerl Kaczerginski. The institution served as a community center which received hundreds of inquiries from all across the world about the fate of individual Jews in Lithuania. In 1945 the museum was relocated to the former ghetto library and jail buildings in Vilnius. The first exhibition at

8132-465: The leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa . In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; died 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such

8239-453: The lesser nobles ( szlachta ), boyars , and other free citizens. The official representatives of the Polish king and the grand duke were the voivode ( palatine ) in Poland and the elder (starosta) in Lithuania, who were known as the "Jewish judges" (judex Judæorum), and their deputies. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on

8346-502: The melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz , and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word

8453-574: The memorials were declared in the name of all victims, though the clear majority of them were Jewish. Most survivors never returned, moving to Israel instead. Throughout Soviet rule, there was tension between the Jewish community and the authorities over the right to emigrate to Israel, and how to properly commemorate the Holocaust. The majority of Jews in Soviet Lithuania arrived after the war, with Russian and Yiddish as their primary language. Despite

8560-743: The museum was titled " The Brutal Destruction of the Jews during the German Occupation ". In 1949, the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic de facto closed down the museum when it ordered its reorganized into the Vilnius Local History Museum. The Vilnius Jewish School was closed in 1946, and the one in Kaunas 1950. Jewish cemetery in Vilnius was paved over, the Old Vilnius Synagogue

8667-565: The need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes. Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues , and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of

8774-479: The organization of the Lithuanian Jewish communities. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. The wars which raged constantly in the Lithuanian territory brought ruin to the entire country and deprived the Jews of the opportunity to earn more than a bare livelihood. The intensity of their struggle for existence left them no time to reestablish

8881-467: The participants of anti-Jewish physical attacks or smashing of Jews windows (the culprits were punished with fines , imprisoned or even sent to hard labor prisons). Moreover, the Government of Lithuania also did not tolerate anti-Jewish attacks and severely punished their participants, especially activists. Consequently, Jews wished Smetona a long rule of Lithuania. However, under Smetona's rule Lithuania

8988-431: The participation of some students. Although "Ner Israel's mission statement makes clear its priority is religious studies," the yeshiva's alumni have been estimated as 50% rabbis and religious-school teachers, and 50% as professionals: bankers, accountants, physicians, attorneys, psychologists, etc. Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak Ruderman , the son-in-law of Rabbi Sheftel Kramer , founded the yeshiva in 1933 with six students. It

9095-561: The possession of monasteries, churches, and the lesser nobility. The Christian merchants were poor. Such was the condition of affairs in Lithuania at the time of the second partition of Poland (1793), when the Jews became subjects of Russia. The founding of the yeshivot in Lithuania was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Lithuania and Poland. Very little

9202-564: The present day. There is still a small community in the country, as well as an extensive Lithuanian Jewish diaspora in Israel , the United States , South Africa , and other countries. The origin of the Jews of Lithuania has been a subject of much speculation. The first reliable document attesting the presence of Jews in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is the charter of 1388 granting privileges to

9309-505: The project from Rav Chaim was not true. He stated that all of the reasons the Gedolim had for not joining in with the Zionist organization still held today. Among the reasons he gave is that in order to join one had to agree to the kfirah of the Jerusalem program, and that by joining with reform and other groups it seems like a legitimization of those groups, which are strictly forbidden. He described

9416-400: The rabbi and elder. The goodwill and tolerance of Vytautas endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jogaila , did not interfere with his administration during Vytautas's lifetime. In 1569, Poland and Lithuania were united ( Union of Lublin ). It was generally

9523-399: The rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of

9630-520: The real estate of the kahal . The kahals thus became hopelessly indebted to the clergy and the nobility. In 1792 the Jewish population of Lithuania was estimated at 250,000 (as compared with 80-100,000 in 1648, in the whole of Poland and Lithuania). The whole of the commerce and industries of Lithuania, now rapidly declining, was in the hands of the Jews. The nobility lived for the most part on their estates and farms, some of which were managed by Jewish leaseholders. The city properties were concentrated in

9737-452: The regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with

9844-418: The repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the Lithuanian nobles were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles: Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews. The fury of this uprising destroyed

9951-461: The same responsa , likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes ( Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services

10058-592: The son-in-law of Rabbi Mordechai Gifter , and Rabbi Zvi Dov Slanger, a disciple of Rav Shach , who was a Maggid Shiur in the high school for many years until 1996 when he founded and became Rosh Yeshiva of the Bais Medrash & Mesivta Of Baltimore. The Mechina was founded in 1957 and went through seven principals until Rabbi Yosef Tendler became the principal of the Mechina in 1964, and remained in that position until his death on February 8, 2012. Rabbi Aharon Feldman

10165-417: The sources; it fails to explain those difficult passages which the reader would expect it to explain; and it confuses him with notes which are often irrelevant, incomprehensible, and contradictory." Feldman says he fears that, "An intelligent student utilizing the Steinsaltz Talmud as his personal instructor might in fact conclude that Talmud in general is not supposed to make sense." Furthermore, writes Feldman,

10272-586: The tractates that they studied in the Mechina's Bekius program. Advanced students complete the Iyyun tractate on their own as an extracurricular project. Those that complete the Iyyun tractate are honored at the end of the school year at a special dinner. Students of Ner Yisroel's Kollel Avodas Levi have the option to participate in the Star-K Rabbinical Training Program, which prepares them for Kashrus supervision. Degrees granted by Ner Israel are

10379-542: The world. Ner Israel is a Maryland state-accredited college through the Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools – Accreditation Commission (AARTS), and has agreements with Johns Hopkins University , Towson University , Loyola College in Maryland , University of Baltimore , and University of Maryland, Baltimore County allowing undergraduate students to take night courses at these colleges and universities in

10486-771: Was anti-communist and did not tolerate insults of German government but at the same time protected non-offending Jews as in 1934 the Ministry of National Defence of Lithuania adopted an order to counties commandants where it was stated to "severely punish all those who insult the German Government in any way, as well as those who deliberately agitate against Lithuanian Jews; to suppress the activity of all those Jewish organizations which appear to be under Communist cover or succumb to Communist influence". The 1938 Constitution of Lithuania (the last in interwar period ) did not change Lithuanian Jews situation and it remained as such until

10593-727: Was based in a local shul . The yeshiva was named after Rabbi Yisrael Lipkin Salanter , the founder of the mussar movement followed by Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel (known as the Alter of Slabodka), Ruderman's mentor. He modeled Ner Yisroel after Finkel's yeshiva, the Slabodka Yeshiva . Rabbi Dovid Kronglass , of the Mirrer Yeshiva in Europe (and during World War II in Shanghai) was the yeshiva's first mashgiach ruchani until his death on December 16, 1972. Besides his role as Mashgiach, he also served as

10700-501: Was established in 1988 and it was renamed into the Lithuanian Jewish Community in 1991. The Jewish population of Lithuania continues a slow decline. In the 2001 census, there were 4,007 Jews by ethnicity. This declined by 2011 to 3,050 and 2,256 by 2021. The Jews also had the oldest age profiles; 41% of Jews were in the 60+ age demographic and only 13.2% were under the age of 20. There were also 192 Karaims by ethnicity for

10807-469: Was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren ( Kraków , June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno , now known as Ratne, Ukraine. The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons,

10914-419: Was full-time assistant 'menahel' from May 1987, the menahel (president) of the yeshiva from 2005, when he succeeded his father, until his death on February 10, 2021. Prior to 2005, Sheftel Neuberger was a Maggid Shiur in the yeshiva for many years, ending that position before Passover 1987 to become full-time assistant 'menahel'. Rabbi Shmuel Yaakov Weinberg , a disciple of Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner , served on

11021-515: Was given a wide amount of autonomy in education and taxation through community councils, or kehillot . In 1923, all over Lithuania, inscriptions and signboards in non-Lithuanian languages were smeared with tar and fascist groups posted renunciations on the walls of houses. Lithuanian Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras officially condemned antisemitic acts of coating of signs with tar by stating that "every Lithuanian, passing by these tarred signboards, must lower his eyes in shame". By 1934, in

11128-520: Was occupied by Soviet Union in June 1940, and one year later, in June 1941, occupied by the Germans . During World War II , 91–95% of Lithuania's Jewish population were killed – almost all the Jews who had not managed to leave Lithuania and its environs. This was the highest casualty rate of Jews in any nation in the Holocaust . The only European yeshiva to survive the Holocaust was the Mir yeshiva . With help of

11235-638: Was physically removed from the Synagogue by two men hired by the community's secular leader Mr. Alperovich, who then declared a new Chief Rabbi . For more detail, see Chabad-Lubavitch related controversies: Lithuania . Public debate has ensued over memorials to Nazi collaborators. In 2019, a memorial plaque in central Vilnius was smashed with a sledgehammer by Jewish Lithuanian politician Stanislovas Tomas . Lithuanian authorities also removed several memorials of other collaborators. The removal of these memorials sparked antisemitic backlash, leading to threats against

11342-580: Was razed while Jewish grave-stones were used to construct the stairs at the Tauras Hill, as well as those at the Evangelical Reformed Church. While institutionalized Jewish memory was abolished, a few memorials were allowed to continue with at least forty-five out of 231 Holocaust memorials in Lithuania being constructed before 1991. The death of Stalin brought some improvement in the status of Lithuanian Jews, with new Jewish communities moving to

11449-420: Was the last rabbi to formally serve as chief rabbi of Baltimore. Rabbi Aharon Feldman has two brothers; his elder brother, Rabbi Emanuel Feldman , was the prominent spiritual leader of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta , Georgia for 40 years. His younger brother, Rabbi Joel Feldman, was a former dean of Talmudical Academy of Baltimore . Rabbi Feldman was born and raised in Baltimore, where he attended

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