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81-655: Nea Alikarnassos was founded in 1925 as a public housing development to accommodate the refugees, who were displaced following the Greco-Turkish War and subsequent population exchange , most being Greeks from today's Bodrum (Alikarnassos in Greek from the ancient Greek town Halicarnassus ). Heraklion's Hellenic Police headquarters are located within the area. Alongside sits a camp which houses (estimatedly) 500 Romani residents living under poverty conditions, having limited water supply and sewage management. The elections reveal

162-457: A Greek population of 299,096. While the sanjak of Muğla had a Greek population of 19,923. One of the reasons proposed by the Greek government for launching the Asia Minor expedition was that there was a sizeable Greek-speaking Orthodox Christian population inhabiting Anatolia that needed protection. Greeks had lived in Asia Minor since antiquity, and in 1912, there were 2.5 million Greeks in

243-673: A delay of almost a month that gave time to the Turks to organise their defence, seven of the Greek divisions crossed east of the Sakarya River. Following the retreat of the Turkish troops under İsmet İnönü in the battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir the Greek Army advanced afresh to the Sakarya River (Sangarios in Greek), less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Ankara . Constantine's battle cry was "to Angira" and

324-542: A domination of the left wing. In the general elections of 2007 the distribution percentage of representatives were as follows: Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) 52.85% (2004: 54,54%), the conservative New Democracy 31,22% (2004: 33.84%), the Communist Party of Greece 8.97% (2004: 8.00%), the left Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) 3.15% (2004: 2.14%), the right Popular Orthodox Rally 1.61% (2004: 1.07%) and

405-511: A letter sent to Greek King Constantine in January 1915, he wrote that: "I have the impression that the concessions to Greece in Asia Minor ;... would be so extensive that another equally large and not less rich Greece will be added to the doubled Greece which emerged from the victorious Balkan wars." Through its failure, the Greek invasion may have instead exacerbated the atrocities that it

486-685: A plant in Eskişehir. The city is served by the Hasan Polatkan Airport . There are three universities in Eskişehir. These are the Anadolu University , Eskişehir Osmangazi University , and the Eskişehir Technical University which is the first university in the world that gained the privilege of managing airports. Anadolu University, in addition to its on-campus studies, started open university courses through TV broadcasts in

567-560: A plebiscite called for the return of King Constantine. Soon after his return, the King replaced many of the World War I Venizelist officers and appointed inexperienced monarchist officers to senior positions. The leadership of the campaign was given to Anastasios Papoulas , while King Constantine himself assumed nominally the overall command. The High Commissioner in Smyrna, Aristeidis Stergiadis , however

648-791: A population exchange . The geopolitical context of this conflict is linked to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire which was a direct consequence of World War I and involvement of the Ottomans in the Middle Eastern theatre . The Greeks received an order to land in Smyrna by the Triple Entente as part of the partition. During this war, the Ottoman government collapsed completely and the Ottoman Empire

729-559: A strategic retreat on the east of the Sakarya River , where they organised their last line of defence. This was the major decision that sealed the fate of the Greek campaign in Anatolia. The state and Army leadership, including King Constantine, Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris, and General Anastasios Papoulas , met at Kütahya where they debated the future of the campaign. The Greeks, with their faltering morale rejuvenated, failed to appraise

810-549: Is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province . The urban population of the city is 898,369, with a metropolitan population of 797,708. The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River , 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km (145 mi) to the west of Ankara , 330 km (205 mi) to

891-480: Is based in Eskişehir. Arçelik , a major Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics manufacturer, has one of its production plants in Eskişehir. Eskişehir was the first stage of High-speed rail in Turkey from Ankara . This service improved the travel and commerce between Eskişehir and Ankara, thanks to reduced journey time. GKN, a major global automotive supplier for passenger and commercial car powertrain systems has

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972-484: Is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic Ottoman Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody administration, with a view to expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population consists of Greeks." To an extent, the above danger may have been overstated by Venizelos as a negotiating card on the table of Sèvres, in order to gain the support of the Allied governments. For example,

1053-612: Is the capital of the Kingdom. Constantinople is the great capital, the City, the dream and hope of all Greeks." The Great Idea was not merely the product of 19th century nationalism. It was, in one of its aspects, deeply rooted in many Greeks' religious consciousnesses. This aspect was the recovery of Constantinople for Christendom and the reestablishment of the Christian Byzantine Empire which had fallen in 1453. "Ever since this time

1134-767: The Green Party 1.19%. Evangelos Sisamakis (PASOK) was first elected mayor in 2003 and was reelected in 2006 with 63% of the votes in the first round. The town of Nea Alikarnassos hosts the Greek football club P.A.S.A. Irodotos F.C. , founded in 1932, with presence in Super League Greece 2 . This Crete location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Greco-Turkish War (1919%E2%80%9322) Turkish victory [REDACTED] Turkish National Movement [REDACTED] Kingdom of Greece Disputed numbers of Turkish civilians killed. 30,000+ buildings and 250+ villages destroyed and burnt by

1215-598: The Odunpazarı Modern Museum . Most of modern-day Eskişehir was rebuilt after the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), but a number of historic buildings remain, such as the Kurşunlu Mosque . The archaeological site of the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum is close to Eskişehir. The city is noted for its natural hot sulphur springs. Association football club Eskişehirspor , founded in 1965, plays in

1296-834: The Turkish Republic . Having failed to reach a military solution, Greece appealed to the Allies for help, but early in 1922 Britain, France and Italy decided that the Treaty of Sèvres could not be enforced and had to be revised. In accordance with this decision, under successive treaties, the Italian and French troops evacuated their positions, leaving the Greeks exposed. Eski%C5%9Fehir Eskişehir ( US : / ˌ ɛ s k ɪ ʃ ə ˈ h ɪər / ES -kish-ə- HEER , Turkish: [esˈciʃehiɾ] ; from eski 'old' and şehir 'city')

1377-576: The Young Turks were not in power at the time of the war, which makes such a justification less straightforward. Most of the leaders of that regime had fled the country at the end of World War I and the Ottoman government in Constantinople was already under British control. Furthermore, Venizelos had already revealed his desires for annexation of territories from the Ottoman Empire in the early stages of World War I, before these massacres had taken place. In

1458-468: The "Middle Eastern interest" of Italy, was overridden with the Greek occupation, as Smyrna (İzmir) was part of the territory promised to Italy. Before the occupation the Italian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, angry about the possibility of the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia, left the conference and did not return to Paris until 5 May. The absence of the Italian delegation from

1539-509: The 12th century, when the first Seljuk Turk raids reached it. The National Schism in Greece was the deep split of Greek politics and society between two factions, the one led by Eleftherios Venizelos and the other by King Constantine, that predated World War I but escalated significantly over the decision on which side Greece should support during the war. The United Kingdom had hoped that strategic considerations might persuade Constantine to join

1620-552: The 13th century. From 1867 until 1922, Eskişehir was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet . In 1921, it was captured by the invading Greek Army . Eskişehir holds the title of Cultural Capital of the Turkish World and UNESCO Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013. The city of Eskişehir is sited on the banks of Porsuk River , which flows into the Sakarya River . Porsuk Dam , located near the Eskişehir-Kütahya border controls

1701-452: The 1980s. Allowing access to tertiary education for thousands of students who otherwise would not have been able to benefit from any. The city has a significant population of Turkic Crimean Tatars . It also attracted ethnic Turks emigrating from Balkan countries such as Bulgaria , Romania , Bosnia , North Macedonia and the Sandžak region of Serbia , who contributed to the development of

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1782-415: The Allies "to occupy any strategic points in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of Allies." The Greeks had already brought their forces into Eastern Thrace (apart from Constantinople and its region). The Christian population of Smyrna (mainly Greeks and Armenians), according to different sources, either formed a minority or a majority compared to Muslim Turkish population of

1863-614: The British officers were invited, in anticipation, to a victory dinner in the city of Kemal. It was envisaged that the Turkish Revolutionaries, who had consistently avoided encirclement would be drawn into battle in defence of their capital and destroyed in a battle of attrition. Despite the Soviet help, supplies were short as the Turkish army prepared to meet the Greeks. Owners of private rifles, guns and ammunition had to surrender them to

1944-643: The Conference ended up facilitating Lloyd George's efforts to persuade France and the United States to support Greece and prevent Italian operations in Western Anatolia. According to some historians, it was the Greek occupation of Smyrna that created the Turkish National movement. Arnold J. Toynbee argues: "The war between Turkey and Greece which burst out at this time was a defensive war for safeguarding of

2025-579: The Entente. Greek military forces (though divided between supporters of the monarchy and supporters of " Venizelism ") began to take part in military operations against the Bulgarian Army on the border. The act of entering the war and the preceding events resulted in a deep political and social division in post–World War I Greece. The country's foremost political formations, the Venizelist Liberals and

2106-538: The Greek Kingdom, joined the Central Powers . Though Constantine did remain decidedly neutral, Prime Minister of Greece Eleftherios Venizelos had from an early point decided that Greece's interests would be best served by joining the Entente and started diplomatic efforts with the Allies to prepare the ground for concessions following an eventual victory. The disagreement and the subsequent dismissal of Venizelos by

2187-574: The Greek government, who believed that they still retained the strategic advantage and could yet negotiate from a stronger position. The Greeks initiated another attack on 27 March, the Second Battle of İnönü , where the Turkish troops fiercely resisted and finally halted the Greeks on 30 March. The British government supported Greeks with 6in howitzer during Second Battle of İnönü . The Turkish forces received arms assistance from Soviet Russia . By this time all other fronts had been settled in favour of

2268-431: The Greeks was to cut Anatolia in two, as the above towns were on the main rail-lines connecting the hinterland with the coast. Eventually, after breaking the stiff Turkish defences, they occupied these strategically important centres. Instead of pursuing and decisively crippling the nationalists' military capacity, the Greek Army halted. In consequence, and despite their defeat, the Turks managed to avoid encirclement and made

2349-610: The Hellenic Army. * 20,826 Greek prisoners were taken. Of those about 740 officers and 13,000 soldiers arrived in Greece during the prisoner exchange in 1923. About 7,000 presumably died in Turkish captivity. ** Greece took 22,071 military and civilian prisoners. Of those were 520 officers and 6,002 soldiers. During the prisoner exchange in 1923, 329 officers, 6,002 soldiers and 9,410 civilian prisoners arrived in Turkey. The remaining 6,330, mostly civilian prisoners, presumably died in Greek captivity. The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922

2430-503: The Kemalists with 6,000 rifles, over 5 million rifle cartridges, and 17,600 shells as well as 200.6 kg (442.2 lb) of gold bullion. In the subsequent two years the amount of aid increased. Between 27 June and 20 July 1921, a reinforced Greek army of nine divisions launched a major offensive, the greatest thus far, against the Turkish troops commanded by İsmet İnönü on the line of Afyonkarahisar - Kütahya - Eskişehir . The plan of

2511-466: The King resulted in a deep personal rift between the two, which spilled over into their followers and the wider Greek society. Greece became divided into two radically opposed political camps, as Venizelos set up a separate state in Northern Greece, and eventually, with Allied support, forced the King to abdicate. In May 1917, after the exile of Constantine, Venizélos returned to Athens and allied with

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2592-482: The Kingdom of Greece, the provision was made that the League of Nations would hold a plebiscite to decide on such matters. The treaty was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire nor Greece. In October 1920, the Greek army advanced further east into Anatolia, with the encouragement of Lloyd George, who intended to increase pressure on the Turkish and Ottoman governments to sign the Treaty of Sèvres. This advance began under

2673-637: The Liberal government of Eleftherios Venizelos, but soon after the offensive began, Venizelos fell from power and was replaced by Dimitrios Gounaris . The strategic objective of these operations was to defeat the Turkish Nationalists and force Mustafa Kemal into peace negotiations. The advancing Greeks, still holding superiority in numbers and modern equipment at this point, had hoped for an early battle in which they were confident of breaking up ill-equipped Turkish forces. Yet they met with little resistance, as

2754-518: The North West and from Smyrna, and had consolidated their occupation zone. In early 1921 they resumed their advance with small scale reconnaissance incursions that met stiff resistance from entrenched Turkish Nationalists, who were increasingly better prepared and equipped as a regular army. The Greek advance was halted for the first time at the First Battle of İnönü on 11 January 1921. Even though this

2835-589: The Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Census of 1906–1907 gives a higher figure for the entire Greek Orthodox population including Orthodox Albanians , Slavic-speakers , Vlachs, Arab Orthodox Christians , of the empire amounted to 2,823,063. According to the Ottoman Census of 1914 the Greek Orthodox population of Ottoman Empire after losing its Balkan & Aegean Island provinces, including 188,047 Arab Orthodox Christians from modern-day Syria, Lebanon and Israel

2916-408: The Ottoman policy of dividing the population according to religion rather than descent, language, or self-identification. On the other hand, contemporaneous British and American statistics (1919) support the point that the Greek element was the most numerous in the region of Smyrna, counting 375,000, while Muslims were 325,000. Greek Prime Minister Venizelos stated to a British newspaper that "Greece

2997-538: The Royalists, already involved in a long and bitter rivalry over pre-war politics, reached a state of outright hatred towards each other. Both parties viewed the other's actions during the First World War as politically illegitimate and treasonous. This enmity inevitably spread throughout Greek society, creating a deep rift that contributed decisively to the failed Asia Minor campaign and resulted in much social unrest in

3078-615: The Turkish National Movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving Eastern Thrace and Western Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the Treaty of Sèvres to negotiate a new treaty at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Anatolia, Istanbul , and Eastern Thrace . The Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in

3159-471: The Turkish homelands in Anatolia. It was a result of the Allied policy of imperialism operating in a foreign state, the military resources and powers of which were seriously under-estimated; it was provoked by the unwarranted invasion of a Greek army of occupation." According to others, the landing of the Greek troops in Smyrna was part of Eleftherios Venizelos 's plan, inspired by the Megali Idea , to liberate

3240-486: The Turks could see them coming. Food supplies were 40 tons of bread and salt, sugar and tea, the rest to be found on the way. The advance of the Greek Army faced fierce resistance which culminated in the 21-day Battle of Sakarya (23 August – 13 September 1921). The Turkish defense positions were centred on series of heights, and the Greeks had to storm and occupy them. The Turks held certain hilltops and lost others, while some were lost and recaptured several times over. Yet

3321-406: The Turks had to conserve men, for the Greeks held the numerical advantage. The crucial moment came when the Greek army tried to take Haymana , 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Ankara, but the Turks held out. Greek advances into Anatolia had lengthened their lines of supply and communication and they were running out of ammunition. The ferocity of the battle exhausted both sides but the Greeks were

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3402-427: The Turks managed to retreat in an orderly fashion and avoid encirclement. Churchill said: "The Greek columns trailed along the country roads passing safely through many ugly defiles , and at their approach the Turks, under strong and sagacious leadership, vanished into the recesses of Anatolia." During October 1920, King Alexander , who had been installed on the Greek throne on 11 June 1917 when his father Constantine

3483-534: The Turks, freeing more resources for the main threat of the Greek Army. France and Italy concluded private agreements with the Turkish revolutionaries in recognition of their mounting strength. They viewed Greece as a British client, and sold military equipment to the Turks. The new Bolshevik government of Russia became friendly to the Turkish revolutionaries, as shown in the Treaty of Moscow (1921) . The Bolsheviks supported Mustafa Kemal and his forces with money and ammunition. In 1920 alone, Bolshevik Russia supplied

3564-497: The almost dictatorial regime of the Venizelists, so opted for change. To the surprise of many, Venizelos won only 118 out of the total 369 seats. The crushing defeat obliged Venizelos and a number of his closest supporters to leave the country. To this day his rationale to call elections at that time is questioned. The new government under Dimitrios Gounaris prepared for a plebiscite on the return of King Constantine . A month later

3645-510: The army and every household was required to provide a pair of underclothing and sandals. Meanwhile, the Turkish parliament, not happy with the performance of İsmet İnönü as the Commander of the Western Front, wanted Mustafa Kemal and Chief of General Staff Fevzi Çakmak to take control. Greek forces marched 200 kilometres (120 mi) for a week through the desert to reach attack positions, so

3726-523: The cause of the Allies, but the King and his supporters insisted on strict neutrality, especially whilst the outcome of the conflict was hard to predict. In addition, family ties and emotional attachments made it difficult for Constantine to decide which side to support during World War I. The King's dilemma was further increased when the Ottomans and the Bulgarians , both having grievances and aspirations against

3807-609: The cities of Manisa , Balıkesir , Aydın , Kütahya , Bursa , and Eskişehir . Their advance was checked by Turkish forces at the Battle of the Sakarya in 1921. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish counter-attack in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by Turkish forces and the great fire of Smyrna . As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of

3888-559: The city's metalworking industries. Eskişehir also hosted the inaugural Turkvision Song Contest in 2013, which aims to highlight music and artists from various Turkic -speaking regions. The city is also home to the Dünya Müzeleri Müzesi or Museum of World Museums. Other museums in the city are Eti Archaeology Museum , Aviation Museum , Meerschaum Museum , Museum of Independence , Museum of Modern Glass Art , Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum , Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum and

3969-545: The city. The Greek army also consisted of 2,500 Armenian volunteers . The majority of the Greek population residing in the city greeted the Greek troops as liberators. During the summer of 1920, the Greek army launched a series of successful offensives in the directions of the Büyük Menderes River (Meander) Valley, Bursa (Prusa) and Alaşehir (Philadelphia). The overall strategic objective of these operations, which were met by increasingly stiff Turkish resistance,

4050-562: The expense of the Ottoman Empire , recently defeated in World War I . Greek claims stemmed from the fact that Western Anatolia had been part of Ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire before the Turks conquered the area in the 12th–15th centuries. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now İzmir ), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including

4131-484: The expense of the Ottoman Empire if Greece entered the war on the Allied side. These included Eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros (İmroz, since 29 July 1979 Gökçeada) and Tenedos ( Bozcaada ), and parts of western Anatolia around the city of Smyrna, which contained sizable ethnic Greek populations. The Italian and Anglo-French repudiation of the Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne signed on 26 April 1917, which settled

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4212-578: The fate of the Ottoman Empire. Henceforth, the Ottoman Empire would no longer be a European power. On 10 August 1920, the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Sèvres ceding to Greece Thrace, up to the Chatalja lines . More importantly, Turkey renounced to Greece all rights over Imbros and Tenedos, retaining the small territories of Constantinople, the islands of Marmara, and "a tiny strip of European territory". The Straits of Bosporus were placed under an International Commission, as they were now open to all. Turkey

4293-593: The first to withdraw to their previous lines. The thunder of cannon was plainly heard in Ankara throughout the battle. That was the furthest in Anatolia the Greeks would advance, and within a few weeks they withdrew in an orderly manner back to the lines that they had held in June. The Turkish Parliament awarded both Mustafa Kemal and Fevzi Çakmak with the title of Field Marshal for their service in this battle. To this day no other person has received this five-star general title from

4374-513: The flow of the water in the river. Eskişehir has a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ) under the Köppen climate classification , and a temperate continental climate ( Dc ) under the Trewartha climate classification . The city features cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Due to Eskişehir's high altitude and its dry summers, nightly temperatures in

4455-464: The fourth century AD the city moved about ten km northeast, from Karacahisar to Şehirhöyük. The region was originally inhabited by Hittites . Many ancient geographers described the city as one of the most beautiful in Anatolia . As with many towns in Anatolia , Christianity arrived after Constantine the Great legalized the religion in the Roman Empire . Beginning in the 4th century, records exist of bishops holding office in Eskişehir. The city

4536-401: The government, which, due to the war, had stayed in power without elections since 1915. At the same time they promoted the idea of disengagement in Asia Minor, without though presenting a clear plan as to how this would happen. On the contrary, Venizelos was identified with the continuation of a war that did not seem to go anywhere. The majority of the Greek people were both war-weary and tired of

4617-413: The inter war years. The military aspect of the war began with the Armistice of Mudros . The military operations of the Greco-Turkish war can be roughly divided into three main phases: the first phase, spanning the period from May 1919 to October 1920, encompassed the Greek Landings in Asia Minor and their consolidation along the Aegean Coast. The second phase lasted from October 1920 to August 1921, and

4698-467: The large Greek populations in the Asia Minor. Prior to the Great Fire of Smyrna , Smyrna had a bigger Greek population than the Greek capital, Athens . Athens, before the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey , had a population of 473,000, while the central kaza of Smyrna, according to Ottoman Census, in 1914, had a Greek population of 73,676 and the entire Aydın Vilayet including modern day İzmir , Manisa , Aydın and Denizli provinces had

4779-464: The late 15th century. The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC , although it has been estimated to be older than 4000 years old. The current city lies about a mile from the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum . Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum. There is also a museum of meerschaum stone, whose production remains still notable, used to make high quality meerschaum pipes . In

4860-432: The main motivations for initiating the war was to realize the Megali (Great) Idea, a core concept of Greek nationalism. The Megali Idea was an irredentist vision of a restoration of a Greater Greece on both sides of the Aegean that would incorporate territories with Greek populations outside the borders of the Kingdom of Greece , which was initially very small – roughly half the size of the present-day Greek Republic . From

4941-405: The recovery of St. Sophia and the City had been handed down from generation to generation as the destiny and aspiration of the Greek Orthodox." The Megali Idea, besides Constantinople, included most traditional lands of the Greeks including Crete , Thessaly , Epirus , Macedonia , Thrace , the Aegean Islands , Cyprus , the coastlands of Asia Minor and Pontus on the Black Sea . Asia Minor

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5022-509: The southeast of Istanbul and 78 km (48 mi) to the northeast of Kütahya . It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum . Known as a university town ; Eskişehir Technical University , Eskişehir Osmangazi University , and Anadolu University are based in Eskişehir. The province covers an area of 2,678 km (1,034 sq mi). The name Eskişehir can be literally translated as 'Old City' in Turkish . The name has been documented in Ottoman records since

5103-475: The state. Devrim , the first Turkish automobile, was produced in 1961 at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. Devrim never put into mass production and stayed a concept study and can be viewed in TÜLOMSAŞ factory Eskişehir. In addition to production, first Turkish steam powered locomotive called Karakurt was produced at the TÜLOMSAŞ in 1961. Eskişehir was also the site of Turkey's first aviation industry (Aeronautical Supply Maintenance Centre) and its air base

5184-520: The strategic situation that favoured the defending side; instead, pressed for a 'final solution', the leadership was polarised into the risky decision to pursue the Turks and attack their last line of defence close to Ankara. The military leadership was cautious and asked for more reinforcements and time to prepare, but did not go against the politicians. Only a few voices supported a defensive stance, including Ioannis Metaxas . Constantine by this time had little actual power and did not argue either way. After

5265-412: The summer months are cool. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year. Traditionally dependent on flour milling and brickyards, the city expanded with the building of railway workshops in 1894 for work on the Berlin–Baghdad railway . As of 1920, Eskişehir was one of the major locations for meerschaum mining. At that time, most of the mining sites were owned by

5346-471: The support of the British, did not liquidate some Venizelist officers. The British continued to promise that they will give 850,000,000 golden franks. After the summer offensive of 1920 , the Turkish irregular forces attacked the Greek Army which is under the command of Constantinos Matenas. Even though the offensive was successful, the opportunity of sieging the and destroying of the 13th Infantry Division of Greece (the division had nearly ~15,000 men)

5427-443: The time of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830, the Megali Idea had played a major role in Greek politics. Greek politicians, since the independence of the Greek state, had made several speeches on the issue of the "historic inevitability of the expansion of the Greek Kingdom." For instance, Greek politician Ioannis Kolettis voiced this conviction in the assembly in 1844: "There are two great centres of Hellenism. Athens

5508-476: Was 1,729,738. The suggestion that the Greeks constituted the majority of the population in the lands claimed by Greece has been contested by a number of historians. Cedric James Lowe and Michael L. Dockrill also argued that Greek claims about Smyrna were at best debatable, since Greeks constituted perhaps a bare majority, more likely a large minority in the Smyrna Vilayet , "which lay in an overwhelmingly Turkish Anatolia." Precise demographics are further obscured by

5589-420: Was a minor confrontation involving only one Greek division, it held political significance for the fledgling Turkish revolutionaries. This development led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres at a conference in London where both the Turkish Revolutionary and Ottoman governments were represented. Although some agreements were reached with Italy, France and Britain, the decisions were not agreed to by

5670-400: Was an essential part of the Greek world and an area of enduring Greek cultural dominance. In antiquity, from late Bronze Age up to the Roman conquest , Greek city-states had even exercised political control of most of the region, except the period ca. 550–470 BC when it was part of the Achaimenid Persian Empire . Later, during Middle Ages, the region had belonged to the Byzantine Empire until

5751-435: Was characterised by Greek offensive operations. The third and final phase lasted until August 1922, when the strategic initiative was held by the Turkish Army. On 15 May 1919, twenty thousand Greek soldiers landed in Smyrna and took control of the city and its surroundings under cover of the Greek, French, and British navies. Legal justifications for the landings was found in Article 7 of the Armistice of Mudros, which allowed

5832-523: Was divided amongst the victorious Entente powers with the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920. There were a number of secret agreements regarding the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. The Triple Entente had made contradictory promises about post-war arrangements concerning Greek hopes in Asia Minor . The western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George , had promised Greece territorial gains at

5913-496: Was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I , between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922 . This conflict was a part of the Turkish War of Independence . The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies , particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George , had promised Greece territorial gains at

5994-492: Was furthermore forced to transfer to Greece "the exercise of her rights of sovereignty" over Smyrna in addition to "a considerable Hinterland, merely retaining a 'flag over an outer fort'." Though Greece administered the Smyrna enclave, its sovereignty remained, nominally, with the Sultan. According to the provisions of the Treaty, Smyrna was to maintain a local parliament and, if within five years time she asked to be incorporated within

6075-609: Was gone because of the arbitrary behaviours of the Kuva-yi Seyyare under the command of the Çerkes Ethem . Because of these events, the Grand National Assembly of the Turkish Nationalists started to create a regular force . The regular forces were going to lose the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir only against the Greek Armed Forces. By December 1920, the Greeks had advanced on two fronts, approaching Eskişehir from

6156-722: Was known as Dorylaeum ( Δορύλαιον ) in Greek in that period. One of these bishops, Eusebius , was heavily involved in shaping the evolving dogma of the church. It was called Sultanönü during the Seljuk period. In 1097 it was the site of a battle of the First Crusade in which the Crusaders defeated the Seljuk Turkish sultan Kilij Arslan I ; the town later fell to the Turks in 1176, or

6237-538: Was not removed. The British and French government promised Greeks to give 850,000,000 golden franks ,but because of the government change in Greece, and heavy losses in Cilicia , the French government stopped supporting the Greeks until a small period between the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and the end of the Battle of the Sakarya . The British government were also uneasy, but they preferred to wait. The Greeks, afraid of losing

6318-517: Was pushed into exile by the Venizelists, was bitten by a monkey kept at the Royal Gardens and died within days from sepsis . After King Alexander died without heirs, the legislative elections scheduled to be held on 1 November 1920, suddenly became the focus of a new conflict between the supporters of Venizelos and the Royalists. The anti-Venizelist faction campaigned on the basis of accusations of internal mismanagement and authoritarian attitudes of

6399-477: Was supposed to prevent. Arnold J. Toynbee blamed the policies pursued by Great Britain and Greece, and the decisions of the Paris Peace conference as factors leading to the atrocities committed by both sides during and after the war: "The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris." One of

6480-490: Was the command center of Turkey's first Tactical Air Force headquarters on NATO 's southern flank during the Cold War . Eskişehir produces trucks, home appliances, railway locomotives, fighter aircraft engines, agricultural equipment, textiles, brick, cement, chemicals, processed meerschaum and refined sugar. Eti  [ tr ] , one of Turkey's largest food brands (mostly producing biscuit, chocolate and candy varieties)

6561-417: Was to provide strategic depth to the defence of Smyrna. To that end, the Greek zone of occupation was extended over all of Western and most of North-Western Anatolia. In return for the contribution of the Greek army on the side of the Allies, the Allies supported the assignment of eastern Thrace and the millet of Smyrna to Greece. This treaty ended the First World War in Asia Minor and, at the same time, sealed

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