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81-503: Neopestalotiopsis is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae . The genus was published by Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous in Studies in Mycology vol.79 on page 135 in 2014. The type species is Neopestalotiopsis protearum (Crous & L. Swart) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous . It was named after its morphological similarity to Pestalotiopsis . Neopestalotiopsis

162-403: A distinctive sweet and fruity aroma. In a study of flavour volatiles in five jackfruit cultivars, the main volatile compounds detected were ethyl isovalerate , propyl isovalerate, butyl isovalerate, isobutyl isovalerate, 3-methylbutyl acetate , 1-butanol , and 2-methylbutan-1-ol . A fully ripe and unopened jackfruit is known to "emit a strong aroma" – perhaps unpleasant – with the inside of

243-441: A few days. Later, all the male inflorescences also fall off. The greenish female flowers, with hairy and tubular perianth, have a fleshy flower-like base. The female flowers contain an ovary with a broad, capitate, or rarely bilobed scar. The blooming time ranges from December until February or March. The ellipsoidal to roundish fruit is a multiple fruit formed from the fusion of the ovaries of multiple flowers. The fruits grow on

324-427: A fleshy rachis . The male flowers are greenish, some flowers are sterile. The male flowers are hairy and the perianth ends with two 1 to 1.5 mm ( 3 ⁄ 64 to 1 ⁄ 16  in) membrane. The individual and prominent stamens are straight with yellow, roundish anthers. Pollen grains are tiny, around 60 microns in diameter. After the pollen distribution, the stamens become ash-gray and fall off after

405-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

486-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

567-535: A leaf spot and fruit rot disease which is caused by various species of Neopestalotiopsis was first observed in Florida in 1972 and was considered a secondary pathogen. However, in 2021 outbreaks have been more severe, signifying that a more virulent strain of Neopestalotiopsis is around. It was reported in Georgia for the first time in 2020. It affects the roots, crown, leaves, and the fruit of strawberry plants and can cause

648-439: A long and thick stem on the trunk. They vary in size and ripen from an initially yellowish-greenish to yellow, and then at maturity to yellowish-brown. They possess a hard, gummy shell with small pimples surrounded with hard, hexagonal tubercles . The large and variously shaped fruit have a length of 30 to 100 cm (10 to 40 in) and a diameter of 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 inches) and can weigh up to 55 kg (121 pounds) –

729-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

810-442: A mild flavor and meat-like texture and is used in curry dishes with spices in many cuisines. The skin of unripe jackfruit must be peeled first, then the remaining jackfruit flesh is chopped into edible portions and cooked before serving. The final chunks resemble prepared artichoke hearts in their mild taste, color, and flowery qualities. The cuisines of many Asian countries use cooked young jackfruit. In many cultures, jackfruit

891-511: A milky, sweet taste often compared to Brazil nuts . They may be boiled, baked, or roasted. When roasted, the flavor of the seeds is comparable to chestnuts. Seeds are used as snacks (either by boiling or fire-roasting) or to make desserts. In Java, the seeds are commonly cooked and seasoned with salt as a snack. They are commonly used in curry in India in the form of a traditional lentil and vegetable mix curry. Young leaves are tender enough to be used as

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972-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

1053-431: A softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga , or the "butter" variety, which bears sweet fruits whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the "hard" and "soft" varieties. From a tree planted for its shade in gardens, it became an ingredient for local recipes using different fruit segments. The seeds are boiled in water or roasted to remove toxic substances, and then roasted for a variety of desserts. The flesh of

1134-480: A sugary syrup (or frozen in bags or boxes without syrup) and exported overseas, frequently to North America and Europe. In Vietnam, jackfruit is used to make jackfruit chè , a sweet dessert soup, similar to the Chinese derivative bubur cha cha . The Vietnamese also use jackfruit purée as part of pastry fillings or as a topping on xôi ngọt (a sweet version of sticky rice portions). Jackfruits are found primarily in

1215-469: A sweet concoction dessert such as es campur and es teler . The ripe fruit might be dried and fried as kripik nangka , or jackfruit cracker. The seeds are boiled and consumed with salt, as they contain edible starchy content; this is called beton . Young (unripe) jackfruit is made into curry called gulai nangka or stewed called gudeg . In the Philippines, unripe jackfruit or langka

1296-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

1377-416: A thin, waxy, parchment-like and easily removable testa (husk) and a brownish, membranous tegmen . The cotyledons are usually unequal in size, and the endosperm is minimally present. An average fruit consists of 27% edible seed coat, 15% edible seeds, 20% white pulp (undeveloped perianth, rags) and bark and 10% core. The fruit matures during the rainy season from July to August. The bean-shaped achenes of

1458-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1539-570: A type of boat lute . It is also used to make the body of the Indian string instrument veena and the drums mridangam , thimila , and kanjira . The jackfruit has played a significant role in Indian agriculture for centuries. Archaeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3,000 to 6,000 years ago. It has also been widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. The ornate wooden plank called avani palaka , made of

1620-436: A vegetable. The flavor of the ripe fruit is comparable to a combination of apple, pineapple, mango, and banana. Varieties are distinguished according to characteristics of the fruit flesh. In Indochina , the two varieties are the "hard" version (crunchier, drier, and less sweet, but fleshier), and the "soft" version (softer, moister, and much sweeter, with a darker gold-color flesh than the hard variety). Unripe jackfruit has

1701-425: A year. The jackfruit is a multiple fruit composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers, and the fleshy petals of the unripe fruit are eaten. The jackfruit tree is well-suited to tropical lowlands and is widely cultivated throughout tropical regions of the world, including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the rainforests of the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia. The ripe fruit

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1782-568: Is boiled and used in curries as a staple food. The boiled young jackfruit is used in salads or as a vegetable in spicy curries and side dishes, and as fillings for cutlets and chops. It may be used by vegetarians as a substitute for meat such as pulled pork, though the protein content of the fruit is not significant. It may be cooked with coconut milk and eaten alone or with meat, shrimp or smoked pork. In southern India, unripe jackfruit slices are deep-fried to make chips. The jackfruit seeds are also boiled and used in sambar (stew). After roasting,

1863-779: Is caused by 'pestalotioid fungi', which included Pestalotiopsis australis , Pestalotiopsis biciliata , Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis , Neopestalotiopsis rosae and three novel species described as Neopestalotiopsis scalabiensis , Neopestalotiopsis vaccinii and Neopestalotiopsis vacciniicola . In 2021, new species were found in Thailand, Neopestalotiopsis hydeana and Pestalotiopsis hydei which caused leaf spots and fruit rots on Alpinia malaccensis , Alpinia galangal , Annona squamosa , Artocarpus heterophyllus , Garcinia mangostana , Litsea petiolata , Vitis vinifera and various Citrus sp. in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Pestalotia ,

1944-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

2025-413: Is exported to Europe. Jackfruit wood is widely used in the manufacture of furniture, doors and windows, in roof construction, and fish sauce barrels. The wood of the tree is used for the production of musical instruments. In Indonesia, hardwood from the trunk is carved out to form the barrels of drums used in the gamelan , and in the Philippines, its soft wood is made into the body of the kutiyapi ,

2106-427: Is oblong to ovate in shape. In young trees, the leaf edges are irregularly lobed or split. On older trees, the leaves are rounded and dark green, with a smooth leaf margin. The leaf blade has a prominent main nerve and, starting on each side, six to eight lateral nerves. The stipules are egg-shaped at a length of 1.5 to 8 cm ( 5 ⁄ 8 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 8 inches). The inflorescences are formed on

2187-406: Is on restaurant menus in preparations such as taco fillings and vegan versions of pulled pork dishes. The edible raw pulp is 74% water, 23% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 1% fat. The carbohydrate component is primarily sugars, and is a source of dietary fiber (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw jackfruit provides 95 calories , and is a moderate source (10–19% of

2268-401: Is soft. In Sri Lanka these two varieties are called waraka and wela respectively. A sweet preparation called chakkavaratti (jackfruit jam) is made by seasoning pieces of muttomvarikka fruit flesh in jaggery , which can be preserved and used for many months. The fruits are either eaten alone or as a side to rice. The juice is extracted and either drunk straight or as a side. The juice

2349-475: Is sometimes condensed and eaten as candies. The seeds are either boiled or roasted and eaten with salt and hot chilies. They are also used to make spicy side dishes with rice. Jackfruit may be ground and made into a paste, then spread over a mat and allowed to dry in the sun to create a natural chewy candy. In Indonesia and Malaysia, jackfruit is called nangka . The ripe fruit is usually sold separately and consumed on its own, or sliced and mixed with shaved ice as

2430-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

2511-453: Is sweet (depending on variety) and is commonly used in desserts. Canned green jackfruit has a mild taste and meat-like texture that lends itself to being called "vegetable meat". Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines. Both ripe and unripe fruits are consumed. It is available internationally, canned or frozen, and in chilled meals, as are various products derived from

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2592-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

2673-491: Is usually cooked in coconut milk and eaten with rice; this is called ginataang langka . The ripe fruit is often an ingredient in local desserts such as halo-halo and the Filipino turon . The ripe fruit, besides also being eaten raw as it is, is also preserved by storing in syrup or by drying. The seeds are also boiled before being eaten. Thailand is a major producer of jackfruit, which are often cut, prepared, and canned in

2754-430: Is widespread, occurring as saprobes or pathogens on various host plants (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014, Farr & Rossman 2019). The genus is distinct from Pestalotiopsis in having versicolourous median cells. The conidia is either composed of two upper median cells that are darker than the lowest median cell and they have indistinct conidiophores. It was originally placed in family Pestalotiopsidaceae before that

2835-563: The Daily Value ) of vitamin B 6 , vitamin C , and potassium , with no significant content of other micronutrients (table). The jackfruit is a partial solution for food security in developing countries . Ripe jackfruit is naturally sweet, with subtle pineapple- or banana-like flavor. It can be used to make a variety of dishes, including custards, cakes, or mixed with shaved ice as es teler in Indonesia or halo-halo in

2916-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

2997-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

3078-506: The Spanish Empire . In terms of taking care of the plant, minimal pruning is required; cutting off dead branches from the interior of the tree is only sometimes needed. In addition, twigs bearing fruit must be twisted or cut down to the trunk to induce growth for the next season. Branches should be pruned every three to four years to maintain productivity. Some trees carry too many mediocre fruits and these are usually removed to allow

3159-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

3240-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

3321-443: The Philippines. For the traditional breakfast dish in southern India, idlis , the fruit is used with rice as an ingredient and jackfruit leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming. Jackfruit dosas can be prepared by grinding jackfruit flesh along with the batter. Ripe jackfruit arils are sometimes seeded, fried, or freeze-dried and sold as jackfruit chips. The seeds from ripe fruits are edible once cooked, and are said to have

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3402-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

3483-589: The book in Jordanus Catalani's ( fl.  1321–1330 ) Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East . This term is in turn derived from the Proto-Dravidian root kā(y) ("fruit, vegetable"). The common English name "jackfruit" was used by physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta in his 1563 book Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India . Centuries later, botanist Ralph Randles Stewart suggested it

3564-453: The complete collapse (or death) of the plant. The disease thrives in rainy conditions in a temperature range of 50°F – 86°F. The subsequent decline and collapse of infected plants is similar to the damage caused by Phytophthora root and crown rot. The distinguishing characteristic of the fungus,is fungal fruiting structures present on the surface of fruit and foliar lesions (leaf spots) that resemble black pepper. The fungal disease can remain in

3645-599: The diseased leaves of Castanea mollissima . Species Neopestalotiopsis hadrolaeliae was found growing from the roots of the endangered orchid Hadrolaelia jongheana in Brazil. In 2019, Neopestalotiopsis alpapicalis was found growing on the tropical mangrove trees in Krabi Province in Thailand. Blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum ) which are cultivated in Portugal, are known to be susceptible to twig blight and dieback which

3726-425: The eastern part of Taiwan. The fresh fruit can be eaten directly or preserved as dried fruit, candied fruit, or jam. It is also stir-fried or stewed with other vegetables and meat. In Brazil, three varieties are recognized: jaca-dura , or the "hard" variety, which has a firm flesh, and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 and 40 kg each; jaca-mole , or the "soft" variety, which bears smaller fruits with

3807-685: The fallen leaves of Quercus rubra in Auburn, Alabamain USA, and on the dead leaves of species of Magnolia in Guangxi Province , China. It was found that Neopestalotiopsis clavispora causes leaf blight on strawberry ( Fragaria  ×  ananassa Duch ) in Wisconsin , USA. In 2021, Neopestalotiopsis spp. were found causing leaf spot and fruit rot on strawberry in Florida, USA. In China, Neopestalotiopsis brasiliensis and Neopestalotiopsis asiatica have been found on

3888-487: The field once it is introduced, an indication that it may overwinter on other host plants. It has a widespread and cosmopolitan distribution . This includes Brazil , Mexico , Peru , Florida, USA, Alabama , USA, Georgia, USA, Portugal , India, Sri Lanka , China, Thailand. New Zealand , and Australia. Up to 2022, 49 taxa of Neopestalotiopsis were known. But more have been added. Current species list as accepted by Species Fungorum ; Genus The composition of

3969-435: The fly larvae and adults. In 2017, India produced 1.4 million tonnes of jackfruit, followed by Bangladesh, Thailand, and Indonesia. The marketing of jackfruit involves three groups: producers, traders, and middlemen , including wholesalers and retailers. The marketing channels are rather complex. Large farms sell immature fruit to wholesalers, which helps cash flow and reduces risk, whereas medium-sized farms sell

4050-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

4131-399: The fruit described as smelling of pineapple and banana. The species has expanded excessively because its fruits, which naturally fall to the ground and open, are eagerly eaten by small mammals, such as the common marmoset and coati . The seeds are then dispersed by these animals, spreading jackfruit trees that compete for space with native tree species. The supply of jackfruit has allowed

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4212-506: The fruit directly to local markets or retailers. Outside countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at food markets throughout Southeast Asia. It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region, where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugary syrup, or frozen, already prepared and cut. Jackfruit industries are established in Sri Lanka and Vietnam, where

4293-486: The fruit is processed into products such as flour, noodles, papad , and ice cream. It is also canned and sold as a vegetable for export. Jackfruit is also widely available year-round, both canned and dried. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers. As reported in 2019, jackfruit became more widely available in US grocery stores, cleaned and ready to cook, as well as in premade dishes or prepared ingredients. It

4374-777: The fruit, such as noodles and chips. The word jackfruit comes from Portuguese jaca , which in turn is derived from the Malayalam language term chakka (ചക്ക) , when the Portuguese arrived in India at Kozhikode ( Calicut ) on the Malabar Coast ( Kerala ) in 1499. Later the Malayalam name ചക്ക ( chakka ) was recorded by Hendrik van Rheede (1678–1703) in the Hortus Malabaricus , vol. iii in Latin . Henry Yule translated

4455-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

4536-404: The jackfruit are coated with a firm yellowish aril (seed coat, flesh), which has an intense sweet taste at maturity of the fruit. The pulp is enveloped by many narrow strands of fiber (undeveloped perianth ), which run between the hard shell and the core of the fruit and are firmly attached to it. When pruned, the inner part (core) secretes a sticky, milky liquid, which can hardly be removed from

4617-411: The jackfruit tree is reddish-brown and smooth. In the event of injury to the bark, a milky sap is released. The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged. They are gummy and thick and are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1 to 3 in) long. The leathery leaf blade is 20 to 40 cm (7 to 15 in) long and 7.5 to 18 cm (3 to 7 inches) wide, and

4698-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

4779-500: The largest of all tree-borne fruits. The fruits consist of a fibrous, whitish core ( rachis ) about 5–10 cm (2–4 in) thick. Radiating from this are many individual fruits, 10 cm (4 in) long. They are elliptical to egg-shaped, light brownish achenes with a length of about 3 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 8  in) and a diameter of 1.5 to 2 cm ( 9 ⁄ 16 to 13 ⁄ 16  in). There may be about 100–500 seeds per fruit. The seed coat consists of

4860-617: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Artocarpus heterophyllus The jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) is a species of tree in the fig , mulberry , and breadfruit family ( Moraceae ). The jackfruit is the largest tree fruit, reaching as much as 55 kg (120 pounds) in weight, 90 cm (35 inches) in length, and 50 cm (20 in) in diameter. A mature jackfruit tree produces some 200 fruits per year, with older trees bearing up to 500 fruits in

4941-553: The marmoset and coati populations to expand. Since both prey opportunistically on bird eggs and nestlings, the increases in marmoset and coati populations are detrimental to local birds. In Brazil, the jackfruit can become an invasive species as in Brazil's Tijuca Forest National Park in Rio de Janeiro or at the Horto Florestal in neighbouring Niterói . The Tijuca is mostly an artificial secondary forest , whose planting began during

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5022-727: The mid-nineteenth century; jackfruit trees have been a part of the park's flora since it was founded. The jackfruit was domesticated independently in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as indicated by the Southeast Asian names which are not derived from the Sanskrit roots. It was probably first domesticated by Austronesians in Java or the Malay Peninsula . The fruit was later introduced to Guam via Filipino settlers when both were part of

5103-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

5184-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

5265-420: The others to develop better to maturity. Stingless bees such as Tetragonula iridipennis are jackfruit pollinators, and so play an important role in jackfruit cultivation. It seems to be the case that pollination results from a three-way mutualism involving the flower, a fungus, and a species of gall midge, Clinidiplosis ultracrepidata . The fungus forms a film over the syncarps which is a food source to both

5346-572: The past few years, China and Thailand are places where most species of Neopestalotiopsis were found (Norphanphoun et al. 2019). Pestalotiopsis-like fungi are widely distributed in many plants and include endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. Five strains of Neopestalotiopsis were isolated from diseased leaves of Rhapis excelsa (Principes, Palmae), Rhododendron simsii and Rhododendron championiae (Ericales, Ericaceae ) and Erythropalum scandens , (Santalales, Olacaceae ) in southern China. Species Neopestalotiopsis clavispora has been found on

5427-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

5508-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

5589-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

5670-416: The seeds may be used as a commercial alternative to chocolate aroma. In Bangladesh, the fruit is consumed on its own. The unripe fruit is used in curry, and the seed is often dried and preserved to be later used in curry. In India, two varieties of jackfruit predominate: muttomvarikka and sindoor . Muttomvarikka has a slightly hard inner flesh when ripe, while the inner flesh of the ripe sindoor fruit

5751-477: The skin, even with soap and water. To clean the hands after "unwinding" the pulp an oil or other solvent is used. For example, street vendors in Tanzania, who sell the fruit in small segments, provide small bowls of kerosene for their customers to cleanse their sticky fingers. When fully ripe, jackfruit has a strong pleasant aroma, the pulp of the opened fruit resembles the odor of pineapple and banana. Jackfruit has

5832-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

5913-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

5994-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

6075-447: The trunk, branches or twigs ( cauliflory ). Jackfruit trees are monoecious , having both female and male flowers on a tree. The inflorescences are pedunculated , cylindrical to ellipsoidal or pear-shaped, to about 10–12 cm (4– 4 + 3 ⁄ 4  in) long and 5–7 cm (2–3 in) wide. Inflorescences are initially completely enveloped in egg-shaped cover sheets which rapidly slough off. The flowers are small, sitting on

6156-405: The unripe jackfruit is used to make a savory salty dish with smoked pork. The jackfruit arils are used to make jams or fruits in syrup, and can also be eaten raw. The golden yellow timber with good grain is used for building furniture and house construction in India. It is termite-resistant and is superior to teak for building furniture. The wood of the jackfruit tree is important in Sri Lanka and

6237-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

6318-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

6399-454: The wood of the jackfruit tree, is used as the priest's seat during Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In Vietnam, jackfruit wood is prized for the making of Buddhist statues in temples The heartwood is used by Buddhist forest monastics in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their distinctive light-brown color. Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh , and

6480-767: Was absorbed into the family Sporocadaceae . Jaklitsch et al. (2016), synonymised Bartaliniaceae , Discosiaceae , Pestalotiopsidaceae and Robillardaceae , and then revived the older family name of Sporocadaceae to accommodate them (Crous et al. 2015). Pestalotiopsidaceae is still sometimes used. Species within this group commonly occurs on plants as endophytes, pathogens or saprobes (Jeewon et al. 2004, Liu et al. 2010, Hyde et al. 2016, Reddy et al. 2016, Shetty et al. 2016, Ran et al. 2017, Bezerra et al. 2018, Freitas et al. 2019). Current research showed them as plant pathogens causing stem blight, flower blight, twig dieback and fruit rot (Akinsanmi et al. 2016, Borrero et al. 2017, Mahapatra et al. 2018, Rodríguez-Gálvez et al. 2020). In

6561-873: Was named after William Jack (1795–1822), a Scottish botanist who worked for the East India Company in Bengal , Sumatra , and Malaya . Nangka is another name used in Philippine English borrowing from Tagalog related to nangkà in Cebuano and in Malay , both from the same Austronesian language family . Artocarpus heterophyllus grows as an evergreen tree that has a relatively short trunk and dense treetop. It easily reaches heights of 9 to 21 m (30 to 69 feet) and trunk diameters of 30 to 80 cm (12 to 31 inches). It sometimes forms buttress roots . The bark of

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