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78-585: The term was proposed by German biologist Ernst Haeckel to differentiate between the active swimmers in a body of water , and the planktons that were passively carried along by the current. As a guideline, nektonic organisms have a high Reynolds number (greater than 1000) and planktonic organisms a low one (less than 10). Some organisms begin their life cycle as planktonic eggs and larvae , and transition to nektonic juveniles and adults later on in life, sometimes making distinction difficult when attempting to classify certain plankton-to-nekton species as one or

156-513: A 'just' state; his belief that harsh, inexorable laws of evolution ruled human civilization and nature alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others ... all contributed to the rise of Nazism." In his introduction to the Nazi party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg 's 1930 book, [The Myth of the Twentieth Century] , Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed read Haeckel. In

234-477: A Dutchman named Eugène Dubois searched the East Indies from 1887 to 1895, discovering the remains of Java Man in 1891, consisting of a skullcap, thighbone, and a few teeth. These remains are among the oldest hominid remains ever found. Dubois classified Java Man with Haeckel's Pithecanthropus label, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus . Some scientists of the day suggested Dubois' Java Man as

312-641: A book which would go on to influence the Art Nouveau artistic movement. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträthsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddles of the Universe , 1900), the genesis for the term " world riddle " ( Welträtsel ); and Freedom in Science and Teaching to support teaching evolution. Haeckel was also a promoter of scientific racism and embraced the idea of Social Darwinism . He

390-421: A degree in the undergraduate, graduate, and technical college levels. Preparation for a biological illustration career can include a background of art or science, or a combination of both. Skills development in biological illustration can involve two-dimensional art, animation , graphic design , and sculpture (such as necessary in custom prosthetics ). It is possible to work in biological illustration without

468-435: A doctrine of evolutionary polygenism based on the ideas of the linguist August Schleicher , in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman Urmenschen ( German : proto-humans ), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved – in

546-542: A dramatic double page illustration showing "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of 8 different vertebrates. Though Haeckel's views had attracted continuing controversy, there had been little dispute about the embryos and he had many expert supporters, but Wilhelm His revived the earlier criticisms and introduced new attacks on the 1874 illustrations. Others joined in: both expert anatomists and Catholic priests and supporters were politically opposed to Haeckel's views. While it has been widely claimed that Haeckel

624-419: A drawing of an embryo, I have given one of man and another of a dog, at about the same early stage of development, carefully copied from two works of undoubted accuracy" with a footnote citing the sources and noting that "Häckel has also given analogous drawings in his Schöpfungsgeschichte. " The fifth edition of Haeckel's book appeared in 1874, with its frontispiece a heroic portrait of Haeckel himself, replacing

702-464: A dwarf human type, has recently been discovered in the island of Flores). The creationist polygenism of Samuel George Morton and Louis Agassiz , which presented human races as separately created species , was rejected by Charles Darwin , who argued for the monogenesis of the human species and the African origin of modern humans . In contrast to most of Darwin's supporters, Haeckel put forward

780-486: A forerunner of the views of Carleton Coon , who also believed that human races evolved independently and in parallel with each other. These ideas eventually fell from favour. Haeckel also applied the hypothesis of polygenism to the modern diversity of human groups. He became a key figure in social darwinism and leading proponent of scientific racism , stating for instance: The Caucasian, or Mediterranean man ( Homo Mediterraneus ), has from time immemorial been placed at

858-455: A grid conveyed a powerful evolutionary message. As a book for the general public, it followed the common practice of not citing sources. The book sold very well, and while some anatomical experts hostile to Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed some private concerns that certain figures had been drawn rather freely, the figures showed what they already knew about similarities in embryos. The first published concerns came from Ludwig Rütimeyer ,

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936-470: A kind of Lamarckian use-inheritance – as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. From this, Haeckel drew the implication that languages with the most potential yield the human races with the most potential, led by the Semitic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Berber, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to the fore. As Haeckel stated: We must mention here one of the most important results of

1014-444: A mammal, a bird, or of a reptile, and Darwin's own research using embryonic stages of barnacles to show that they are crustaceans , while cautioning against the idea that one organism or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more or less evolved. Haeckel disregarded such caution, and in a year wrote his massive and ambitious Generelle Morphologie , published in 1866, presenting a revolutionary new synthesis of Darwin's ideas with

1092-492: A mammoth with a darkened area where the heart should be. If this is indeed the intention of the illustration, it would be the world's first anatomical illustration. During the Renaissance , artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci famously sketched his observations from human dissections, as well as his studies of plants and the flight of birds . In the mid-16th century, the physician Andreas Vesalius compiled and published

1170-1187: A popular work he used a student's transcript of his lectures as the basis of his Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte of 1868, presenting a comprehensive presentation of evolution. In the Spring of that year he drew figures for the book, synthesising his views of specimens in Jena and published pictures to represent types. After publication he told a colleague that the images "are completely exact, partly copied from nature, partly assembled from all illustrations of these early stages that have hitherto become known". There were various styles of embryological drawings at that time, ranging from more schematic representations to "naturalistic" illustrations of specific specimens. Haeckel believed privately that his figures were both exact and synthetic, and in public asserted that they were schematic like most figures used in teaching. The images were reworked to match in size and orientation, and though displaying Haeckel's own views of essential features, they support von Baer's concept that vertebrate embryos begin similarly and then diverge. Relating different images on

1248-456: A potential intermediate form between modern humans and the common ancestor we share with the other great apes . The current consensus of anthropologists is that the direct ancestors of modern humans were African populations of Homo erectus (possibly Homo ergaster ), rather than the Asian populations exemplified by Java Man and Peking Man . (Ironically, a new human species, Homo floresiensis ,

1326-408: A professor of comparative anatomy . Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory , and although he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria , many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have never been found. He

1404-563: A professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Basel who had placed fossil mammals in an evolutionary lineage early in the 1860s and had been sent a complimentary copy. At the end of 1868 his review in the Archiv für Anthropologie wondered about the claim that the work was "popular and scholarly", doubting whether the second was true, and expressed horror about such public discussion of man's place in nature with illustrations such as

1482-446: A proposal for a "strictly scholarly and objective" second edition. Haeckel's aim was a reformed morphology with evolution as the organising principle of a cosmic synthesis unifying science, religion, and art. He was giving successful "popular lectures" on his ideas to students and townspeople in Jena , in an approach pioneered by his teacher Rudolf Virchow . To meet his publisher's need for

1560-550: A specific degree, but a degree will significantly enhance an illustrator's employment opportunities. Job applications can be submitted to scientific researchers, publishers of scientific manuscripts, research institutions, museums, scientific foundations, commercial book publishers or university presses, individual authors, hospitals and medical training centers, local and state government offices, park services, environmental control offices, special government committees, printers and commercial publishing houses. Employment opportunities in

1638-420: A version of the earlier recapitulation theory previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s and supported by followers of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire including Robert Edmond Grant . It proposed a link between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent), summed up by Haeckel in the phrase " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ". His concept of recapitulation has been refuted in

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1716-646: Is called "Universal History", first rose to a flourishing condition on the shores of the Mediterranean. ... This species alone (with the exception of the Mongolian) has had an actual history; it alone has attained to that degree of civilisation which seems to raise men above the rest of nature. Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the Caucasian was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction. In his view, 'Negroes' were savages and Whites were

1794-404: Is common in many art careers. Biological illustration has traditionally employed the techniques of using carbon dust , color pencil , stipple pen and ink, lithography , watercolor and gouache ; however, digital illustration has recently become more important in the field. Every professional scientific illustration begins with multiple rough sketches. Many details must be discussed between

1872-571: Is everywhere. Haeckel became the most famous proponent of Monism in Germany. In 1906 Haeckel belonged to the founders of the Monist League ( Deutscher Monistenbund ), which took a stance against philosophical materialism and promote a "natural Weltanschauung". This organization lasted until 1933 and included such notable members as Wilhelm Ostwald , Georg von Arco (1869–1940), Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn . Haeckel's affinity for

1950-408: Is identified as being planktonic but when they grow and increase in body size they become gradually more nektonic. A typical example is the medusa of the jellyfish , which can actively propel itself (though generally insufficient to overcome strong currents). Ernst Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel ( German: [ɛʁnst ˈhɛkl̩] ; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919)

2028-572: Is sometimes considered an obsolete term because it often does not allow for the meaningful quantifiable distinction between these two groups. The colonization of water column is extremely crucial and important for the evolution of marine animals. During the Devonian Nekton Revolution (DNR) well known as the ‘age of fishes’ accounted more than eighty-five percent of nekton were widespread during the Carboniferous period, that took place during

2106-496: Is the use of technical illustration to visually communicate the structure and specific details of biological subjects of study. This can be used to demonstrate anatomy , explain biological functions or interactions, direct surgical procedures, distinguish species, and other applications. The scope of biological illustration can range from the whole organism level to microscopic. Types of biological illustrations include: Historically, biological illustrations have been in use since

2184-529: The De humani corporis fabrica , a collection of textbooks on human anatomy superior to any illustrations that had been produced until that point. In the early 1600s, the explorer Étienne de Flacourt documented his travels to Madagascar , and illustrated the unique fauna there, setting a precedent for future explorers as world travel became a more feasible reality. During his five-year voyage aboard HMS  Beagle , Charles Darwin wrote and illustrated The Voyage of

2262-613: The Canary Islands with Hermann Fol . On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. Over the next few days he met Charles Lyell , and visited Thomas Huxley and family at their home. On 21 October he visited Charles Darwin at Down House in Kent. In 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was born in 1868, their daughters Elizabeth in 1871 and Emma in 1873. In 1869 he traveled as a researcher to Norway , in 1871 to Croatia (where he lived on

2340-551: The German Zoological Society , rejects the idea of human " races " and distances itself from the racial theories of Ernst Haeckel and other 20th century scientists. It claims that genetic variation between human populations is smaller than within them, demonstrating that the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no specific genes or genetic markers that match with conventional racial categorizations . It also indicates that

2418-557: The University of Jena for three years. In 1861 he earned a habilitation in comparative anatomy and became a professor of zoology at the University at Jena , where he remained for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909. Between 1859 and 1866 Haeckel worked on many phyla, such as radiolarians , poriferans ( sponges ) and annelids (segmented worms). During a trip to the Mediterranean , Haeckel named nearly 150 new species of radiolarians. From 1866 to 1867 Haeckel made an extended journey to

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2496-490: The asteroid 12323 Haeckel . In Jena he is remembered with a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969), an exhibition at Ernst-Haeckel-Haus, and at the Jena Phyletic Museum , which continues to teach about evolution and share his work to this day. The ratfish, Harriotta haeckeli is named in his honor. The research vessel Ernst Haeckel is named in his honor. In 1981, a botanical journal called Ernstia

2574-455: The missing link was to be found on the lost continent of Lemuria located in the Indian Ocean. He believed that Lemuria was the home of the first humans and that Asia was the home of many of the earliest primates ; he thus supported that Asia was the cradle of hominid evolution. Haeckel also claimed that Lemuria connected Asia and Africa, which allowed the migration of humans to the rest of

2652-720: The Beagle , which was published in 1839. In the beginning of the 20th century, one of the most prolific biological illustrators, Ernst Haeckel , discovered, described, and named thousands of new species, and his published work, Kunstformen der Natur , contained hundreds of prints of various organisms, many of which were first described by Haeckel himself. Biological illustrations can be found in use in history and anatomy textbooks, nature guides, natural history museums , scientific magazines and journals , botanical gardens , zoos and aquariums , surgical training manuals, and many more applications. Biological illustration can be pursued as

2730-504: The German Romantic movement , coupled with his acceptance of a form of Lamarckism , influenced his political beliefs. Rather than being a strict Darwinian , Haeckel believed that the characteristics of an organism were acquired through interactions with the environment and that ontogeny reflected phylogeny . He saw the social sciences as instances of "applied biology", and that phrase was picked up and used for Nazi propaganda. He

2808-687: The German tradition of Naturphilosophie going back to Goethe and with the progressive evolutionism of Lamarck in what he called Darwinismus . He used morphology to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life , in the absence of fossil evidence using embryology as evidence of ancestral relationships. He invented new terms, including ontogeny and phylogeny , to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were heavy going: with his limited understanding of German, Darwin found them impossible to read. Haeckel's publisher turned down

2886-501: The Paleozoic era. Some biologists no longer use it. As a guideline, nekton are larger and tend to swim largely at biologically high Reynolds numbers (>10 and up beyond 10), where inertial flows are the rule, and eddies (vortices) are easily shed. Plankton, on the other hand, are small and, if they swim at all, do so at biologically low Reynolds numbers (0.001 to 10), where the viscous behavior of water dominates, and reversible flows are

2964-442: The adult of another species, showing affinity to an archetype but no relation to other types or any transmutation of species . By the time Haeckel was teaching he was able to use a textbook with woodcut illustrations written by his own teacher Albert von Kölliker , which purported to explain human development while also using other mammalian embryos to claim a coherent sequence. Despite the significance to ideas of transformism, this

3042-450: The anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectures in Würzburg. In 1857 Haeckel attained a doctorate in medicine, and afterwards he received the license to practice medicine. The occupation of physician appeared less worthwhile to Haeckel after contact with suffering patients. Haeckel studied under Carl Gegenbaur at

3120-451: The artist and scientist before a final drawing can be completed, and additional preliminary drawings must be prepared in order to work out aesthetic details. Pen and ink (often a flex nib fountain pen) line illustrations are clean, crisp, clear, and inexpensive to produce, making them ideal for biological illustrations. Ink drawings are typically made on a heavy drawing paper, such as Bristol board . Digital illustration can be done using

3198-460: The beginning of man's exploration and attempts to understand the world around him. The paleolithic cave paintings were so detailed that we can even recognize species and breeds of many of the depicted animals today. For example, in the Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave (circa 30,000 BC), at least 13 different species have been identified. In one prehistoric cave (circa 15,000 BC), there is a drawing of

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3276-556: The biological illustration profession are fairly limited, full-time jobs are not often available, and many experienced illustrators are self-employed , on short-term contracts, or work in science communication careers with few illustration duties. Many illustrators prefer the flexibility of their own working arrangements, but this is only possible when they are well established in the field and capable of locating work when needed. Many freelance illustrators supplement their salary with commercial illustration and graphic design projects, as

3354-401: The book's first publication in 1899; ultimately, over 400,000 copies were sold. Haeckel argued that human evolution consisted of precisely 22 phases, the 21st – the " missing link " – being a halfway step between apes and humans. He even formally named this missing link Pithecanthropus alalus , translated as "ape man without speech". Biological illustration Biological illustration

3432-517: The claims of fraud. It was later said that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between Haeckel and Wilhelm His . Robert J. Richards , in a paper published in 2008, defends the case for Haeckel, shedding doubt against the fraud accusations based on the material used for comparison with what Haeckel could access at the time. Haeckel was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1885. He

3510-502: The comparative study of languages, which for the Stammbaum of the species of men is of the highest significance, namely that human languages probably had a multiple or polyphyletic origin. Human language as such probably developed only after the species of speechless Urmenschen or Affenmenschen ( German : ape-men ) had split into several species or kinds. With each of these human species, language developed on its own and independently of

3588-410: The evolutionary trees being shown to non-experts. Though he made no suggestion that embryo illustrations should be directly based on specimens, to him the subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an artist must "not arbitrarily model or generalise his originals for speculative purposes" which he considered proved by comparison with works by other authors. In particular, "one and

3666-400: The field of study, concluding that "Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we thus look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class of animals." It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it to Louis Agassiz ) that at an early stage embryos were so similar that it could be impossible to tell whether an unlabelled specimen was of

3744-460: The form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of the ideas first advanced by Karl Ernst von Baer . The strong recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny as repeating forms of adult ancestors, while weak recapitulation means that what is repeated (and built upon) is the ancestral embryonic development process. Haeckel supported the theory with embryo drawings that have since been shown to be oversimplified and in part inaccurate, and

3822-474: The head of all the races of men, as the most highly developed and perfect. It is generally called the Caucasian race, but as, among all the varieties of the species, the Caucasian branch is the least important, we prefer the much more suitable appellation proposed by Friedrich Müller , namely, that of Mediterranese . For the most important varieties of this species, which are moreover the most eminent actors in what

3900-466: The idea of "races" is based on racism rather than any scientific factuality. Haeckel claimed the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia: he believed that Hindustan (Indian subcontinent) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa. Haeckel later claimed that

3978-512: The illustrations were praised by experts such as Michael Foster of the University of Cambridge . In the introduction to his 1871 The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , Darwin gave particular praise to Haeckel, writing that if Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte "had appeared before my essay had been written, I should probably never have completed it". The first chapter included an illustration: "As some of my readers may never have seen

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4056-450: The influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny , parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny . The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures , collected in his Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"),

4134-510: The island of Hvar in a monastery), and in 1873 to Egypt , Turkey , and Greece . In 1907 he had a museum built in Jena to teach the public about evolution . Haeckel retired from teaching in 1909, and in 1910 he withdrew from the Evangelical Church of Prussia . On the occasion of his 80th birthday celebration he was presented with a two-volume work entitled Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Ernst Haeckel) , edited at

4212-444: The most civilised: for instance, he claimed that '[t]he Negro' had stronger and more freely movable toes than any other race, which, he argued, was evidence of their being less evolved, and which led him to compare them to ' "four-handed" Apes'. In his Ontogeny and Phylogeny Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; his call to the German people for racial purity and unflinching devotion to

4290-466: The other. For this reason, some biologists avoid using this term. The term was first proposed and used by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1891 in his article Plankton-Studien where he contrasted it with plankton , the aggregate of passively floating, drifting, or somewhat motile organisms present in a body of water, primarily tiny algae and bacteria , small eggs and larvae of marine organisms, and protozoa and other minute consumers. Today it

4368-412: The others. At least this is the view of Schleicher, one of the foremost authorities on this subject. ... If one views the origin of the branches of language as the special and principal act of becoming human, and the species of humankind as distinguished according to their language stem, then one can say that the different species of men arose independently of one another. Haeckel's view can be seen as

4446-589: The previous controversial image of the heads of apes and humans. Later in 1874, Haeckel's simplified embryology textbook Anthropogenie made the subject into a battleground over Darwinism aligned with Bismarck's Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") against the Catholic Church. Haeckel took particular care over the illustrations, changing to the leading zoological publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Leipzig and obtaining from them use of illustrations from their other textbooks as well as preparing his own drawings including

4524-679: The request of the German Monistenbund by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena. In 1864, his first wife, Anna Sethe, died. Haeckel dedicated some species of jellyfish that he found beautiful (such as Desmonema annasethe ) to her. Haeckel's second wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and he became substantially frailer, breaking his leg and arm. He sold his "Villa Medusa" in Jena in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss foundation , which preserved his library. Haeckel died on 9 August 1919. In Monism as Connecting Religion and Science (1892), he argued in favor of monism as

4602-547: The rule. Organisms such as jellyfish and others are considered plankton when they are very small and swim at low Reynolds numbers, and considered nekton as they grow large enough to swim at high Reynolds numbers. Many animals considered classic examples of nekton (e.g., Mola mola , squid , marlin ) start out life as tiny members of the plankton and then, it was argued, gradually transition to nekton as they grow. Oceanic nekton comprises aquatic animals largely from three clades : There are organisms whose initial life stage

4680-741: The same line of thought, historian Daniel Gasman states that Haeckel's ideology stimulated the birth of Fascist ideology in Italy and France. However, in 2009 Robert J. Richards noted: "Haeckel, on his travels to Ceylon and Indonesia, often formed closer and more intimate relations with natives, even members of the untouchable classes, than with the European colonials." and says the Nazis rejected Haeckel, since he opposed antisemitism, while supporting ideas they disliked (for instance atheism, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.). The Jena Declaration , published by

4758-437: The same, moreover incorrectly interpreted woodcut, is presented to the reader three times in a row and with three different captions as [the] embryo of the dog, the chick, [and] the turtle". He accused Haeckel of "playing fast and loose with the public and with science", and failing to live up to the obligation to the truth of every serious researcher. Haeckel responded with angry accusations of bowing to religious prejudice, but in

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4836-442: The second (1870) edition changed the duplicated embryo images to a single image captioned "embryo of a mammal or bird". Duplication using galvanoplastic stereotypes ( clichés ) was a common technique in textbooks, but not on the same page to represent different eggs or embryos. In 1891 Haeckel made the excuse that this "extremely rash foolishness" had occurred in undue haste but was "bona fide", and since repetition of incidental details

4914-438: The theory is now considered an oversimplification of quite complicated relationships, however comparison of embryos remains a powerful way to demonstrate that all animals are related. Haeckel introduced the concept of heterochrony , the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution. Haeckel was a flamboyant figure, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence. For example, at

4992-636: The time when Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), Haeckel postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ). At that time, no remains of human ancestors had yet been identified. He described these theoretical remains in great detail and even named the as-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus , and instructed his students such as Richard and Oskar Hertwig to go and find it. One student did find some remains:

5070-426: The tiny forms under a reflecting microscope, with the translucent tissues seen against a black background. Developmental series were used to show stages within a species, but inconsistent views and stages made it even more difficult to compare different species. It was agreed by all European evolutionists that all vertebrates looked very similar at an early stage, in what was thought of as a common ideal type, but there

5148-470: The view most compatible with the current scientific understanding of the natural world. His perspective of monism was pantheistic and impersonal. The monistic idea of God, which alone is compatible with our present knowledge of nature, recognizes the divine spirit in all things. It can never recognise in God a "personal being," or, in other words, an individual of limited extension in space, or even of human form. God

5226-428: The world. In Haeckel's book The History of Creation (1884) he included migration routes which he thought the first humans had used outside of Lemuria. When Haeckel was a student in the 1850s he showed great interest in embryology , attending the rather unpopular lectures twice and in his notes sketched the visual aids: textbooks had few illustrations, and large format plates were used to show students how to see

5304-424: Was a German zoologist , naturalist , eugenicist , philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist. He discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms and coined many terms in biology , including ecology , phylum , phylogeny , and Protista . Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin 's work in Germany and developed

5382-501: Was a continuing debate from the 1820s between the Romantic recapitulation theory that human embryos developed through stages of the forms of all the major groups of adult animals, literally manifesting a sequence of organisms on a linear chain of being , and Karl Ernst von Baer 's opposing view, stated in von Baer's laws of embryology , that the early general forms diverged into four major groups of specialised forms without ever resembling

5460-714: Was a technical book rather than a work of popular science: long, difficult and with few illustrations. One of Haeckel's books did a great deal to explain his version of " Darwinism " to the world. It was a bestselling, provocatively illustrated book in German, titled Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte , published in Berlin in 1868, and translated into English as The History of Creation in 1876. Until 1909, eleven editions had appeared, as well as 25 translations into other languages. The Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte cemented Haeckel's reputation as one of Germany's most forceful popularizers of science. His Welträthsel were reprinted ten times after

5538-697: Was awarded the title of Excellency by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1907 and the Linnean Society of London 's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908. In the United States, Mount Haeckel , a 13,418 ft (4,090 m) summit in the Eastern Sierra Nevada , overlooking the Evolution Basin, is named in his honour, as is another Mount Haeckel , a 2,941 m (9,649 ft) summit in New Zealand ; and

5616-415: Was charged with fraud by five professors and convicted by a university court at Jena, there does not appear to be an independently verifiable source for this claim. Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Richardson and Keuck 2002) have found that some of the criticisms of Haeckel's embryo drawings were legitimate, but others were unfounded. There were multiple versions of the embryo drawings, and Haeckel rejected

5694-441: Was not really polite enough for the new popular science writing, and was a matter for medical institutions and for experts who could make their own comparisons. Darwin's On the Origin of Species , which made a powerful impression on Haeckel when he read it in 1864, was very cautious about the possibility of ever reconstructing the history of life, but did include a section reinterpreting von Baer's embryology and revolutionising

5772-502: Was obvious on close inspection, it is unlikely to have been intentional deception. The revised 1870 second edition of 1,500 copies attracted more attention, being quickly followed by further revised editions with larger print runs as the book became a prominent part of the optimistic, nationalist, anticlerical "culture of progress" in Otto von Bismarck 's new German Empire . The similarity of early vertebrate embryos became common knowledge, and

5850-499: Was one of the first to consider psychology as a branch of physiology . He also proposed the kingdom Protista in 1866. His chief interests lay in evolution and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated Kunstformen der Natur ( Art forms of nature ). Haeckel did not support natural selection , rather believing in Lamarckism . Haeckel advanced

5928-474: Was started being published in the city of Maracay , Venezuela. In 2013, Ernstia , a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Clathrinidae . The genus was erected to contain five species previously assigned to Clathrina . The genus name honors Ernst Haeckel for his contributions towards sponge taxonomy and phylogeny. Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species had immense popular influence, but although its sales exceeded its publisher's hopes it

6006-745: Was the first person to characterize the Great War the "first" World War, which he did as early as 1914. Ernst Haeckel was born on 16 February 1834, in Potsdam (then part of the Kingdom of Prussia ). In 1852 Haeckel completed studies at the Domgymnasium , the cathedral high-school of Merseburg . He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg , particularly with Albert von Kölliker , Franz Leydig , Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with

6084-460: Was the first person to use the term "first world war" about World War I . However, Haeckel's books were banned by the Nazi Party, which refused Monism and Haeckel's freedom of thought. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that Haeckel had often overtly recognized the great contribution of educated Jews to the German culture. Haeckel was a zoologist , an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later

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