A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values . Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo , and are often associated with a certain ideology . Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory , which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
69-497: Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Defunct Neoconservatism is a political movement which began in the United States during the 1960s among liberal hawks who became disenchanted with the increasingly pacifist Democratic Party along with
138-404: A choice between endorsing authoritarian governments, which might evolve into democracies, or Marxist–Leninist regimes, which she argued had never been ended once they achieved totalitarian control. In such tragic circumstances, she argued that allying with authoritarian governments might be prudent. Kirkpatrick argued that by demanding rapid liberalization in traditionally autocratic countries,
207-544: A great deal and that Strauss's influence caused his students to reject historicism and positivism as morally relativist positions. They instead promoted a so-called Aristotelian perspective on America that produced a qualified defense of its liberal constitutionalism. Strauss's emphasis on moral clarity led the Straussians to develop an approach to international relations that Catherine and Michael Zuckert (2008) call Straussian Wilsonianism (or Straussian idealism ),
276-555: A major publication for neoconservatives during the 1970s. Commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative. As the policies of the New Left made the Democrats increasingly leftist, these neoconservative intellectuals became disillusioned with President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society domestic programs. The influential 1970 bestseller The Real Majority by Ben Wattenberg expressed that
345-706: A new, more aggressive Middle East policy on the part of the United States in defense of the interests of Israel, including the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and the containment of Syria through a series of proxy wars , the outright rejection of any solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that would include a Palestinian state , and an alliance between Israel, Turkey and Jordan against Iraq, Syria and Iran . Former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense and leading neoconservative Richard Perle
414-525: A political party, a political organization seeks to influence or control government policy through conventional methods, usually by nominating their candidates and seating candidates in politics and governmental offices. However, political parties and movements both aim to influence government in one way or another and both are often related to a certain ideology. Parties also participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions aiming to convince citizens or governments to take action on
483-466: Is a monthly American magazine on religion, Judaism , Israel and politics, as well as social and cultural issues. Founded by the American Jewish Committee in 1945 under Elliot E. Cohen , editor from 1945 to 1959, Commentary magazine developed into the leading post- World War II journal of Jewish affairs. The periodical strove to construct a new American Jewish identity while processing
552-539: Is termed a mass organization by the party and a "Communist front" by detractors. Some of the theories behind social movements have also been applied to the emergence of political movements in specific, like the political opportunity theory and the resource mobilization theory. The political opportunity theory asserts that political movements occur through chance or certain opportunities and have little to do with resources, connections or grievances in society. Political opportunities can be created by possible changes in
621-554: The ABC sitcom Anything but Love , stand-up comedian Richard Lewis was often shown holding or reading a copy of Commentary . American-Israeli journalist Benjamin Balint and former editor at Commentary described the magazine as the "contentious magazine that transformed the Jewish left into the neoconservative right". Historian and literary critic Richard Pells said that "no other journal of
690-546: The Bush administration's foreign policy ; especially in their support for Israel , promotion of American influence in the Arab world and launching the war on terror . The Bush administration's domestic and foreign policies were heavily influenced by major ideologues affiliated with neoconservatism, such as Bernard Lewis , Lulu Schwartz , Richard and Daniel Pipes , David Horowitz , and Robert Kagan . Critics of neoconservatism have used
759-604: The Democratic Leadership Council . Thus the Socialist Party dissolved in 1972, and the SDUSA emerged that year. (Most of the left-wing of the party, led by Michael Harrington, immediately abandoned the SDUSA.) SDUSA leaders associated with neoconservatism include Carl Gershman , Penn Kemble , Joshua Muravchik and Bayard Rustin . Norman Podhoretz's magazine Commentary , originally a journal of liberalism, became
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#1732897671092828-751: The Judeo-Christian heritage are the essentials of the Great Tradition in Strauss's work. Strauss emphasized the spirit of the Greek classics and Thomas G. West (1991) argues that for Strauss the American Founding Fathers were correct in their understanding of the classics in their principles of justice. For Strauss, political community is defined by convictions about justice and happiness rather than by sovereignty and force. A classical liberal, he repudiated
897-726: The Middle East . In 2017, Ted Becker, former Walter Meyer Professor of Law at New York University and Brian Polkinghorn, distinguished professor of Conflict Analysis and Dispute Resolution at Salisbury University , argued that Yinon's plan was adopted and refined in a 1996 policy document entitled A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm , written by a research group at the Israeli-affiliated Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies in Washington. The group
966-539: The New Left , which was bitterly hostile to Johnson, to capitalism and to universities, angered Podhoretz for what he perceived as its shallowness and hostility to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War . Articles attacked the New Left on questions ranging from crime, the nature of art, drugs, poverty, to the new egalitarianism; Commentary said that the New Left was a dangerous anti-American, anti-liberal, and anti-Semitic force. Daniel Patrick Moynihan used Commentary to attack
1035-541: The Record ' s editor retiring, the AJC consulted with New York City intellectuals including Daniel Bell and Lionel Trilling , who recommended that AJC hire Elliot Cohen , who had been the editor of a Jewish cultural magazine and was then a fundraiser, to start a new journal. Cohen designed Commentary to reconnect assimilated Jews and Jewish intellectuals with the broader, more traditional, and very liberal Jewish community. At
1104-645: The Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO . The "soft-on-Communism" position of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and Henry A. Wallace came under steady attack. Liberals who hated Joseph McCarthy were annoyed when Irving Kristol wrote at the height of the controversy that "there is one thing that the American people know about Senator McCarthy: he, like them, is unequivocally anti-Communist. About
1173-650: The Watts riots and liberals who defended it as a just revolution. In 2007, the magazine ended its affiliation with AJC when Commentary, Inc., an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit enterprise, took over as publisher. In 2011, the journal donated its archives from 1945 to 1995 to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin . These included letters and essay revisions. Commentary has been referred to three Woody Allen films: Between 1989 and 1992, in
1242-695: The animal rights movement , or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have represented class interests, such as the labour movement , socialism , and communism , while others have expressed national aspirations, including both anticolonialist movements, such as Rātana and Sinn Féin , as well as colonialist movements such as Manifest destiny . Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism , fascism , and Nazism . Famous recent social movements can be classified as political movements as they have influenced policy changes at all levels of government. Political movements that have recently emerged within
1311-684: The civil rights movement , racial integration , and Martin Luther King Jr. From the 1950s to the 1960s, liberals generally endorsed military action in order to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam during the Vietnam War . Neoconservatism was initiated by liberals' repudiation of the Cold War and by the " New Politics " of the American New Left , which Norman Podhoretz said was too sympathetic to
1380-544: The counterculture and too alienated from the majority of the population, and by the repudiation of "anti- anticommunism " by liberals, which included substantial endorsement of Marxist–Leninist politics by the New Left during the late 1960s. Some neoconservatives were particularly alarmed by what they believed were the antisemitic sentiments of Black Power advocates. Irving Kristol edited the journal The Public Interest (1965–2005), featuring economists and political scientists, which emphasized ways that government planning in
1449-407: The ecology movement , alter-globalization and the anti-globalization movement . With globalization , global citizens movements may have also emerged. Many political movements have aimed to establish or broaden the rights of subordinate groups, such as abolitionism , the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights movement , feminism , gay rights movement , the disability rights movement ,
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#17328976710921518-402: The "real majority" of the electorate endorsed economic interventionism but also social conservatism and that it could be disastrous for Democrats to adopt liberal positions on certain social and crime issues. The neoconservatives rejected the countercultural New Left and what they considered anti-Americanism in the non-interventionism of the activism against the Vietnam War . After
1587-588: The 1960s to the 2000s, peaking in influence during the presidency of George W. Bush , when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz , Elliott Abrams , Richard Perle , Paul Bremer , and Douglas Feith . Although U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld had not self-identified as neoconservatives, they worked closely alongside neoconservative officials in designing key aspects of
1656-572: The Carter administration had delivered those countries to Marxist–Leninists that were even more repressive. She further accused the Carter administration of a "double standard" and of never having applied its rhetoric on the necessity of liberalization to communist governments . The essay compares traditional autocracies and Communist regimes: [Traditional autocrats] do not disturb the habitual rhythms of work and leisure, habitual places of residence, habitual patterns of family and personal relations. Because
1725-456: The Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism. Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski). Commentary Magazine Commentary
1794-527: The Republican Administration of President George H. W. Bush and that of his Democratic successor, President Bill Clinton . Many critics charged that the neoconservatives lost their influence as a result of the end of the Soviet Union. After the decision of George H. W. Bush to leave Saddam Hussein in power after the first Iraq War during 1991, many neoconservatives considered this policy and
1863-624: The Republican who promised to confront Soviet expansionism. Neoconservatives organized in the American Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation to counter the liberal establishment. Author Keith Preston named the successful effort on behalf of neoconservatives such as George Will and Irving Kristol to cancel Reagan's 1980 nomination of Mel Bradford , a Southern Paleoconservative academic whose regionalist focus and writings about Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction alienated
1932-616: The SDUSA with strong links to George Meany 's AFL-CIO. Following Shachtman and Meany, this faction led the SP to oppose immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War and oppose George McGovern in the Democratic primary race and, to some extent, the general election. They also chose to cease their own party-building and concentrated on working within the Democratic Party, eventually influencing it through
2001-771: The US are the Black Lives Matter Movement , and the Me Too Movement . While political movements that have happened in recent years within the Middle East is the Arab Spring . While in some cases these political movements remained movements, in others they escalated into revolutions and changed the state of government. Movements may also be named by outsiders, as with the Levellers political movement in 17th century England, which
2070-585: The United States a far greater share of the responsibility for carrying forward, in a creative way, our common Jewish cultural and spiritual heritage...to harmonize heritage and country into a true sense of at-home-ness. Although many or even most of the editors and writers had been socialists , Trotskyites , or Stalinists in the past, that was no longer tolerated. Commentary articles were anti- Communist and also anti- McCarthyite ; it identified and attacked any perceived weakness among liberals on Cold War issues, backing President Harry Truman 's policies such as
2139-529: The Vietnam War, the anti-communist, internationalist and interventionist roots of this Cold War liberalism seemed increasingly brittle to the neoconservatives. As a consequence they migrated to the Republican Party and formed one pillar of the Reagan Coalition and of the conservative movement. Hence, they became Neo-conservatives. Through the 1950s and early 1960s, the future neoconservatives had endorsed
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2208-495: The anti-war faction took control of the party during 1972 and nominated George McGovern , the Democrats among the neoconservatives endorsed Washington Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson for his unsuccessful 1972 and 1976 campaigns for president. Among those who worked for Jackson were the incipient neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz , Doug Feith , and Richard Perle . During the late 1970s, neoconservatives tended to endorse Ronald Reagan ,
2277-469: The conservative movement at this time. A substantial number of neoconservatives were originally moderate socialists who were originally associated with the moderate wing of the Socialist Party of America (SP) and its successor party, the Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA). Max Shachtman , a former Trotskyist theorist who developed strong feelings of antipathy towards the New Left , had numerous devotees in
2346-428: The country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home. And the question in my mind is how many additional American casualties is Saddam [Hussein] worth? And the answer is not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the president made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in
2415-767: The creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system of representative democracy. The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society. One influential early text
2484-622: The decision not to endorse indigenous dissident groups such as the Kurds and Shiites in their 1991–1992 resistance to Hussein as a betrayal of democratic principles. Some of those same targets of criticism would later become fierce advocates of neoconservative policies. During 1992, referring to the first Iraq War , then United States Secretary of Defense and future Vice President Richard Cheney said: I would guess if we had gone in there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. We'd be running
2553-645: The defense of liberal democracy in the face of its vulnerability. Strauss influenced The Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol , William Bennett , Newt Gingrich , Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , as well as Paul Wolfowitz . A theory of neoconservative foreign policy during the final years of the Cold War was articulated by Jeane Kirkpatrick in " Dictatorships and Double Standards ", published in Commentary Magazine during November 1979. Kirkpatrick criticized
2622-429: The desert of alienation...and into the promised land of democratic, pluralistic, and prosperous America". Cohen brought on board strong editors who themselves wrote important essays, including Irving Kristol ; art critic Clement Greenberg ; film and cultural critic Robert Warshow ; and sociologist Nathan Glazer . Commentary published Hannah Arendt , Daniel Bell , Sidney Hook , and Irving Howe . The emergence of
2691-710: The established parties may have neglected this issue in the past. Political scientists Santos and Mercea argue that, in recent years, "the rise of movement parties across Europe has disrupted traditional notions of party politics and opened up new avenues for citizen engagement and political mobilisation. Movement parties are the reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics". They identify four types of movement parties: green / left-libertarian , far-right , eclectic , and centrist . For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an alternative to formal electoral politics. For example,
2760-447: The establishment in order to fully develop. Thus, at the beginning and core of a political movement there lies a strategic mobilization of individuals. Political movements are different from political parties since movements are usually focused on a single issue and they have no interest in attaining office in government. A political movement is generally an informal organization and uses unconventional methods to achieve their goals. In
2829-516: The events of the Holocaust , the formation of the State of Israel , and the Cold War . Norman Podhoretz edited the magazine from 1960 to 1995. Besides its coverage of cultural issues, Commentary provided a voice for the anti-Stalinist left . As Podhoretz shifted from his original ideological beliefs as a liberal Democrat to neoconservatism in the 1970s and 1980s, he moved the magazine with him to
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2898-534: The foreign policy of Jimmy Carter , which endorsed détente with the Soviet Union. She later served the Reagan Administration as Ambassador to the United Nations. In "Dictatorships and Double Standards", Kirkpatrick distinguished between authoritarian regimes and the totalitarian regimes such as the Soviet Union. She suggested that in some countries democracy was not tenable and the United States had
2967-417: The government risks violent overthrow and should expect gradual change rather than immediate transformation. She wrote: "No idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime and anywhere, under any circumstances ... Decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits. In Britain,
3036-475: The growing New Left and counterculture of the 1960s . Neoconservatives typically advocate the unilateral promotion of democracy and interventionism in international relations together with a militaristic and realist philosophy of " peace through strength ". They are known for espousing opposition to communism and radical politics . Many adherents of neoconservatism became politically influential during Republican presidential administrations from
3105-619: The issues and concerns which are the focus of the movement. Some political movements have turned into or launched political parties. For example, the 15-M Movement against austerity in Spain led to the creation of the populist party Podemos and the labor movements in Brazil helped form the Brazilian Workers' Party . These types of movement parties serve to raise awareness on the main issue of their initial political movement in government, since
3174-574: The liberal state had produced unintended harmful consequences. Some early neoconservative political figures were disillusioned Democratic politicians and intellectuals, such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan , who served in the Nixon and Ford administrations, and Jeane Kirkpatrick , who served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations in the Reagan administration. Some left-wing academics such as Frank Meyer and James Burnham eventually became associated with
3243-534: The light of the Yinon Plan and the Clean break analysis, to be proof that Israel is engaged in a modern version of The Great Game , with the backing of Zionist currents in the American neoconservative and Christian fundamentalist movements. They also conclude that Likud Party appears to have implemented both plans. During the 1990s, neoconservatives were once again opposed to the foreign policy establishment, both during
3312-490: The miseries of traditional life are familiar, they are bearable to ordinary people who, growing up in the society, learn to cope. [Revolutionary Communist regimes] claim jurisdiction over the whole life of the society and make demands for change that so violate internalized values and habits that inhabitants flee by the tens of thousands. Kirkpatrick concluded that while the United States should encourage liberalization and democracy in autocratic countries, it should not do so when
3381-562: The more cosmopolitan and progress-oriented neoconservatives, to the leadership of the National Endowment for the Humanities in favor of longtime Democrat William Bennett as emblematic of the neoconservative movement establishing hegemony over mainstream American conservatism. In another (2004) article, Michael Lind also wrote: Neoconservatism ... originated in the 1970s as a movement of anti-Soviet liberals and social democrats in
3450-442: The movement. The term neoconservative was popularized in the United States during 1973 by the socialist leader Michael Harrington , who used the term to define Daniel Bell , Daniel Patrick Moynihan , and Irving Kristol , whose ideologies differed from Harrington's. Earlier during 1973, he had described some of the same ideas in a brief contribution to a symposium on welfare sponsored by Commentary . The neoconservative label
3519-514: The ousting of Saddam Hussein. On 19 February 1998, an open letter to President Clinton was published, signed by dozens of pundits, many identified with neoconservatism and later related groups such as the Project for the New American Century , urging decisive action to remove Saddam from power. Political movement An organization in a political movement that is led by a communist party
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#17328976710923588-454: The philosophy of John Locke as a bridge to 20th-century historicism and nihilism and instead defended liberal democracy as closer to the spirit of the classics than other modern regimes. For Strauss, the American awareness of ineradicable evil in human nature and hence the need for morality, was a beneficial outgrowth of the pre-modern Western tradition. O'Neill (2009) notes that Strauss wrote little about American topics, but his students wrote
3657-419: The political scientist S. Laurel Weldon has shown that women's movements and women's policy agencies have tended to be more effective in reducing violence against women than the presence of women in the legislatures. High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements. Some political movements have aimed to change government policy, such as the anti-war movement ,
3726-416: The political system, structure or by other developments in the political sphere and they are the driving force for political movements to be established. The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous uprisings or societal grievances . This theory postulates that movements rely on resources and contact to
3795-461: The problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq. A key neoconservative policy-forming document, A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm (commonly known as the "Clean Break" report) was published in 1996 by a study group of American-Jewish neoconservative strategists led by Richard Perle on the behest of newly-elected Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu . The report called for
3864-646: The right and toward the Republican Party . Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Commentary was the successor to the Contemporary Jewish Record , which was published by the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and ran from 1938 to 1945, when its editor, AJC executive secretary Morris Waldman , retired. In 1944, with
3933-710: The road [to democratic government] took seven centuries to traverse. ... The speed with which armies collapse, bureaucracies abdicate, and social structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed frequently surprises American policymakers". In 1982 and around the time of the Lebanon War , a paper known as the Yinon Plan was published under the authorship of Oded Yinon, a senior advisor to Israeli Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon , which called for an aggressive geopolitics aimed at " Balkanizing " Iraq and Syria by provoking sectarian divisions and taking advantage of existing ones in
4002-405: The same time, the magazine was designed to bring ideas of the young Jewish New York intellectuals to a wider audience. It demonstrated that Jewish intellectuals, and by extension all American Jews, had turned away from their past political radicalism to embrace mainstream U.S. culture and values. Cohen stated his grand design in the first issue: With Europe devastated, there falls upon us here in
4071-416: The spokesmen for American liberalism, they feel they know no such thing." In the late 1950s, the magazine quality sagged, as Cohen suffered from mental illness and committed suicide . A protégé of Lionel Trilling , Norman Podhoretz took over in 1960, running the magazine with an iron hand until his retirement in 1995. Podhoretz said, Commentary was founded to lead the Jewish intellectuals "out of
4140-432: The term to describe foreign policy and war hawks who support aggressive militarism or neocolonialism . Historically speaking, the term neoconservative refers to Americans who moved from the anti-Stalinist left to conservatism during the 1960s and 1970s. The movement had its intellectual roots in the magazine Commentary , edited by Norman Podhoretz . They spoke out against the New Left, and in that way helped define
4209-466: The tradition of Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, Humphrey and Henry ('Scoop') Jackson, many of whom preferred to call themselves 'paleoliberals.' [After the end of the Cold War] ... many 'paleoliberals' drifted back to the Democratic center ... Today's neocons are a shrunken remnant of the original broad neocon coalition. Nevertheless, the origins of their ideology on the left are still apparent. The fact that most of
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#17328976710924278-640: The younger neocons were never on the left is irrelevant; they are the intellectual (and, in the case of William Kristol and John Podhoretz, the literal) heirs of older ex-leftists. C. Bradley Thompson , a professor at Clemson University, claims that most influential neoconservatives refer explicitly to the theoretical ideas in the philosophy of Leo Strauss (1899–1973), although there are several writers who claim that in doing so they may draw upon meaning that Strauss himself did not endorse . Eugene Sheppard notes: "Much scholarship tends to understand Strauss as an inspirational founder of American neoconservatism". Strauss
4347-633: Was a refugee from Nazi Germany who taught at the New School for Social Research in New York (1938–1948) and the University of Chicago (1949–1969). Strauss asserted that "the crisis of the West consists in the West's having become uncertain of its purpose". His solution was a restoration of the vital ideas and faith that in the past had sustained the moral purpose of the West. The Greek classics ( classical republican and modern republican ), political philosophy and
4416-569: Was adopted by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative ' ". His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine Encounter . Another source was Norman Podhoretz , editor of the magazine Commentary , from 1960 to 1995. By 1982, Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative in The New York Times Magazine article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy". The term itself
4485-742: Was directed by Richard Perle , who, some years later, became one of the key figures in the formulation of the Iraq War strategy adopted during the administration of George W. Bush in 2003. Both Becker and Polkinghorn admit that avowed enemies of Israel in the Middle East take the sequence of events—Israel's occupation of the West Bank , the Golan Heights , its encirclement of Gaza , the invasion of Lebanon, its bombing of Iraq , airstrikes in Syria and its attempts at containing Iran's nuclear capacities —when read in
4554-477: Was named so as a term of disparagement . Yet admirers of the movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is this term by which they are most known to history. A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism , fascism , and liberalism . Both communists and fascists typically support
4623-454: Was the "Study Group Leader", but the final report included ideas from fellow neoconservatives, pro-Israel right-wingers and affiliates of Netanyahu's Likud party, such as Douglas Feith , James Colbert, Charles Fairbanks Jr., Jonathan Torop, David Wurmser , Meyrav Wurmser , and IASPS president Robert Loewenberg. Within a few years of the Gulf War in Iraq , many neoconservatives were endorsing
4692-580: Was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by
4761-434: Was the product of a rejection among formerly self-identified liberals of what they considered a growing leftward turn of the Democratic Party in the 1970s. Neoconservatives perceived in the new left liberalism an ideological effort to distance the Democratic Party and American liberalism from Cold War liberalism as it was espoused by former Presidents such as Harry S. Truman , John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson . After
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