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21-421: Black offers White the possibility of 4.cxd5, which may be followed by 4...Nxd5 and 5.e4, giving White an imposing central pawn duo. If White does not take the d5-pawn, Black may eventually play ...dxc4, when a White response of e4 again leads to the same pawn structure . In classical opening theory this imposing pawn centre was held to give White a large advantage, but the hypermodern school, which

42-563: A book reporting his games with Moheshchunder and other Indians in 1864. It gained popularity after Ernst Grünfeld introduced it into international play at the Bad Pistyan Tournament 7-28 April 1922, where, in his first game with the defense, he drew Friedrich Sämisch in 22 moves. Later the same year on November 18, 1922, Ernst Grünfeld defeated future world champion Alexander Alekhine in Vienna in 55 moves. Grünfeld usually employed

63-418: A list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece ; for a list of terms specific to chess problems , see Glossary of chess problems ; for a list of named opening lines , see List of chess openings ; for a list of chess-related games, see List of chess variants ; for a list of terms general to board games , see Glossary of board games . Compensation (chess) In chess , compensation

84-426: A pawn on his second move: reaching the position shown (first diagram). Fischer examines an alternate fifth move for Black: reaching the position shown (second diagram), where Fischer explains "White has more than enough compensation for the pawn." ( Fischer 2008 :123) Possession of the bishop pair often yields long-term compensation for sacrificed material. An unbalanced position has arisen straight out of

105-494: A safer continuation for White. White opts for the initiative on the queenside with a smaller pawn centre. In the main line (D82), play proceeds with 4...Bg7 5.e3 c5 6.dxc5 Qa5, with White's choices at their seventh move being cxd5, Qb3, Qa4, or Rc1. Despite its reputation, in statistical databases this variation shows only a slightly higher percentage of White wins and draws, as opposed to the Exchange Variation. The variation

126-604: A very classical style. The defence was later adopted by a number of prominent players, including Vasily Smyslov , Viktor Korchnoi , Leonid Stein and Bobby Fischer . Garry Kasparov often used the defence, including in his World Championship matches against Anatoly Karpov in 1986, 1987 and 1990, and Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Notable 21st-century players who have employed the opening include Magnus Carlsen , Maxime Vachier-Lagrave , Loek van Wely , Peter Svidler , Peter Leko , Viswanathan Anand , Luke McShane , Ian Nepomniachtchi and Gata Kamsky . Anand employed it twice in

147-467: Is not often met in top-flight play today, its usage having declined significantly since its heyday in the 1930s. In this variation, play may also continue 4.Bf4 Bg7 5.e3 0-0, which is known as the Grünfeld Gambit ( ECO code D83). White can accept the gambit by playing 6.cxd5 Nxd5 7.Nxd5 Qxd5 8.Bxc7, or decline it with 6.Qb3 or 6.Rc1, to which Black responds with 6...c5. Systems in which White delays

168-400: Is sufficient compensation for a pawn ( Fine & Benko 2003 :586). In this position from a game between Lev Polugaevsky and Larry Evans , the rook on the seventh rank enables White to draw , despite being a pawn down ( Griffiths 1992 :102–3). A famous 1960 game between future world champions Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer began with a King's Gambit opening . White sacrifices

189-464: Is the Seville Variation, after 6...Bg7 7.Bc4 c5 8.Ne2 Nc6 9.Be3 0-0 10.0-0 Bg4 11.f3 Na5 12.Bxf7+, long thought a poor move by theory, as the resultant dark-square weakness had been believed to give Black more than enough compensation for the pawn. White can develop their pieces in a number of ways in the Exchange Variation. For decades, theory held that the correct method of development

210-401: Is the typically short-term positional advantages a player gains in exchange for typically material disadvantage. Short-term advantages involve initiative and attack . Compensation can include: A rook on the seventh rank (the opponent's second rank) is usually very powerful, as it threatens the opponent's unadvanced pawns and hems in the enemy king. A rook on the seventh rank

231-639: The World Chess Championship 2010 . In the World Chess Championship 2012 between Anand and Boris Gelfand , each player used the Grünfeld once with both games ending in draws. Anand faced the Grünfeld against Magnus Carlsen during the first game of the World Chess Championship 2014 and drew in a Rook and Queen ending. The Game of the Century between Donald Byrne and 13-year-old Bobby Fischer on October 17, 1956, featured this opening, although arriving in

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252-801: The Grünfeld via a transposition of moves (using 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.d4 0-0 5.Bf4 d5). The main line of the Grünfeld, the Exchange Variation ( ECO codes D85–D89), is defined by the continuation 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.e4. Now White has an imposing looking centre – and the main continuation 5...Nxc3 6.bxc3 strengthens it still further. Black generally attacks White's centre with ...c5 and ...Bg7, often followed by moves such as ...Qa5, ...cxd4, ...Bg4 and ...Nc6. White often uses their big centre to launch an attack against Black's king. One subvariation, frequently played by Karpov, including four games of his 1987 world championship match against Kasparov in Seville, Spain ,

273-460: The black pieces. In bringing more pressure to bear against Black's central outpost on d5, White practically forces ...dxc4, thus gaining a central preponderance; however, in return, their queen will often be exposed as Black's queenside play unfolds in the middlegame. After 5...dxc4 6.Qxc4 0-0 7.e4 Black has several primary options: The Hungarian Variation, 7...a6, has been championed by Peter Leko . Named after Vasily Smyslov , 7...Bg4 8.Be3 Nfd7

294-1190: The development Nc3 are known as the Neo-Grünfeld Defence ( ECO code D70–D79); typical move orders are 1.d4 Nf6 2.g3 g6 3.c4 d5 or, more commonly, 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.g3 d5 (the latter is known as the Kemeri Variation). Apart from the above, among the more popular continuations are: Smyslov vs. Fischer, Herceg Novi Blitz Tournament, 1970: 1.c4 g6 2.g3 Bg7 3.Bg2 Nf6 4.Nf3 0-0 5.0-0 c6 6.d4 d5 7.cxd5 cxd5 8.Nc3 Ne4 9.Qb3 Nc6 10.Be3 Na5 11.Qd1 Nxc3 12.bxc3 b6 13.Ne5 Ba6 14.Re1 Rc8 15.Bd2 e6 16.e4 Bb7 17.exd5 Bxd5 18.Bxd5 Qxd5 19.Qe2 Rfd8 20.Ng4 Nc4 21.Bh6 f5 22.Bxg7 Kxg7 23.Ne3 Nxe3 24.Qxe3 Rc6 25.Rac1 Rdc8 26.c4 Rxc4 27.Rxc4 Rxc4 28.Qxe6 Qxe6 29.Rxe6 Kf7 30.Re3 Rxd4 31.Ra3 a5 32.Rc3 Ke6 33.Kg2 Kd6 34.h4 Ra4 35.Rc2 b5 36.Kf3 b4 37.Ke3 Kd5 38.f3 Ra3+ 39.Kf4 a4 40.g4 fxg4 41.fxg4 b3 42.axb3 axb3 43.Rc7 Ra4+ 44.Kg5 Rb4 45.Rc1 Kd4 46.Kh6 Rb7 0–1 Glossary of chess#center pawn This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess , in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin . For

315-452: The more usual 8.Nf3 exd5 after which play generally proceeds on lines analogous to the Queen's Gambit Declined , Exchange Variation, with a queenside minority attack by White (b2–b4–b5xc6), as Black aims for their traditional kingside play with f7–f5–f4 and, in this case, g6–g5. For players who do not wish to take on the complexities of the Exchange Variation, the move 4.Bf4 is generally considered

336-410: The nearly universal 5...Ne4, White plays 6.Bh4 or 6.cxd5, with Black then opting for either 6...Nxc3 7.bxc3 dxc4 or 6...Nxg5 7.Nxg5 e6. In the latter case, 7...c6 is sometimes tried. 6.Nxd5 ? grabbing the pawn loses a piece after 6...Nxg5 7.Nxg5 e6. After 6.cxd5 Nxg5 7.Nxg5 e6, White has 8.Qd2 exd5 9.Qe3+, with attacking chances (though the interpolation 8...h6 9.Nf3 exd5 is a significant alternative), or

357-443: The opening, in which, with an open center, Black has a pawn and the bishop pair for the exchange . A relatively interesting middlegame has been reached. White is up the exchange , while Black is compensated by two active bishops forming a crisscross pattern. Opposite-colored bishops sometimes give the defender drawing chances in the long run, even if the opponent has a material advantage of one or two pawns or even

378-462: The rook from the sensitive a1–h8 diagonal, as well as attempting to hinder the development of Black's queenside . Another, relatively recently developed system involves quickly playing Be3, Qd2 and Rc1 or Rd1 to fortify White's centre, remove White's rook from the diagonal and possibly enable an early d5 push by White. Vladimir Kramnik and Boris Gelfand are the leading practitioners as White, and Ľubomír Ftáčnik has had many fine results with

399-474: Was a topical line from the 1950s through the mid-1970s. 7...Na6 is Lodewijk Prins 's idea, which Kasparov favoured in several of his World Championship matches against Karpov. This line is commonly seen in recent games. After 7...Nc6, White will most commonly play 8.Be2, followed by 8...e5! 9.d5 Nd4 10.Nxd4 exd4 11.Qxd4. A pawn sacrifice to develop Black's pieces and generate active counterplay. 7...c6, 7...b6 In this line, favoured by Yasser Seirawan , after

420-684: Was coming to the fore in the 1920s, held that a large pawn centre could be a liability rather than an asset. The Grünfeld is therefore a key hypermodern opening, showing in stark terms how a large pawn centre can either be a powerful battering ram or a target for attack. The first instance of this opening is in an 1855 game by Moheschunder Bannerjee , an Indian player who had transitioned from Indian chess rules, playing Black against John Cochrane in Calcutta, in May 1855: and White mates in three (19.Nh6+ double check Kh8 20.Qg8+ Rxg8 21.Nf7 # ). Cochrane published

441-419: Was with Bc4 and Ne2, often followed by 0-0 and f4–f5, playing for a central breakthrough or kingside attack. It was generally thought that an early Nf3 was weak in the Exchange Variation because it allowed Black too much pressure on the centre with ...Bg4. In the late 1970s, however, Karpov, Kasparov and others found different methods to play the Exchange Variation with White, often involving an early Rb1 to remove

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