123-582: Near East University Hospital is the largest and one of the leading medical facilities in North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus . It is affiliated with the Near East University Faculty of Medicine. Near East University Hospital officially opened its doors to public on 20 July 2010 with a grand opening party that hosted Turkish Minister of Justice, Cemil Cicek , and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus President Dervis Eroglu . The NEU Hospital has
246-646: A muhtar , who is elected by the residents in local elections. There are 25 quarters within the jurisdiction of the Nicosia Turkish Municipality, of which 12 are in the walled city and 13 are outside, and below is list of them sorted according to population according to the 2011 census: The walled city of Nicosia is very rich in history, culture and architecture. The northern part is richer in historical buildings and cultural works, with its Selimiye quarter retaining its complete historical character and atmosphere. The walled city overall has been declared
369-622: A 55,000 square-meter closed area with 209 private single patient rooms, 8 operating theatres, 30-bed Intensive Care Unit, 17-bed Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, laboratories and a cutting-edge diagnostic imaging center. To fulfil the diverse needs of the international patients an "International Patient Coordination Center" has been created. This facility arranges and coordinates the transfer of international patients and their companions to and from North Cyprus. North Nicosia North Nicosia or Northern Nicosia ( Turkish : Kuzey Lefkoşa [kuˈzej lefˈkoʃa] ; Greek : Βόρεια Λευκωσία )
492-543: A centre of commerce as the construction of offices grew by 74.2%. Recently, programmes have been put to place to regulate the growth of the city that has expanded uncontrollably. North Nicosia has been identified as a city with a high amount of development and welfare. One aspect of North Nicosia that gives it the advantage for economical growth is its central position in Northern Cyprus, where transport links from Kyrenia , Famagusta and Morphou intersect. North Nicosia
615-521: A corps-division-brigade system, with a varying number of divisions and brigades assigned to a corps. The IISS Military Balance 1966–67 recorded a total strength of 360,000, with 16 infantry divisions (14 NATO assigned), 4 armoured brigades (Zırhlı tugay) with M47 Patton tanks, armoured cavalry regiments, and two parachute battalions. At some point in the 1960s the Army apparently utilised the Pentomic structure for
738-429: A high military command, was established by Mahmud II in 1826 to fulfill the duties of the commander-in-chief, and on 14 March 1827, Imperial Military School of Medicine , which is the basis of Turkey's first medical faculty and modern military hospital Gülhane Training and Research Hospital , was established to meet the army's need for physicians and surgeons. Harbiye Military School was later established in 1834 as
861-475: A long period, these formations were grouped under the NATO headquarters Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe (LANDSOUTHEAST) in İzmir, led by a Turkish Army four-star General. In mid-1982, the Army had two mechanised infantry divisions, and fourteen Infantry Divisions, six armoured brigades, and four mechanised brigades, with 3,000 M48 MBTs, 500 M47 MBTs, as well as 50 Leopard 1A3s, plus another 20 on order, for
984-520: A modern officer school modeled on the French and Prussian armies, taught by European instructors. The name of the army was changed to Asâkir-i Nizâmiye-i Şâhâne (Royal Regular Army ) by Sultan Abdülmecid on 14 June 1843. From this date onwards, the army began to be known simply as the Nizami Ordu (Regular Army) . Kuleli Military High School was opened in 1845. In 1848, Erkan-ı Harbiye Military Academy
1107-490: A new exhibition hall was unveiled in the Near East University, whose students participate in organisations abroad. Photography exhibitions and competitions take place in the city, organised by the state and private institutions alike. Traditional handicrafts are also actively practised, with exhibitions taking place. The city is home to a number of museums. The Dervish Pasha Mansion is similar in architecture to
1230-550: A number of formations. Turkey had been severely stretched by its actions in World War I and the leadership wished to avoid such a costly commitment. Neutral for most of the war, Turkey declared war on Nazi Germany in February 1945, after being given an ultimatum by the Allies of World War II to do so by March 1, 1945, if Turkey wanted a seat in the future United Nations . In August 1947,
1353-693: A period, before adopting the American ROAD divisional organisation. Back in the early 1970s, there was a 6th Infantry Division based at Istanbul. The U.S. Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey, written by Thomas Roberts, said in late 1968 that the army had 425,000 men (p. 385), three field armies (First: Istanbul, Second: Konya, Third: Erzurum ), thirteen infantry divisions, one armoured division (with M-47s and M-48s), four armoured brigades ( M47 Patton tanks), two armoured cavalry regiment, two mechanised infantry brigades, and two parachute battalions. There
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#17330927519201476-499: A period; it became Allied Air Component Command Izmir in 2004. The headquarters' land-focused roots were revived in the 2010s when NATO's two air commands were reduced into one (at Ramstein, Germany) and Allied Land Command was established at the site. Towards the end of the 1980s, a restructuring and modernization process has been initiated by the Turkish Armed Forces, which still continues today. The final goal of Turkey
1599-634: A protected area by the Turkish Cypriot Department of Antiquities, and 672 buildings and places of historical value have been registered in it. At the centre of the walled city lies the Atatürk Square , widely known as Sarayönü. The square has been dubbed as "the heart of Nicosia" and historically has been the cultural center of the Turkish Cypriot community, with the visiting Turkish prime ministers having delivered speeches before and during
1722-568: A rapid modernization effort that took the military and technical developments in Europe as an example, the new army decree was approved by Sultan Mahmud II on July 7, 1826, and the Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye Army, the modern army of the empire, was established. After this date, Sultan Mahmud II accelerated his reform efforts and started to establish schools and institutions to support the new army. The Seraskerlik institution,
1845-475: A student population over 34,000, North Nicosia is an important centre of education and research and is home to four universities, of which the Near East University is the biggest. Following the intercommunal violence of the 1960s, the capital of Republic of Cyprus was divided between the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in the south and north respectively in 1963. A coup by
1968-610: A supercomputer that ranks the 13th in the world and the first in the region in terms of computation speed and capacity, used to help universities from Turkey in their research along with the university itself, and has participated in the Large Hadron Collider experiment at CERN , as well as Ebola virus disease treatment research. The NEU has also locally developed and manufactured a completely solar energy-powered car and has research centers in topics ranging from tissue engineering to history. The Cyprus International University
2091-671: A total of 1,000 new Otokar Altay MBTs, in four separate batches of 250 units, with the MİTÜP Turkish National Tank Project . The tanks will be produced by the Turkish firm Otokar , and share some of the systems that are used in the K2 Black Panther main battle tank of South Korea . Turkey has signed an agreement with the US to buy fourteen CH-47F Chinook helicopters, for $ 400 million. Because of financial constraints, however,
2214-592: A total of 3550 main battle tanks. There were another 100 M26 Pershing heavy tanks. Until the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1990, the Army had a static defense mission of countering any possible attack on Thrace by Soviet/Warsaw Pact forces and deterring Greece, and any attack by the Soviet Transcaucasus Military District on the Caucasus frontier. The Third Army was responsible for holding
2337-465: Is 12 months). All male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 are required to undergo a one-month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining five months of their mandatory service with a paid exemption option. Turkey has chosen a Chinese defence firm to co-produce a US$ 4 billion long-range air and missile defence system FD-2000 , rejecting rival bids from Russian, US and European firms. The Turkish defence minister announced
2460-787: Is also home to three museums: the Communications Museum, the Art Museum and the Classical Cars Museum. The Turkish Cypriot State Theatre and Nicosia Municipal Theater are headquartered in Nicosia and put on a number of plays each year. The Nicosia Turkish Municipality organises the Cyprus Theatre Festival annually, and prominent theatrical groups from Turkey as well as the Nicosia Municipal Theatre participate in
2583-636: Is also located in the Selimiye Square. Among the quarters of the old city are Yenicami and Arabahmet . Yenicami hosts the Haydar Pasha Mosque that used to be the second largest church in the city before its conversion by the Ottomans, and with its Gothic architecture, it is home to richly carved doorways. The Arabahmet neighbourhood hosts the Arabahmet Mosque , which was built in 1845. Outside
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#17330927519202706-640: Is another theatrical group that is active in the city. Nicosia Turkish Municipality founded its Lefkoşa Municipal Orchestra in 1987. Since then, the orchestra has grown and developed several branches, including the Children's Choir, Folk Music Choir, Pop Orchestra, Latin Orchestra and the Chamber Music Orchestra, with about 90 participants, most of whom are volunteers. The orchestra frequently delivers concerts and participates in big musical festivals held in
2829-498: Is connected to the other cities with modern, four-lane highways: the D-30 highway from Morphou to Famagusta passes through Nicosia, D-25 to Kyrenia . Ercan International Airport has been used for international flights. There is no train or metro system nor plans to develop one. In 2011, plans to build a tram system were put forward but rejected, yet the popular opinion is strongly in favour of establishing one. North Nicosia has seen
2952-542: Is filled with numerous shops and restaurants. A project is underway as of 2015 to redesign the area with a better infrastructure, visual quality and accessibility. Near the entrance of the walled city, to the west of the Girne Avenue, lies the Samanbahçe neighbourhood, built in the 19th century by the government, considered to be the first example of social housing in the island. The houses are uniform and contiguous, and in
3075-554: Is frequented by tourists. Nearby Büyük Han , the largest caravanserai in the island and considered to be one of the finest buildings in Cyprus, was built in 1572 by the Ottomans . The building has 68 rooms and a small mosque in the middle, and currently functions as a tourist-frequented cultural centre, with souvenir and handicraft shops, cafés with traditional food and cultural activities such as small-scale opera concerts. Just across from
3198-600: Is home to a historic walled city, centred on the Sarayönü Square , and a modern metropolitan area, with the Dereboyu region as its centre of business and entertainment. Described as a city with high levels of welfare, it has seen great urban growth and development in the 21st century, including the construction of new highways and high-rises. It hosts a significant number of tourists and a variety of cultural activities, including its international festivals of theatre and music. With
3321-517: Is home to eight research centers. Examples of research conducted include excavations that have uncovered the earliest human bones that have ever been found in Cyprus and possible devices that could be implanted on the human body to facilitate communication. The Grand Library of the Near East University is home to over 1 million printed and 150 million electronic resources and is visited by more than 7000 people daily, and agreements have been signed to share these resources with Turkish institutions. In
3444-572: Is home to the Nicosia International Fair and an Organised Industrial Area, where many businesses and manufacturers are located. Their location, along with other facilities such as the large sports complex, were chosen to be on the connection between the highways linking Morphou to Famagusta. North Nicosia hugely influences the economy of the surrounding district, as far as the Ercan International Airport , along with Dikomo in
3567-563: Is located on the Bedrettin Demirel Avenue . The city has seen great urban growth in the last decades, but the authorities have been criticised over the lack of city planning. Between 2008 and 2010, the construction rates in the North Nicosia urban area grew by 23.9%, with the largest boom observed in the construction of new industrial facilities in the city, which grew by 87.5% over two years. North Nicosia also grew in importance as
3690-499: Is the capital and largest city of the de facto state of Northern Cyprus . It is the northern part of the divided city of Nicosia , and is governed by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality . As of 2011 , North Nicosia had a population of 61,378 and a metropolitan area with a population of 82,539. The city is the economic, political and cultural centre of Northern Cyprus, with many shops, restaurants and shopping malls. It
3813-447: Is the greatest electronic music organisation in the island. The Dereboyu region has become a centre of entertainment, where street parties, festivals and concerts of local bands and singers take place. The walled city has also seen investment in the recent years, with cultural centres and bars being opened. To reinvigorate the region, monthly street parties are organised. The city has fine arts institutions at university levels, with
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3936-652: Is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire . Significant campaigns since the foundation of the army include suppression of rebellions in Southeast Anatolia and East Anatolia from the 1920s to the present day, combat in the Korean War , the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus and
4059-588: Is the seat of four Turkish Cypriot universities, namely the Near East University (NEU), Cyprus International University (CIU), University of Mediterranean Karpasia and the American University of Cyprus . It also hosts a campus of the Turkish Anadolu University , along with two vocational schools (Atatürk Academy of Teachers and the Police Academy) that are equivalent to universities. As of
4182-543: Is to produce indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies. The then-Army Commander, Gen. Büyükanıt , said of further modernization efforts in 2006: The Land Forces aim at being equipped with new opportunities and capabilities in order to carry out its duty in full strength against a large variety of threats, varying from classical threats to asymmetrical ones. The targets for our land forces are to be realized through 'Forces 2014' project. This project aims to shrink
4305-676: The 2nd , 3rd Corps , 5th , and 15th Corps to the First Army; the 6th and 7th Corps to the Second Army, the 4th , 8th , and 9th Corps to the Third Army, and the 11th Corps to the Aegean Army . He wrote that the 11th Corps comprised the 28th and 39th Divisions. "During 1992 the army introduced a sweeping reorganization, shifting from a predominantly divisional and regimental structure to one based on corps and brigades. The personnel strength of
4428-511: The 6th Corps , forming a beachhead at Kyrenia 's Five Mile Beach. It comprised only infantry troops, but was supported by rolling air and naval artillery attacks, and met with limited resistance from the Cyprus National Guard , which was in disarray as a result of the July 15, 1974 coup. The majority of fighting ceased on the 23rd of July, though sporadic clashes continued after this date until
4551-630: The Alevi Cultural Association is headquartered in Nicosia. The Near East University annually holds a spring fest, during which famous Turkish Cypriot, Turkish and international singers and bands perform, dance festivals, sports and board game competitions are held. In 2014, the university built the Park Near East on an area of 220,000 square metres, and the concerts of Deep Purple and Turkish bands such as Yüksek Sadakat drew tens of thousands of spectators from Cyprus and Turkey. During
4674-676: The American Military Mission for Aid to Turkey (later prefixed Joint, thus becoming JAMMAT) was established in Ankara . Hastened by the Soviet threat during the Turkish Straits crisis , large amounts of United States military aid began arriving. JAMMAT began giving significant amounts of advice on the reorganisation and modernisation of the Turkish Army. In December 1948, the Turkish Army
4797-476: The Communal Democracy Party (TDP). He came to power in the local elections in 2014 with 38% of the popular vote, defeating the candidates of two major parties who were considered to be candidates with the highest chances by the Turkish Cypriot media in a feat that was seen as a major surprise victory. The organisation of the municipality features a 22-member City Council, composed of 8 councillors from
4920-568: The French forces in the south , and undemobilized units went on to partition Armenia with Bolshevik forces , resulting in the Treaty of Kars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war was known as the Greco-Turkish War , in which Greek forces at first encountered unorganized resistance. However İsmet Pasha 's organization of militia into a regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought
5043-592: The Girne District . The economy in the walled city has stagnated through the 2000s and 2010s, with the central Municipal Market losing its popularity, even though it has started to receive investment as of 2014 and programs have been put to place to reinvigorate the region with cultural activities being organised. In 2014, the Arasta shopping region close to the Ledra Street crossing was pedestrianised, which increased
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5166-516: The Greek forces around Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhip . Nurettin Pasha 's 1st Army and Yakup Şevki Pasha 's 2nd Army encircled the main body of Major General Nikolaos Trikoupis 's group and defeated it near Dumlupınar . Fahrettin Pasha 's V Cavalry Corps entered Smyrna ( İzmir ) on September 9, 1922. Şükrü Naili Pasha 's III Corps entered Constantinople ( Istanbul ) peacefully on October 6, 1923. Subsequent to
5289-478: The Greek military junta to unite the island with Greece . The coup ousted Archbishop Makarios III as President of Cyprus , replacing him with pro- enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson . In response to the prospect of enosis , on 20 July 1974, the Turkish Army invaded the island, and from then occupied the 37% of the north part of the Republic of Cyprus. The invasion included two phases. The second phase
5412-532: The Green Line , named after the colour of the pen used by the United Nations officer to draw the line on a map of the city. This resulted in the ceasing of Turkish Cypriot participation in the government, and following more intercommunal violence in 1964, a number of Turkish Cypriots moved to the Turkish quarter of Nicosia, causing serious overcrowding. On 15 July 1974, there was an attempted coup d'état led by
5535-737: The Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios Mansion , reflecting typical late Ottoman urban architecture, and functions as an ethnographic museum today. It hosts artefacts relating to the Ottoman era and the archaeological history of Cyprus. Another example of a house preserved as such is the Lusignan House , reflecting the architecture of the Lusignan era and the Gothic style, and is furnished with Lusignan and Ottoman items. The Mevlevi Tekke Museum used to be
5658-608: The Korean War as a member state of the United Nations . Of the 5,000 soldiers of the Turkish Brigade there, 731 were killed. They fought in the Battle of Wawon where it was credited with saving the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division from encirclement. The brigade also fought at Gimnyangjang-ni , ' Operation Ripper ,' or the Fourth Battle of Seoul, and the Battle of the Hook . "By 1960, with
5781-406: The Ledra Street crossing was also reopened. As the capital, North Nicosia is Northern Cyprus's political, economic and cultural centre. North Nicosia hosts the ministries of Northern Cyprus. The city is governed by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality , which is recognised by the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus. The Nicosia Turkish Municipality is headed by the mayor, Mehmet Harmancı from
5904-507: The Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I . These campaigns were directed against Greece in the west , Armenia in the east , France in the south , loyalists and separatists in various cities , and British and Ottoman troops around Constantinople (İstanbul) . The ethnic demographics of the modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by
6027-759: The Republican Turkish Party (CTP), 6 from the National Unity Party (UBP), 6 from the Communal Democracy Party, 1 from the Democratic Party (DP-UG) and 1 from the New Cyprus Party (YKP). Below is a list of mayors of the Nicosia Turkish Municipality since its establishment in 1958: Nicosia is divided into several administrative divisions known as mahalleler (singular: mahalle ) or quarters. Each of these quarters are headed by
6150-422: The Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace , the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished , and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and
6273-413: The Xiongnu is thought to have formed an army based on the decimal system. In 1968, Yılmaz Öztuna proposed this theory to Cemal Tural, who was the Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey at the time. In 1973, when the Turkish Army celebrated the 610th anniversary of its foundation, Nihal Atsız published his claim again. After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état , the Turkish Army formally adopted
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#17330927519206396-438: The abolition of the sultanate , the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms , the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished . There were several Kurdish rebellions in the South-East of Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s, the most important of which were the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion and the 1937 Dersim rebellion . All were suppressed by
6519-432: The "Hero of Anafartalar"—for his role in the Gallipoli Campaign —and his title of "Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan" gained in the last months of WWI. He was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. His new assignment gave him effective plenipotentiary powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to
6642-560: The 14th of August. "Atilla 1" successfully achieved its objective of forming a bridgehead with the Turkish Cypriot enclave of Agyrta-Nicosia. The second Turkish offensive began on August 14, 1974, as Greek and Turkish Cypriot representatives met in Geneva to discuss the situation on the island. Though a United Nations ceasefire was in place (several had already been disregarded), the Turkish Army, massively reinforced from weeks of build-up, launched an all-out surprise attack on ill-prepared Greek Cypriot and Greek units. With little answer to
6765-465: The 1st Army, and the 1st Tank Battalion, which belonged to the 3rd Army. Turkish T-26 tanks were taken out of service in 1942. The Annual Report of the British Embassy in Ankara for 1937 said that the Army's manpower included 22 divisions but "progress in mechanization was slow." The shortage of tanks and other armoured vehicles was marked: "units are known to have been transported from Thrace to Anatolia for manoeuvres and reviews." The total strength of
6888-483: The 2014–2015 educational year, North Nicosia was home to a student population of over 34,000; Near East University is the largest university in Northern Cyprus with 25,068 students; Cyprus International University has 8324 students and the University of Mediterranean Karpasia has 632. The universities are home to great diversity, with the Near East University and Cyprus International University having students from 96 and 64 countries respectively. The Near East University
7011-400: The 2nd Cavalry Division at Lüleburgaz . The Armoured Brigade of the Turkish Army consisted of the 102nd and the 103rd Companies armed with the T-26 mod. 1933 tanks (four platoons in a company, five tanks in the platoon) at the end of 1937. The reserve group of the brigade had 21 T-26 tanks also. At the beginning of 1940, the Turkish Army had the Armoured Brigade in Istanbul , which belonged to
7134-447: The Allies and the Ottoman government to surrender and disband their forces. This crisis reached a head when Sultan Mehmed VI dispatched Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , a well-respected and high-ranking general, to Anatolia to restore order. With Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over
7257-416: The Ayluka/Ayios Loukas quarter in 1963, and from the Trachones/Kızılbaş and Küçük Kaymaklı/Omorphita quarters in 1974. The number of Greek Cypriots displaced from these quarters in 1974 was around 4700. North Nicosia is the financial and economic centre of Northern Cyprus. In 2012, Lefkoşa District had 39.9% of the workplaces and 49.5% of the employees in Northern Cyprus. The Central Bank of Northern Cyprus
7380-526: The Caucasus line with about a third of the Army's total strength of one armoured, two mechanised, and fourteen infantry divisions (1986 data). Soviet forces immediately facing the Third Army in the Caucasus were the 31st Army Corps in the Georgian SSR and the 7th Guards Army in the Armenian SSR . Together the 31st Corps and 7th Guards Army had six divisions (roughly three Category "B" and three "C") plus some immobile fortified defence areas. Nigel Thomas's NATO Armies 1949–87 , published in 1988, attributed
7503-422: The Combat Zone Management System, the land tactical map will be numerically formed in real-time or close to real-time and a constant tracking will be provided. At present, the primary main battle tanks of the Turkish Army are the Leopard 2A4 and the M60T . There are also around 400 Leopard 1 and 750 M60 Patton variants in service (excluding the M60T which were upgraded with the 120 mm MG253 guns), but
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#17330927519207626-417: The DP representatives in the Grand National Assembly, as well as a large number of other public officials. Those arrested were charged with abrogating the constitution and instituting a dictatorship. The coup was accomplished with little violence and was accepted quickly throughout the country." The Turkish Land Forces became deeply involved in Counter-Guerrilla . Counter-Gurrilla was the Turkish component of
7749-404: The Grand National Assembly (GNA). The modern Turkish Army has its foundations in nine remnant Ottoman Army corps. In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies persuaded Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to launch an expeditionary force into Anatolia and occupy Smyrna (İzmir), beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist Government of
7872-450: The Grand National Assembly (GNA)led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was backing the Allied powers. The Allies soon pressured the Ottoman government in Constantinople into suspending the Constitution , shuttering the Parliament , and signing the Treaty of Sèvres , a treaty that the " Ankara government " declared illegal. In the ensuing war, Kuva-yi Milliye irregular militia defeated
7995-444: The Greek military junta in an attempt to unite the island with Greece in 1974 led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus , and the international community considers North Nicosia to have been under Turkish occupation since then. During the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64 , in the aftermath of unilateral constitutional changes by the Greek Cypriots , intercommunal violence broke out. Nicosia was divided into Greek and Turkish Cypriot quarters by
8118-408: The Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü . The Greek army emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and decided to attack Ankara, stretching their supply lines. On 3 August 1921, the GNA fired İsmet Pasha from the post of Minister of National Defence because of his failure at the Battle of Afyonkarahisar–Eskişehir and on 5 August, just before the Battle of Sakarya , appointed
8241-461: The Köşklüçiftlik and Çağlayan areas, which characterise these central quarters today. The Yenişehir quarter was planned by the British administration in the 1940s in an optimal design to minimise distances and allow healthy social interaction, and the quarter is still considered as a masterpiece of city planning in Cyprus. North Nicosia is mainly inhabited by Turkish Cypriots and Turkish settlers (including migrant workers). Turkish settlers make up
8364-447: The North Nicosia urban area there are 21 state-owned institutions that offer primary education, along with three special institutions for children with disabilities. The city hosts three kinds of high schools: state-owned highschools (lise) that teach in Turkish, state-owned "colleges" (kolej) that teach in English and private high schools. The Türk Maarif Koleji is a state-owned high school with over 1000 students that teaches in English,
8487-418: The Pençik corps (the predecessor of the Janissary Corps , the first full time professional military force established in Europe after the Roman legions ) had been formed and, in this context, on 28 June 1963, it celebrated the 600th anniversary of its foundation. In the same year, one of the prominent Pan-Turkists , Nihal Atsız , asserted that the Turkish Army had been founded in 209 BC, when Modu Chanyu of
8610-409: The Roman era, indicating the possible presence of a Byzantine church before its construction. It used to be the place of coronation of Lusignan kings, and was converted to the largest mosque in the island by the Ottomans in 1571. It remains as a chief landmark of the city. Next to the mosque is the Bedesten , a large Greek church in the Byzantine and Gothic styles, built in the 6th and 14th centuries. It
8733-401: The TAF, sometimes involving large-scale mobilisations of up to 50,000 troops. Associated atrocities against civilians include the Zilan massacre . In 1935, Turkey purchased 60 T-26 modified 1933 light tanks from the USSR (also, two twin-turreted T-26 mod. 1931 were presented to the Turkish government in 1933–1934), along with about 60 BA-6 armoured cars to form the 1st Tank Battalion of
8856-723: The Turkish Army (along with the rest of the Armed Forces) saw its personnel strengths increased to a similar level as the previous decade. Factors that contributed to this growth include the Turkish occupation of northern Syria , as well as a renewal of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict . The Turkish Army traces its origin to the Ottoman Army. A theory accepted officially was that the Ottoman Armed Forces had been founded in 1363, when
8979-474: The Turkish Army retains a large number of older vehicles. More than 2,800 M48 Pattons are still in service (upgraded with the 105 mm M68 guns) though only around 1,300 of these are stored as reserve MBTs. The rest of the M48s are mostly transformed into other types of military vehicles (such as cranes, MBT recovery vehicles and logistical support vehicles) or used as spare parts resources. Turkey plans to build
9102-595: The US/NATO " Operation Gladio " covert preparation for resistance against any Soviet/Warsaw Pact occupation of Western Europe. During the 1970s, the Special Warfare Department was run by General Kemal Yamak . In his memoirs he stated that the United States had set aside around $ 1m worth of support; part munitions, part money. This arrangement continued until 1973–1974, when Yamak decided the munitions did not meet
9225-743: The Undersecretariat for the Defense Industry, or SSM, Turkey's procurement agency, later wanted to buy only six CH-47Fs, five for the Army and one for the Special Forces , leaving a decision on the remaining eight platforms for the future. Contract negotiations between the SSM, the U.S. government and Boeing were launched last year. The length of compulsory military service is six months for private and non-commissioned soldiers (the service term for reserve officers chosen among university or college graduates
9348-528: The army was reduced in 1994 to about 393,000 (including about 345,000 conscripts)." When the General Staff attempted to shift 120,000 troops to the frontier with Iraq in 1990, they discovered that there were serious deficiencies in the Army's ability to respond to crises that could erupt suddenly in distant regions. After the fall of the Soviet Union , LANDSOUTHEAST in İzmir became Joint Command Southeast for
9471-507: The bottom of the column, even though the statue of the lion on it has been replaced with a copper ball. The square used to be the seat of a Lusignan palace, which was replaced with the present-day law courts by the British government. The Girne Avenue connects Sarayönü to the Kyrenia Gate and the İnönü Square in front of it. The avenue has been described as "the symbol of the walled city", and
9594-476: The center of the neighbourhood is a historic fountain. Still a residential area, the neighbourhood is considered to be one of the best representations of the Cypriot culture. Further south, next to the Ledra Street checkpoint, is the Arasta area. The area was pedestrianised in 2013 and is home to a network of historic shopping streets, reflecting an eastern shopping tradition with food and traditional items. The area
9717-768: The chairman of the GNA Atatürk as commander-in-chief of the Army of the GNA. The Turks checked the Greek advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive , which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. On August 26, 1922, the Army of the Grand National Assembly ( Büyük Millet Meclisi Ordusu ) launched the general offensive known as the Great Offensive ( Büyük Taarruz ) against
9840-463: The city in parks and squares. Several modern dance activities also take place in the city, where several dance schools are established. Internationally renowned musicals and dance shows are performed in front of crowded audiences in the Atatürk Culture and Congress Centre. In 2010, the city was part of the international Earthdance activity, which was witnessed by thousands of locals. Nicosia
9963-428: The city, a number large and imposing villas have been built that belong to the middle and upper-classes. Upper and middle class Turkish Cypriots have left the walled city to settle in areas such as Küçük Kaymaklı and Hamitköy, which have seen a corresponding boom in economic and commercial activity. As the city started to expand out of the walled city in the first half of the city, large and imposing houses were built in
10086-597: The conflict in Cyprus. It still hosts mass rallies during political campaigns and the headquarters of the National Unity Party . In the middle of the square stands the Venetian Column, known simply as "the Obelisk" ("Dikiltaş") to the locals and symbolic of the country's government. The column was brought from the ancient city of Salamis by the Venetians in 1550. The coats of arms of six Italian noble families still remains at
10209-621: The construction of large hotels in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The constructions have changed the city's skyline, with the newly constructed Merit Hotel on the Bedrettin Demirel Avenue and the Golden Tulip Hotel in the Dereboyu region being highly visible high-rises. The country's oldest hotel, the Saray Hotel was also renovated and each of the three hotels has its own casino, with a total capacity of around 700 people. The city saw around 117 million Turkish liras of new construction in
10332-654: The construction of new highways and roads recently to solve its traffic problem, including the construction of two ringroads in the 2010s. One of these links the Metehan area and indirectly the Dereboyu region to Alayköy and indirectly the highway to Morphou, and was completed and opened to public traffic in 2014. The other one, the Nicosia Northern Ringroad, is currently under construction and will connect D-30 from Famagusta to Morphou directly to D-25 from Kyrenia, preventing
10455-453: The country. At times, the orchestra delivers concerts at open spaces, such as parks and squares. It also holds composing contests. The Presidential Symphony Orchestra of Northern Cyprus, founded in 2015, is based in North Nicosia and as of 2018, the works for building a concert hall and headquarters for the orchestra are underway. The city is home to the annual Nicosia Walled City Jazz Festival, at which both local and Turkish jazz musicians take
10578-764: The current Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war , as well as its NATO alliance against the USSR during the Cold War . The army holds the preeminent place within the armed forces. It is customary for the Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces to have been the Commander of the Turkish Land Forces prior to his appointment as Turkey's senior ranking officer. Alongside
10701-602: The date 209 BC as its year of foundation. The foundations of the modern Turkish Army were laid during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II . After the Janissary Corps, which was outdated and could not adapt to the times, was abolished with the Auspicious Incident (June 15, 1826), Sultan Mahmud II ordered the establishment of Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye ( Victorious Soldiers of the Prophet Muhammad ). By embarking on
10824-524: The de facto division of the island between the Turkish Cypriot controlled north and the Greek Cypriot controlled south . Turkey still maintains troops in Cyprus, since a political solution could not yet be achieved and since many members of the Turkish Cypriot community fear a return to the intercommunal violence which occurred between 1963 and 1974. The Turkish Army has since the mid-1960s operated on
10947-413: The decision to award the contract to China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corp (CPMIEC) in a statement on Thursday, September 26, 2013. NATO has said that missiles should be compatible. In 2017, Turkey has bought the anti-aircraft S-400 missile system from Russia. The TLF has seen frequent recent combat around and beyond its borders. It is fighting a conflict in south-eastern Turkey against
11070-479: The democratically elected Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III in order to establish Enosis (Union) between Cyprus and Greece . The coup was backed by the Greek military junta in Athens. The 1974 Turkish military operations in Cyprus can be divided into two distinct Turkish offensives, the first being "Atilla 1", which commenced in the early hours of July 20, 1974, with an amphibious landing force, directed by
11193-541: The department's needs. Yamak wrote the Americans said that the U.S. were footing the bill, and therefore could choose the munitions. Yamak left the meeting and expressed his concerns to the Chief of General Staff , Semih Sancar , and the agreement was subsequently annulled. In July 1974, Turkey landed substantial forces suddenly in Cyprus . The invasion followed a coup organized by EOKA-B and led by Nikos Sampson who ousted
11316-408: The displaced") was founded to resettle these displaced people. The Arab Ahmet quarter had had an Armenian Cypriot presence since the Ottoman conquest; having been a minority until the 1920s, they constituted the overwhelming majority of the area by the 1950s. 200 Armenians from Arab Ahmet, Köşklüçiftlik and Kumsal fled the quarter during the inter-communal violence of 1963. Greek Cypriots fled from
11439-511: The earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people . The Turkish National Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations—a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I. Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing the historic Christian presence in Anatolia
11562-399: The entry of vehicles from Kyrenia going to the airport and from Famagusta to Kyrenia, Gönyeli or Morphou into the city. While the construction stalled for a time due to land disputes, the work on the project recommenced in 2018. The company of LETTAŞ provides bus services in North Nicosia. Buses are the only form of public transport available, and the system is considered unreliable due to
11685-476: The festival that takes place in the Atatürk Culture and Congress Centre of the Near East University. Theatre is very popular in Northern Cyprus, and as such, long queues form for the ticket sales of the festival, with the number of theatre-goers increasing every year. The Nicosia Municipal Theatre children as well and the Gönyeli municipality holds its own theatre workshop that puts on plays. Nicosia Artistic Theatre
11808-614: The festival, the Moscow State Ballet also performed in the university. It also hosts the annual Rock 'n Cyprus festival, at which bands from Turkey perform, and organises the NEU Nicosia Carnival at the Dereboyu region of the city, at which the students display their culture and the locals crowd into the streets. The city has hosted other musical organisations, such as the Shark Virgin Island Festival, which
11931-538: The fine arts faculties of the Near East University and Cyprus International University . The universities contribute to the artistic culture of the city by participating in exhibitions and competitions, and students are involved in creating artistic depictions of Nicosia. In 2014, an arts and culture centre in the Arabahmet region was reopened with the contribution of the Girne American University . In 2013,
12054-427: The forces was given as 120,000. Exercises were held in the İzmir area to practice defence against a landing from a hostile country "tacitly recognized as Italy." Separately, when war broke out, another report said that the motorised transport of the army consisted of 28 different types of old lorries. During World War II , Turkey mobilized more than a million personnel. The Turkish Army order of battle in 1941 shows
12177-518: The forces without undermining its combat capabilities. On the contrary, under the plan, the efficiency of the force will increase. Within this period of time, the Land Forces will gradually decrease by 20 to 30 percent in terms of the number of personnel and forces formations. It will be equipped with modern arms and war devices as the distinct features of this new formation. Thus the battle capability will be given to high-ranking brigades. Moreover, with
12300-620: The founding of the Republic of Turkey , the Army of the GNA was reorganized into three army inspectorates ( ordu müfettişliği , 1st, 2nd and 3rd army inspectorate). The war effectively ended with the Turkish capture of Smyrna and the Chanak Crisis , prompting the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya . The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed
12423-498: The government. Mustafa Kemal became an enabler and eventually leader of Turkish National Movement against the Ottoman government, Allied powers, and Christian minorities. on 3 May 1920, Birinci Ferik Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) was appointed the Minister of National Defence, and Mirliva İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appointed the Minister of the Chief of General Staff of the government of
12546-706: The headquarters of the Mevlevi sect, associated with the Whirling Dervishes . It was designed for purposes that are similar to monasteries, and now functions as an ethnographic museum as well, reflecting the rites of the sect. The Lapidary Museum was originally built as a guesthouse for the pilgrims visiting the St. Sophia Cathedral (now the Selimiye Mosque ). It hosts a collection of architectural artefacts and antiquities that have been excavated. The Near East University campus
12669-429: The majority of the population in the walled city, while Turkish Cypriots predominantly inhabit the areas of the city outside the walls. Turkish Cypriots follow a more secularised lifestyle than the more conservative settlers, leading to tension between the communities. However, in the 2010s, a significant number of settled workers in the walled city left Northern Cyprus. Historically, Turkish Cypriots had concentrated to
12792-464: The masses of armour, mechanised units, artillery, and air support that the Turks could bring to bear, virtually all Greek Cypriot defences collapsed in a matter of days, and by August 16, 1974, Turkish forces, spearheaded by the 28th and 39th Infantry Divisions , had extended to capture some 37% of the island, including the towns of Famagusta , Varosha and Morphou . The conflict in Cyprus resulted in
12915-520: The military already deeply involved in political affairs because of the government's use of martial law to enforce its policies, the senior command concluded that the government had departed from Kemalist principles and that the republic was in imminent danger of disintegration. On May 27, 1960, Turkish army units, under the direction of the chief of General Staff, Cemal Gürsel , seized the principal government buildings and communications centers and arrested President Bayar, Prime Minister Menderes, and most of
13038-406: The municipality of Alayköy and the village of Kanlıköy under the jurisdiction of Gönyeli, where North Nicosia is projected to grow. The metropolitan area has an area of 165.2 square kilometres. The quarters of Nicosia outside the walled city are more spacious than the walled city, with wider roads and junctions. These areas are characterised by multi-floor concrete buildings. In the outskirts of
13161-492: The north of the riverbed and Greek Cypriots to the south. The Green Line was drawn to separate the Turkish quarters of the city from the Greek quarters, and 7000 Turkish Cypriots, around 30% of the Turkish population of Greater Nicosia, were displaced from quarters of the walled city and some suburbs such as Küçük Kaymaklı/Omorphita. North Nicosia also received a great number of displaced Turkish Cypriots from surrounding villages. The Göçmenköy quarter (literally meaning "village of
13284-569: The other two armed services, the Turkish Army has frequently intervened in Turkish politics , a custom that is now regulated to an extent by the reform of the National Security Council . It assumed power for several periods in the latter half of the 20th century. It carried out coups d'état in 1960, 1971, and 1980. Most recently, it maneuvered the removal of an Islamic-oriented prime minister, Necmettin Erbakan , in 1997 . From late 2015,
13407-470: The popularity of the area. Tourism is an important sector of the economy. In 2012, North Nicosia hosted more than 146,000 tourists, accounting for 13.8% of the total touristic stays in Northern Cyprus. In 2008, after the opening of the Ledra Street crossing, the Arasta area saw an influx of visitors as around 2300 Greek Cypriots and tourists used the crossing to cross into the area daily. The city has seen
13530-534: The remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and Edmund Allenby , he assigned Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) as the inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate –based in Erzurum – to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919. Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as
13653-552: The road is the Kumarcılar Hanı (Gamblers' Inn), built in the 17th century as a typical example of Ottoman trading inns. Another central point in the walled city is the Selimiye Mosque , originally built as the St. Sophia Cathedral. The mosque is the chief religious centre in Northern Cyprus. It was built between 1209 and 1228 by the Latin Church of Cyprus, in a Gothic style resembling French cathedrals. Its columns are older, from
13776-540: The stage. The city hosts several folk dance groups, which organise annual festivals to perform Cypriot folk dances. The foreign students or delegations visiting universities perform their own traditional dances. The city hosts folk dance shows of children from other countries in the annual children's day on 23 April. North Nicosia annually hosts the Nicosia International Folk Dance Festival, where groups from various countries perform all around
13899-401: The unplanned city growth, resulting in private cars being the primary means of transport. There is a bus terminal in the region of Yenişehir . The walled city has been facilitated to be easily navigable on foot, but the municipality has been criticised over the lack of a reliable system of public transport. Turkish Army The Turkish Land Forces ( Turkish : Türk Kara Kuvvetleri )
14022-484: The walled city, North Nicosia has expanded to become a large city, with an urban area that has absorbed the neighbouring town of Gönyeli and the former village of Hamitköy that is part of the Nicosia Turkish Municipality. The larger North Nicosia metropolitan area by definition includes the Haspolat region which is also considered to be a part of the city proper as it is within the Nicosia Turkish Municipality jurisdiction,
14145-620: The year 2011 alone. In this year, a large amount of construction of dwellings was observed especially in the Hamitköy area and Gönyeli , which is part of the Nicosia urban area, but also in the regions of Küçük Kaymaklı and Aydemet region, indicating a residential growth in these areas. North Nicosia is home to cultural diversity. Students from different backgrounds in the universities celebrate their national festivals with activities, at which their national dances and traditions are performed. Different religious groups conduct cultural activities;
14268-634: Was a trained reserve of 450,000. In 1971, the Army with the other branches of the Armed Forces imposed the military memorandum to change the civilian government's policies. According to official British military reports in 1974, the Turkish Army included the First Army ( 2nd , 3rd , 5th , and 15th Corps ), Second Army ( 4th , 6th , and 7th ) and Third Army ( 8th , 9th and 11th Corps ). There were also three Interior Zones with three recruit training divisions and four recruit training brigades. For
14391-405: Was described as three armies, 13 army corps, 35 infantry divisions; three cavalry divisions, six armoured brigades, and four fortress commands at 33% of war strength; and 309,300 strong. There were also additional security troops. The command of the Turkish Army was formed on July 1, 1949, and Nuri Yamut was appointed as the first commander of the Turkish Army . The Turkish Army participated in
14514-566: Was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%. While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros , the Allied Powers occupied parts of the empire and sought to prosecute former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and others involved in the Armenian genocide. Ottoman military commanders therefore refused orders from both
14637-637: Was established in 1964 and prepares students for the British educational system. The private high schools in Nicosia are the Near East College , the Levent College and the TED College. There are also the state-owned Anadolu High School of Fine Arts and four vocational high schools. North Nicosia is a major transport hub in Northern Cyprus, where the highways from the other major cities of Northern Cyprus, Famagusta , Kyrenia and Morphou intersect. It
14760-467: Was founded in 1988 and its campus is a few kilometres away from Nicosia proper. The Cyprus International University followed in 1997 with a campus that is located at the Haspolat region, outside the proper city of Nicosia. The University of Mediterranean Karpasia was founded in 2011, and is located at a building in the Küçük Kaymaklı region, within the city of Nicosia. The Near East University owns
14883-662: Was opened to train Staff Officers. In 1880, Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Umûmiye Riyaseti , which is equivalent to today's General Staff , was established. In 1908, the name of the Seraskerlik institution was changed to the Ministry of War and the reform efforts reached their peak. The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of
15006-568: Was performed on 14 August 1974, where the Turkish Army advanced their positions, eventually capturing a total of 37% of Cypriot territory, including the northern part of Nicosia and the cities of Kyrenia and Famagusta . On 23 April 2003, the Ledra Palace crossing was opened through the Green Line, the first time that crossing was allowed since 1974. This was followed by the opening of Ayios Dometios crossing point on 9 May 2003. On 3 April 2008,
15129-456: Was used as a marketplace in the Ottoman era. Today, it is used as a cultural centre where various cultural activities such as concerts and festivals take place. The two buildings overlook a square, named the Selimiye Square, which also hosts cultural activity and occasional dance shows. The Library of Sultan Mahmud II , which hosts manuscripts in Turkish, Arabic and Persian that are over 500 years old and considered fine examples of calligraphy,
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