Navigator Holdings Ltd. ( NYSE : NVGS ) is a publicly traded liquefied gas shipping company with a global market, that was initially incorporated in the Isle of Man in 1997, before being redomiciled in 2008 in the Marshall Islands . It was restructured in 2006.
138-542: In November 2013, Navigator Holdings Ltd. completed its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange, where its shares of common stock are traded under the ticker symbol "NVGS". Mads Peter Zacho is the present CEO of Navigator Holdings. In 1997, Giovanni Mahler of Lugano , Switzerland and Shaun Fergusson Cairns of the Isle of Man formed Navigator Gas Transport PLC as an Isle of Man public limited company with
276-459: A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). This is typically a concern for large refineries and petrochemical plants that maintain very large containers. In general, tanks are designed so that the product will vent faster than pressure can build to dangerous levels. One remedy that is utilized in industrial settings is to equip such containers with a measure to provide a fire-resistance rating . Large, spherical LPG containers may have up to
414-454: A gas absorption refrigerator . Blended from pure, dry propane (refrigerant designator R-290 ) and isobutane (R-600a) the blend "R-290a" has negligible ozone depletion potential , very low global warming potential and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12 , R-22 , R-134a and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Such substitution
552-648: A greenhouse gas . The reaction also produces some carbon monoxide . LPG does, however, release less CO 2 per unit of energy than does coal or oil, but more than natural gas. It emits 81% of the CO 2 per kWh produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a mix of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon per joule than butane but more carbon per joule than propane. LPG burns more cleanly than higher molecular weight hydrocarbons because it releases less particulate matter . As it
690-544: A "complete makeover" of Navigator Gas starting in 2012 as Ross increased his stake in the company. Ross was able to arrange financing so that Navigator could increase its fleet to become the world's largest by purchasing Maersk 's fleet in 2013, buying second hand vessels and signing a contract in April 2014 with Jiangnan Shipyard/CSTC for the construction of "six 21,000 cbm semi-refrigerated ethylene carriers" These transactions by Ross built Navigator Gas's fleet from ten to 27 making it
828-432: A 15 cm steel wall thickness. They are equipped with an approved pressure relief valve . A large fire in the vicinity of the vessel will increase its temperature and pressure . The relief valve on the top is designed to vent off excess pressure in order to prevent the rupture of the container itself. Given a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, the pressure being generated by the boiling and expanding gas can exceed
966-555: A July 17, 2017 press brief, Navigator Holdings announced that Navigator Gas and Entreprise , an American natural gas and crude oil pipeline company with headquarters in Houston, Texas, were building an "Ethylene export terminal connected to Enterprise’s high-capacity ethylene salt dome storage and ethylene pipeline system." "Navigator Holdings Ltd - Enterprise’s ethylene storage facility will have about 600 million pounds of capacity." As of June 2023, Navigator Holdings Ltd.'s board of directors
1104-545: A crescent around the bay between the Brè (925 m [3,035 ft]) and the San Salvatore (912 m [2,992 ft]) mountains. Because of the historical development of the city, incorporating some relatively distant suburbs but leaving other, nearer, suburbs as independent municipalities, the borders of the city are disparate. A large and sparsely populated section of the city is on the east bank of Lake Lugano and separated from
1242-537: A doubling of the population to 52,059 in 2006, of which over a third were foreigners. In 2013 the municipalities of Bogno , Cadro , Carona , Certara , Cimadera , Sonvico and Val Colla were incorporated into the municipality. Following the Second World War , and particularly during the 1960s and 70s, thanks to an abundant flow of capital from nearby Italy, Lugano experienced a period of exponential growth in banking activities which led to it placing itself as
1380-424: A lower energy density per liter than either petrol or fuel-oil, so the equivalent fuel consumption is higher. Many governments impose less tax on LPG than on petrol or fuel-oil, which helps offset the greater consumption of LPG than of petrol or fuel-oil. However, in many European countries, this tax break is often compensated by a much higher annual tax on cars using LPG than on cars using petrol or fuel-oil. Propane
1518-477: A market town since 984, Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan until it became part of the Old Swiss Confederation in 1513. In 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created, following the establishment of the canton. Since 1882, Lugano has been an important stop on the international Gotthard Railway . The rail brought a decisive contribution to
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#17329028591071656-569: A nominee of Mahler as their fathers had been friends in Lucerne. "In a pleading filed in 2004, the Committee described Bucherer, among other things, as a director of several companies, as the holder of a possible $ 2.1 million claim against the Debtors, as the “largest holder of the four Principals”. Andrew D. Gottfried and Jay Teitelbaum representing ProConsult Limited, argued that ProConsult was "entitled" under
1794-553: A politically sensitive matter in India as it potentially affects the middle class voting pattern. LPG was once a standard cooking fuel in Hong Kong ; however, the continued expansion of town gas to newer buildings has reduced LPG usage to less than 24% of residential units. However, other than electric, induction, or infrared stoves, LPG-fueled stoves are the only type available in most suburban villages and many public housing estates. LPG
1932-619: A professor at the University of New South Wales , unintentionally tested the worst-case scenario of a sudden and complete refrigerant expulsion into the passenger compartment followed by subsequent ignition. He and several others in the car sustained minor burns to their face, ears, and hands, and several observers received lacerations from the burst glass of the front passenger window. No one was seriously injured. Global LPG production reached over 292 million metric tons per year (Mt/a) in 2015, while global LPG consumption to over 284 Mt/a. 62% of LPG
2070-569: A single snowfall doesn't leave more than 50cm on the ground. Heavier snowfalls or blizzards are possibile but not very common. The highest temperature recorded in Lugano is 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), recorded in July 1945, with the lowest temperature recorded being −20.4 °C (−4.7 °F), recorded in February 1929. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a cross throughout argent, between
2208-606: A supplementary fuel. This is where LPG is used as fuel as well as diesel. Systems are now available that integrate with OEM engine management systems. Conversion kits can switch a vehicle dedicated to gasoline to using a dual system, in which both gasoline and LPG are used in the same vehicle. In 2020, BW LPG successfully retrofitted a Very Large Gas Carrier (VLGC) with LPG propulsion technology, pioneering LPG's application in large-scale maritime operations. LPG’s lowers emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter align with stricter standards set by
2346-501: A variety of manners. LPG, as with other fossil fuels , can be combined with renewable power sources to provide greater reliability while still achieving some reduction in CO 2 emissions. However, as opposed to wind and solar renewable energy sources, LPG can be used as a standalone energy source without the prohibitive expense of electrical energy storage . In many climates, renewable sources such as solar and wind power would still require
2484-455: A wide variety of ports, and in providing faster turnaround times in port." On July 31, 1997 Moody's assigned a relatively high bond credit rating of B1 to NGT First Mortgage Bonds, partially because NGT owners were "all experienced shipping organizations." The five vessels, which would be the "largest ethylene capable vessels" built to date were to be constructed in China by Jiangnan shipyard, known for
2622-514: Is 6,459 people or 11.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 4,947 people or 9.0% are between 70 and 79, and there are 3,481 people or 6.3% who are over 80. Liquefied petroleum gas Liquefied petroleum gas , also referred to as liquid petroleum gas ( LPG or LP gas ), is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane , n -butane and isobutane . It can sometimes contain some propylene , butylene , and isobutene . LPG
2760-617: Is Italian-speaking and mainly Catholic by faith. Lugano is the largest city outside Italy with Italian as official language. Between 1997 and 2007, the population changed at a rate of 6.9%. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks Italian (80.3%), with German being second most common (7.1%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (2.7%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000 ), 20,998 people speak Italian, 1,855 speak German, 597 people speak French , and 39 people speak Romansh . The remainder (3,071 people) speak another language. As of 2008 ,
2898-568: Is May during which Lugano receives an average of 196 mm (7.7 in) of rain, while the driest month of the year is February with an average of 52 mm (2.0 in) of precipitation over 4.6 days. Located on a plain in southern Switzerland and protected by the Alps and lakes , the climate is one of the mildest in the country, typical of the Italian Lakes in the Insubrian region. In addition,
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#17329028591073036-526: Is a city and municipality within the Lugano District in the canton of Ticino , Switzerland. It is the largest city in both Ticino and the Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland. Lugano has a population (as of December 2020 ) of 62,315, and an urban agglomeration of over 150,000. It is the ninth largest Swiss city . The city lies on Lake Lugano , at its largest width, and, together with
3174-486: Is a gas, it does not pose ground or water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution . LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline). However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline ). As
3312-465: Is a holding company, which was founded in 1997 with headquarters in the United Kingdom. In its first annual report published on February 1, 2001, Navigators Group Inc. self-described as "an international specialty insurance holding company with insurance company operations, underwriting management companies." It is the parent company of subsidiaries such as Navigator Gas L.L.C, Navigator Europa L.L.C.,
3450-445: Is a possible explosion if the mixture of LPG and air is within the explosive limits and there is an ignition source. The second is suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen concentration. A full LPG gas cylinder contains 86% liquid; the ullage volume will contain vapour at a pressure that varies with temperature. LPG has a wide variety of uses in many different markets as an efficient fuel container in
3588-559: Is aligned to mine. The U.S. economy will grow, and Navigator will be a beneficiary." The biggest shareholders who own 31% stake in Navigator, are "partnerships used by WL Ross & Co.", a "chain" of offshore companies in the Cayman Islands . Ross reduced "his personal share of that stake" when he became U. S. Secretary of Commerce under President Trump's administration in February 2017. By November 2017, Ross "retained an investment in
3726-648: Is also a major client of Navigator. When the U.S. placed sanctions on PDVSA's FVP Simon Zerpa in August 2017, some PDVSA exports to the U.S. were "blocked as banks and investment funds refused to provide letters of credit to potential buyers. On November 5, 2017 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) released the Paradise Papers , a transnational, collaborative investigation by 95 media partners based on 13.4 million leaked files related to
3864-399: Is approximately 220 kilopascals (32 psi) for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2,200 kilopascals (320 psi) for pure propane at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG in its gaseous phase is still heavier than air , unlike natural gas , and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements . There are two main dangers to this. The first
4002-552: Is below room temperature , LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and is usually supplied in pressurized steel vessels . They are typically filled to 80–85% of their capacity to allow for thermal expansion of the contained liquid. The ratio of the densities of the liquid and vapor varies depending on composition, pressure, and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure , likewise varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it
4140-541: Is derived, stand at 300 trillion cubic meters (10,600 trillion cubic feet). Production continues to grow at an average annual rate of 2.2%. LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane, while natural gas is composed of the lighter methane and ethane . LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher calorific value (46 MJ/m equivalent to 12.8 kWh/m ) than natural gas (methane) (38 MJ/m equivalent to 10.6 kWh/m ), which means that LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas. In order to allow
4278-505: Is extracted from natural gas while the rest is produced by petroleum refineries from crude oil . 44% of global consumption is in the domestic sector. The U.S. is the leading producer and exporter of LPG. Because of the natural gas and the oil-refining industry, Europe is almost self-sufficient in LPG. Europe's security of supply is further safeguarded by: According to 2010–12 estimates, proven world reserves of natural gas , from which most LPG
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4416-407: Is forested. Of the rest of the land, 4.48 km (1.73 sq mi) or 14.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km (9.9 acres) or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.12 km (30 acres) or 0.4% is unproductive land. Of the built-up area, housing and buildings made up 9.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.0%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.2%. Out of
4554-400: Is in place before gas supplies can be connected. Developing markets in India and China (among others) use LPG-SNG systems to build up customer bases prior to expanding existing natural gas systems. LPG-based SNG or natural gas with localized storage and piping distribution network to the households for catering to each cluster of 5000 domestic consumers can be planned under the initial phase of
4692-488: Is made up of Dag von Appen (Non-Executive Chairman of the Board and Director), Yngvil Åsheim, Dr. Heiko Fischer, Janette Marx, Dr. Anita Odedra, Peter Stokes and Florian Weidinger. Navigator's biggest shareholders are BW Group Limited of Bermuda, and Ultranav International ApS of Denmark, which each own approximately 29% of Navigator Holdings Ltd. Former shareholders have included the private equity firm, WL Ross & Co which
4830-579: Is married to the President Vladimir V. Putin ’s youngest daughter and Gennady Timchenko , Putin’s "friend and judo partner." Timchenko "is subject to American sanctions." "Navigator, which increased its business dealings with Sibur even as the West sought to punish Russia’s energy sector over Mr. Putin’s incursions into Ukraine." PDVSA , the Venezuelan state oil company, which is controlled by Nicolás Maduro
4968-529: Is most often used in areas that do not have direct access to piped natural gas . In the UK about 200,000 households use LPG for heating. LPG can be used as a power source for combined heat and power technologies (CHP). CHP is the process of generating both electrical power and useful heat from a single fuel source. This technology has allowed LPG to be used not just as fuel for heating and cooking, but also for decentralized generation of electricity. LPG can be stored in
5106-405: Is much less polluting than most traditional solid-fuel stoves, replacing cookstoves used in developing countries with LPG is one of the key strategies adopted to reduce household air pollution in the developing world. In a refinery or gas plant, LPG must be stored in pressure vessels . These containers are either cylindrical and horizontal (sometimes referred to as bullet tanks) or spherical (of
5244-400: Is owned by Wilbur Ross , the U. S. Secretary of Commerce . At one time Ross was the chairman of Navigator Holdings Ltd. Ross who is now at "the helm of American trade policy", has been a major investor in Navigator since November 2011. Ross has been on the Board of Directors of Navigator Holdings since March 2012. In an agreement between Navigator and WL Ross & Co LLC to "common shares to
5382-515: Is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas , and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Walter O. Snelling , and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very little sulfur emission. As it
5520-713: Is the Head of Transportation at the private equity firm WL Ross & Co was named as the WLR Group's designated representative. Malone replaced, Wendy Teramoto, who has been a key person in WL Ross & Co since it was established in 2000. By January 2016, WL Ross & Co was the "biggest investor" in "Navigator Holdings, a liquefied gas shipping company." According to Bloomberg Businessweek , at an event hosting by Navigator in New York on November 30, 2016, Ross assured Butters that "Your interest
5658-1226: Is the holding company or parent company of subsidiary Navigator gas shipping. Navigator Holdings Ltd. is sold on the New York stock exchange as (NYSE:NVGS). By December 31, 2012, Navigator Holdings's subsidiaries included service companies in Singapore, the UK, a vessel owning company in Indonesia, an investment company in the UK and a holding company in Delaware. By the third quarter of 2012, Navigator Holdings Ltd. subsidiaries included Delaware-based holding company Navigator Gas US LLC, Marshall Island-based service company Navigator Gas LLC, UK-Based service company Navigator Gas Transport (NGT) Services (UK), Singapore-based service company Falcon Funding PTE Ltd, UK-based investment company Navigator Gas Invest Ltd, Indonesia-Based vessel owning company PT Navigator Khatulistiwa. By 2017 Navigator Holdings affiliates included Marshall Island-based service company Navigator Gas LLC, UK-based investment company Navigator Gas Invest Ltd (Navigator Gas Invest L.L.C.), Navigator Gas Transport P.L.C., Navigator Europa L.L.C., Navigator Atlas L.L.C.,
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5796-495: Is the most common cooking fuel in Brazilian urban areas, being used in virtually all households, with the exception of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, which have a natural gas pipeline infrastructure. Since 2001, poor families receive a government grant ("Vale Gás") used exclusively for the acquisition of LPG. Since 2003, this grant is part of the government's main social welfare program (" Bolsa Família "). Also, since 2005,
5934-520: Is the third most widely used motor fuel in the world. 2013 estimates are that over 24.9 million vehicles are fueled by propane gas worldwide. Over 25 million tonnes (over 9 billion US gallons) are used annually as a vehicle fuel. Not all automobile engines are suitable for use with LPG as a fuel. LPG provides less upper cylinder lubrication than petrol or diesel, so LPG-fueled engines are more prone to valve wear if they are not suitably modified. Many modern common rail diesel engines respond well to LPG use as
6072-549: Is used as a fuel gas in heating appliances , cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant , replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer . When specifically used as a vehicle fuel, it is often referred to as autogas or just as gas . Varieties of LPG that are bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane ( C 3 H 8 ), mostly butane ( C 4 H 10 ), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In
6210-602: Is used to fuel internal combustion engines , it is often referred to as autogas or auto propane. In some countries, it has been used since the 1940s as a petrol alternative for spark ignition engines. In some countries, there are additives in the liquid that extend engine life and the ratio of butane to propane is kept quite precise in fuel LPG. Two recent studies have examined LPG-fuel-oil fuel mixes and found that smoke emissions and fuel consumption are reduced but hydrocarbon emissions are increased. The studies were split on CO emissions, with one finding significant increases, and
6348-504: Is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems, on the grounds that using flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion. Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons. One particular test, conducted by
6486-615: The Horton sphere type). Typically, these vessels are designed and manufactured according to some code. In the United States, this code is governed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). LPG containers have pressure relief valves, such that when subjected to exterior heating sources, they will vent LPGs to the atmosphere or a flare stack . If a tank is subjected to a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, it can undergo
6624-704: The UDC (13.2%, -0.2), and the Green Party (11.1%, +7.0). In the federal election a total of 15,639 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.6%. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the PLR which received 26.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Lega (19%), the PPD (18.71%) and the PS (17.46%). In the federal election, a total of 11,980 votes were cast, and
6762-549: The autonomy of Lugano was very limited, the republic having been founded by Napoleon in order further to centralise power in Switzerland. The canton was led by a Directory of five members, who appointed a "national préfet ". The canton was deeply divided between "patriots" supporting the Cisalpine Republic , and traditionalist " aristocrats ". By 1799 riots broke out in Lugano, and the second préfet, Francesco Capra, fled
6900-417: The voter turnout was 42.8%. Since its union with some surrounding municipalities in 2004 (Breganzona, Cureggia , Davesco-Soragno , Gandria, Pambio-Noranco , Pazzallo , Pregassona and Viganello ), 2008 (Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese ) and 2013 ( Bogno , Cadro, Carona , Certara , Cimadera , Sonvico and Val Colla ), Lugano has a population (as of December 2020 ) of 62,315 and is, therefore,
7038-671: The "market for the transportation of petrochemical gases and derivative products" continued to weaken, Moody's again downgraded NGT's first notes to a rating of Ca. By 2002, Navigator had a "fleet of five 22,000 cbm semi-refrigerated gas/ethylene carriers". But with shipping rates so low that NGT was unable to "support interest payments." In 2002 Moody's described NGT as "an Isle of Man public limited company operating out of Lugano, Switzerland and New York City." On January 26, 2003 "Navigator Gas Transport PLC, five of its ship-owning subsidiaries, and its parent holding company, Navigator Holdings PLC", filed for bankruptcy in New York under Chapter 11 of
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#17329028591077176-493: The 2023-24 financial year in the domestic sector, mainly for cooking. In 2016, the number of domestic connections was 215 million (i.e., one connection for every six people) with a circulation of more than 350 million LPG cylinders. Most of the LPG requirement is imported. Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on a major scale. LPG is subsidised by the Indian government for domestic users. An increase in LPG prices has been
7314-505: The 34% stake of Navigator Holdings held by the then-bankrupt Lehman Brothers in August 2012, Ross' stake increased to 55.7%. By 2013, with the purchase of Maersk's fleet, Navigator became the largest gas shipping company in the world with 27 vessels and "a 28% market share in the handysize gas segment." By 2017, Navigator Holdings had 14 ethylene -capable semi-refrigerated gas carriers, 17 semi-refrigerated and 7 fully refrigerated vessels. Navigator Holdings Company (Navigator Holdings Plc),
7452-633: The Bankruptcy Court confirmed the Creditors Committee Second Amended Joint Plan of Reorganisation . Then, 10,000,000 shares of new common stock were issued to holders of the old First Priority Ship Mortgage Notes who "would receive 97.25% of the newly issued shares". From March 2004 until December 2006, Cambridge and "its controlling shareholders, led by Mahler" attempted to obstruct the creditors restructuring plan. By October 2005, Navigator Gas Management Limited (NGML), and
7590-524: The Bermuda-based offshore specialist Appleby, "one of the world’s largest offshore law firms". Appleby set up "some 50 companies and partnerships in the Caymans and elsewhere related to Ross", including those related to Navigator Holdings. The Cayman Islands is a British territory that "levies no corporate or personal income tax on money earned outside its jurisdiction." On November 6, Ross claimed that "there
7728-497: The Church of Saint Carpophorus in Como in 724. Other documents, dating from 804 and 844 refer to Lake Lugano as Laco Luanasco, and an act of 984 indicates Lugano as a market town. During the fighting between Guelphs and Ghibellines and the new disputes between Como and Milan , during the 14th and 15th centuries, Lugano was the scene of clashes between opposing forces. After a long rule by
7866-555: The Commerce Department. Ocean shipping is regulated by the Federal Maritime Commission, an independent agency." In April 2017 Ross played an influential role in the U.S.-China bilateral trade agreement that was made following US President Donald Trump 's meeting with China 's paramount leader Xi Jinping on trade policy issues. The agreement allowed "U.S. companies to ship liquefied natural gas to China" At
8004-674: The Commerce department by mid-May, the DOJ " had "already authorized the shipment of 19.2 billion cubic feet per day of natural gas exports to China and other interested countries." The Commerce Department announced on November 7, 2017 that Commerce Secretary Ross would divest his stakes in Diamond S Shipping and Navigator Gas LLC. Lugano Lugano ( / l uː ˈ ɡ ɑː n oʊ / , UK also / l ʊ ˈ ɡ æ n oʊ / ; Italian: [luˈɡaːno] ; Lombard : Lügán [lyˈɡaŋ] )
8142-671: The Creditors Committee Reorganization Plan to "receive a distribution of 128,226 shares of the Reorganized Debtors". The creditors temporarily prevented the shares from being transferred to ProConsult in August 2006. As a consequence of its success on appeal, the Committee stayed its winding up proceedings in the Isle of Man, and the U.S. Plan finally became effective on August 9, 2006. On August 9, 2006 Navigator Gas Transport plc and its affiliated companies had completing
8280-584: The Creditors Committee had not provided enough evidence to "justify further restraint" on ProConsult Shares and the Creditors Committee was denied the relief they sought. The restraint on the ProConsult shares was terminated. On November 10, 2014, the Privy Council declared Cambridge v creditors as an "unsafe authority for the concept of judicial assistance in international liquidations." Michael Tziras
8418-493: The Debtors", and the five individual affiliated companies that owned each transport vessel, the directors and ultimate owners of the group, led by Giovanni Mahler, a Swiss citizen and resident of Lucerne, were non-residents of the United States and "had no known personal assets in the United States." On February 6, 2003, the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors Committee was appointed under Chapter 11. On March 17, 2004
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#17329028591078556-515: The Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti , conquered the region of Lugano and the Rusca valley and made it a fief . A year later, Lugano's freedoms were first documented in a series of statutes modelled on those of Como. The town was able to secure complete independence. Between 1433 and 1438 the Duke of Milan sat as a feudal lord over Lugano. He compensated the Rusca family with the ownership of Locarno. Under
8694-580: The Indonesia-Based vessel owning company PT Navigator Khatulistiwa. (Their Liquefied Gas Carrier (LPG) vessel flies the flag of Indonesia and its home port is Surabaya ), Navigator Triton L.L.C., and Navigator Oberon L.L.C. In 1997, Giovanni Mahler of Lugano , Switzerland, and Shaun Fergusson Cairns of the Isle of Man and 2 other investors, formed Navigator Gas Transport PLC as an Isle of Man public limited company to "construct and operate five 22,000 cubic meter semi-refrigerated gas carriers". NGT financed
8832-479: The International Maritime Organization (IMO), making LPG a viable transition option as the maritime industry transitions towards net zero carbon emissions. LPG can be converted into alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional anti-knock properties and gives clean burning. LPG is instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration, usually by means of
8970-648: The Middle East, and Europe. Following a slump in the gas shipping transport market in the late 1990s and early 2000s, delays in the delivery of the vessels, and other factors, NGT was forced into a restructuring which was completed in 2006. In 2006 Navigator Gas Management Limited (NGML) and its affiliated companies were under new management and owned and operated "five semi-refrigerated 22,000 cubic meter liquefied ethylene gas carriers". In 2012, when Wilbur Ross —who had acquired his first stakes in Navigator in 2011 through WL Ross & Co and affiliates—increased his stake,
9108-455: The Rusca family, Lugano was freed from the domination of Como, which had been taken over in 1335 from the Visconti . At the same time, the link between the town and the valley strengthened. By 1405–06 documents attest to a vallis comunitas Lugani et , a governing body that was independent of Como. The new community included the parishes of Lugano, Agno , Riva San Vitale and Capriasca . In 1416
9246-465: The US Bankruptcy Code . At that time, Navigator's "business involved the ownership and operation of vessels which were utilized principally in the shipping of liquefied petroleum gas and petrochemical gas pursuant to charter agreements." The parent company ( Navigator Holdings PLC) and affiliated companies, such as Cambridge Gas Transport Corp, "the non-debtor holding company that held the stock of
9384-492: The White House Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross told reporters, that his was a "herculean accomplishment...This is more than has been done in the whole history of U.S.-China relations on trade. Normally trade deals are denominated in multiple years, not tens of days." The bilateral agreement "welcome[s] Chinese companies negotiating agreements to purchase U.S.-produced liquefied natural gas." According to
9522-493: The ability of the valve to vent the excess. Alternatively, if, due to continued venting, the liquid level drops below the area being heated, the tank structure can be overheated and subsequently weakened in that area. If either occurs, the container may rupture violently, launching pieces of the vessel at high velocity, while the released products can ignite as well, potentially causing catastrophic damage to anything nearby, including other containers. People can be exposed to LPG in
9660-401: The active working population); in the same year tax revenues reached CHF 104 million, of which CHF 59 million were attributable to the banking sector. The town is Switzerland's third largest banking centre after Zürich and Geneva . With regards to intercommunal financial equalisation, thanks to its financial strength Lugano contributes significantly to the equalisation fund. The population
9798-578: The adjacent town of Paradiso , occupies the entire bay of Lugano. The territory of the municipality encompasses a much larger region on both sides of the lake, with numerous isolated villages. The region of Lugano is surrounded by the Lugano Prealps , the latter extending on most of the Sottoceneri region, the southernmost part of Ticino and Switzerland. Both western and eastern parts of the municipality share an international border with Italy. Described as
9936-440: The agricultural, recreation, hospitality, industrial, construction, sailing and fishing sectors. It can serve as fuel for cooking, central heating and water heating and is a particularly cost-effective and efficient way to heat off-grid homes. LPG is used for cooking in many countries for economic reasons, for convenience or because it is the preferred fuel source. In India, nearly 28.5 million metric tons of LPG were consumed in
10074-401: The amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5% and is utilized as an autogas specification. A powerful odorant , ethanethiol , is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. In the United States, tetrahydrothiophene (thiophane) or amyl mercaptan are also approved odorants, although neither is currently being utilized. LPG
10212-624: The area surrounding Lugano, items from the Copper Age and the Iron Age have been found. There are Etruscan monuments at Davesco-Soragno (5th to 2nd century BC), Pregassona (3rd to 2nd century BC), and Viganello (3rd to 2nd century BC). Graves with jewellery and household items have been found in Aldesago, Davesco, Pazzallo and Pregassona along with Celtic money in Viganello. The region around Lake Lugano
10350-444: The canton of Ticino, and 15.6% (10,458) from other cantons in Switzerland. The city's economy provides an estimated 38,000 jobs, over a third of which are occupied by cross-border commuters. Business, tourism and finance constitute the backbone of the local economy. In 2000, the tertiary sector offered 90% of all jobs in Lugano, of which 75% were occupied by commuters, many of which commute from neighbouring Italy (approximately 13% of
10488-457: The canton's largest city. The expansion in 2004 was the second major expansion after the union in 1972 with the municipalities of Brè-Aldesago and Castagnola . As of 2015 , 38.1% of the population do not hold Swiss citizenship and 14,778 or 23.2% of the population was born in Italy. In 2013, among the Swiss population (61.6%, 41,392), 24.3% (16,349) are Luganesi, 21.7% (14,585) from anywhere else in
10626-531: The capital in a six-year rotation. Lugano was the capital in 1827–33, 1845–51 and 1863–69. In the 19th century, the city government was dominated by the Liberal Party . In 1900, slightly more than half of the seats on the city council (at the time 50 total members, but 60 members since 2004) were held by Liberals. Most of the rest of the seats were held by either Conservatives or Socialists. The city government initially had eleven members, but in 1908 their number
10764-461: The city by that lake. Similarly, the inner-urban but independent municipality of Paradiso is a near- enclave , totally surrounded as it is by the municipality and Lake Lugano. Based on the 1997 land survey, as of 2013 the municipality Lugano has a total area of 32.09 square kilometres (12.39 square miles). Of this area, 3.25 km (1.25 sq mi) or 10.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.73 km (2.60 sq mi) or 21.0%
10902-474: The city gas network system. This would eliminate the last mile LPG cylinders road transport which is a cause of traffic and safety hurdles in Indian cities. These localized natural gas networks are successfully operating in Japan with feasibility to get connected to wider networks in both villages and cities. Commercially available LPG is currently derived mainly from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases carbon dioxide ,
11040-435: The company was transformed. Ross, who served as Chairman of Navigator in the 2010s, arranged financing so that Navigator Gas could make major purchases which included the 2013 acquisition of Maersk 's Handysize LPG fleet, two secondhand LPG carriers, and construct four new buildings. Before Ross' transactions, Navigator Gas's fleet of ten gas shipping vessels was the second largest in the world after Maersk . When Ross purchased
11178-572: The construction of vessels such as ethylene capable gas carriers, that are technically complex. On August 7, 1997 Navigator [Transport] Holdings and each of its subsidiaries entered into a credit agreement through the Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB), the trade name for Credit Suisse 's investment banking , for $ 50 million to be partially used for interest payments regarding the First and Second Notes and as working capital. By July 30, 1999
11316-437: The construction of "five large (22 thousand cubic meters) petrochemical gas carriers" to create a transoceanic shipping fleet capable of transporting liquefied petroleum gas and petrochemical gas, including ethylene , by issuing "$ 302 million in bonds in first mortgage notes and second mortgage notes. The plan was to create a "liner-like trade capability for the movement of industrial gases. All five ships are required to provide
11454-501: The construction of Palazzo Beroldingen, on the site of the current Parco Ciani [ it ] , and Villa Favorita [ it ] , in Castagnola . In 1746, the Agnelli brothers opened the first printing press and bookshop in Lugano. They began publishing the newspaper Nuove di diverse corti e paesi in 1748 and changed its name to Gazzetta di Lugano in 1797. The newspaper
11592-424: The construction, installation and maintenance of reliable baseload power sources such as LPG fueled generation to provide electrical power during the entire year. 100% wind/solar is possible, the caveat being that the expense of the additional generation capacity necessary to charge batteries plus the cost of battery electrical storage makes this option economically feasible in only a minority of situations. When LPG
11730-566: The deal with China." Teramato is Ross' chief of staff at the Commerce Department. The APM Reports investigation found that Teramoto, "cut the China trade deal despite serving as a director for Navigator Holdings Ltd." Sibur, a "Russian energy company was one of Navigator's transoceanic shipping clients from early 2012 until the timecharter contract expired in December 2023. Navigator Holdings has "received more than $ 68 million in revenue since 2014" from Sibur. Sibur's owners include Kirill Shamalov , who
11868-462: The density and vapor pressure of LPG (or its components) change significantly with temperature, this fact must be considered every time when the application is connected with safety or custody transfer operations, e.g. typical cuttoff level option for LPG reservoir is 85%. Besides its use as an energy carrier, LPG is also a promising feedstock in the chemical industry for the synthesis of olefins such as ethylene and propylene. As its boiling point
12006-459: The development of tourism and more generally of the tertiary sector which are, to this day, predominant in the economy of the city. In 1956, Lugano hosted the first-ever Eurovision Song Contest. The toponym is first recorded in 804 AD, in the form Luanasco , in 874 as Luano , and from 1189 as Lugano . Traditional German-language variants of the name (now virtually unused) are Lowens , Lauis , Lauwis , Louwerz . The local Lombard form of
12144-488: The edge of Lake Lugano ( Italian : Lago di Lugano or Ceresio ), which is situated between the lakes Lago Maggiore and Lago di Como , south of the Alps . It lies at the heart of the Sottoceneri , that part of the canton of Ticino that lies south of the Monte Ceneri Pass . The city centre is located on the lake shore just to the west of where the river Cassarate enters the lake. The city's waterfront forms
12282-501: The editor for more than 40 years, Abbot Giuseppe Lodovico Maria Vanelli took over the paper. Under Abbot Vanelli, it supported the revolutionary ideas from France, which drew protests from the Austrian government in Lombardy . The publication of the magazine ceased abruptly after edition number 17 of 29 April 1799, following the anti-French riots in Lugano during which the Agnelli printing house
12420-470: The expense of the north–south route along Lake Maggiore . This tendency for development was strengthened further in 1882 with the completion of the Gotthard railway line . The railway station was built in 1874–77 in Lugano, and transformed it into one of the main links between northern Italy and central and northern Europe, which led to the development of tourism and in general, helped the services sector. From
12558-538: The first decades of the 19th century, the roads that connect Lugano with Bellinzona (1808–12), Ponte Tresa (1808–20) and Chiasso (1810–16) were built. In 1848 the first steamboat on Lake Lugano began to operate, with regular, scheduled service since 1856. The construction of the Melide causeway between Melide and Bissone in 1844–47 favoured the development of the Chiasso-Bellinzona-Lugano-Gotthard line at
12696-568: The first-ever edition of the contest. In 1975, the Congress Center was built followed in 1978 by the new City Hospital. In 1963 the city acquired the land for the airfield Lugano-Agno, and the first scheduled flights was in 1980. At the beginning of the 21st century they began the Grande Lugano projects, including: the car tunnel Vedeggio-Cassarate, which started in 2005 and connects the A2 motorway with
12834-525: The five vessels which were being constructed in Jiangnan, were delayed and were therefore subject to penalties imposed by the Chinese Export-Import Bank and Generale de Banque S.A.. The first vessel was on sea-trials in early 2000 and all five vessels were expected to be delivered by February 2001. Because of these factors, Moody's again lowered NGT's first notes to Caa2 from Caa1. By March 2002, as
12972-410: The forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 0.5% is used for growing crops and 9.4% is used for alpine pastures. Almost all the water in the municipality is in lakes. Lugano is amongst the warmest places in Switzerland , along with Locarno and Grono . Lugano has a rare temperate version of a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa) for
13110-546: The freight rate had decreased in the shipping industry, lowering the market value of NGT vessels under construction, which were the collateral for the NGT First Priority Ship Mortgage Notes. In response, Moody's downgraded NGT's First Notes. Moody had estimated in 1999 that each of the ethylene -capable gas carriers, which had "sophisticated cooling capacity allowing the ships to transport ethylene" were valued at over $ 70 million of which about $ 61 million
13248-484: The gender distribution of the population was 47.1% male and 52.9% female. The population was made up of 15,457 Swiss men (28.1% of the population), and 10,461 (19.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 19,417 Swiss women (35.3%), and 9,725 (17.7%) non-Swiss women. In 2008 there were 318 live births to Swiss citizens and 190 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in the same period there were 351 deaths of Swiss citizens and 92 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration,
13386-719: The intention of constructing the world's "largest ethylene capable vessels." The first five vessels were built in the Jiangnan Shipyard/CSTC shipyard in China , a shipyard known for constructing carriers that are technically complex and capable of transporting even ethylene gas. They provided regular transoceanic service with a shipping fleet of sophisticated large vessels capable of carrying different types and sizes of cargoes, such as liquefied petroleum gas and petrochemical gas, including ethylene to ports in North and South America, Asia,
13524-479: The largest in the world. By purchasing Lehman Brothers ' 34% stake in Navigator in August 2012, Ross' stake increased to 55.7%. The Navigator Libra, a semi-refrigerated gas carrier was delivered in February 2012. In December 2012 the company had contracted a company in Jiangnan , China to build four ethylene -capable semi-refrigerated gas carriers. Liquefied Ethylene Gas (LEG) carriers are "the most sophisticated of
13662-568: The latitude, closely bordering on a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb) due to the warmer average being 22 °C (71.6 °F). Although the US National Academy of Sciences considers a sea-like climate, the vegetation is from the subtropics with deciduous forest . It is characterized by relatively mild winters and warm humid summers. It has an average of 98.1 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1,559 mm (61.4 in) of precipitation . The wettest month
13800-405: The mid-19th century to 1970 the city recorded consistent population growth, especially between 1880 and 1910, when the population more than doubled. This increase was partly due to foreign nationals settling in Lugano (in 1870 18.7% of the population, 1910 43.6%) and people from other language areas of Switzerland (1870 1.4% of the population, 1910 6.9%). In the last three decades of the 20th century,
13938-405: The municipality in 2004, 2008 and 2013; these enlargements involved previously independent municipalities becoming parts of the municipality. In the 2007 Grand Council of Ticino election, there were a total of 27,557 registered voters in Lugano, of which 15,214 or 55.2% voted. 237 blank ballots and 38 null ballots were cast, leaving 14,939 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party
14076-576: The name is rendered Lugan . The etymology of the name is uncertain, suggestions include derivation from Latin lucus ("grove"), from a Vulgar Latin *lakvannus ("lake-dweller") and from the god Lugus . In Romansch , especially in traditional Sursilvan dialect, the city is known as Ligiaun . The shores of Lake Lugano have been inhabited since the Stone Age . Within the modern city limits (Breganzona, Castagnola , Davesco and Gandria) several ground stones or quern-stones have been found. In
14214-676: The national oil company Petrobras differentiates between LPG destined for cooking and LPG destined for other uses, establishing a lower price for the former. This is a result of a directive from the Brazilian federal government, but its discontinuation is currently being debated. LPG is commonly used in North America for domestic cooking and outdoor grilling . Predominantly in Europe and rural parts of many countries, LPG can provide an alternative to electric heating , heating oil , or kerosene . LPG
14352-551: The neighbourhood of Cornaredo, the creation of a new Kulturpol on the site of the former Grand Hôtel Palace and a convention and exhibition centre in the area of Campo Marzio. In June 2011, officials of the Israeli town of Yehud announced they would undertake a massive construction project to replicate Lugano's old square in the centre of their town, to reinvigorate commerce and tourism. The replica will be replete with neoclassical columns and colonnades. The municipality Lugano lies at
14490-560: The non-Swiss population change was an increase of 706 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.7%. The age distribution, as of 2009 , in Lugano is; 4,666 children or 8.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 5,013 teenagers or 9.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 6,270 people or 11.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 8,267 people or 15.0% are between 30 and 39, 9,113 people or 16.6% are between 40 and 49, and 6,844 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution
14628-749: The northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. In the United States , mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials. Propane/butane blends are also listed in these specifications. Propylene , butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations such as C 2 H 6 , CH 4 , and C 3 H 8 . HD-5 limits
14766-433: The other 30% owned by other offshore companies. Bahama-based Vela Energy Holdings Ltd owned all Cambridge shares. Mahler and Cairns were directors of both Cambridge, and Navigator. Mahler was also director of Vela. By February 29, 2000, Moody's reported that NGT's "balance sheet" was "fragile" due to its "high leverage" and Moody's anticipated that the company would have to explore restructuring options. The delivery dates for
14904-409: The other finding slight increases at low engine load but a considerable decrease at high engine load. Its advantage is that it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free of tetraethyllead or any additives, and has a high octane rating (102–108 RON depending on local specifications). It burns more cleanly than petrol or fuel-oil and is especially free of the particulates present in the latter. LPG has
15042-427: The partnerships valued between $ 2 million and $ 10 million, and stood to earn a higher share of profits as general partner." Concerns were raised about Wendy Teramoto, in an in depth November 6, 2017 report by American Public Media (ABM). Teramato, who has been with WL Ross & Co since it was founded, served as a board member of Navigator until July 2017, "according to federal filings, two months after Ross announced
15180-497: The population fell slightly, despite the merger in 1972, of the municipalities of Castagnola and Brè-Aldesago. This reflected a trend to move away from the centre to the suburban communities. However, in 2004 the municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia , Davesco-Soragno , Gandria , Pambio-Noranco , Pazzallo , Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the municipality and followed by Barbengo , Carabbia and Villa Luganese in 2008. This, among other factors, resulted in
15318-420: The population of Swiss citizens decreased by 33 while the foreign population increased by 98. There were 7 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 672 non-Swiss men and 556 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 197 and
15456-527: The precipitation is ample while the deviations of temperature are moderate. Lugano is also one of the sunniest Swiss cities . The greatest precipitates anticipate and succeed much of the summer. Winter freezing temperatures are more common on the night of January (between 27 and 28 days), but the low temperatures remains are rare and do not occur every year. Much of the summer is pleasant, but warm days above 30 °C (86 °F) are not uncommon (average of about 8 days). It usually snows every winter, but often
15594-450: The reign of his heirs in the following decades rebellions and riots broke out, which lasted until the French invasion of 1499. Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan, in particular by the powerful dynasties of the Visconti (rulers of Milan) and the Rusca (rulers of Como), until it became a Swiss dominion in 1513. An important name in this period
15732-403: The reorganization proposed by their creditors with all equity transferred to Navigator Mortgage First and Second Notes. By 2006 Navigator Gas Management Limited (NGML) and its affiliated companies were under new management and owned and operated "five semi-refrigerated 22,000 cubic meter liquefied ethylene gas carriers". On December 29, 2006, U.S. bankruptcy court Justice Allan L. Gropper found that
15870-423: The same Wobbe index are held to be interchangeable. LPG-based SNG is used in emergency backup systems for many public, industrial and military installations, and many utilities use LPG peak shaving plants in times of high demand to make up shortages in natural gas supplied to their distributions systems. LPG-SNG installations are also used during initial gas system introductions when the distribution infrastructure
16008-607: The semi-pressurized tankers and have the ability to carry not only most other liquefied gas cargoes but can also transport ethylene fully-refrigerated at its atmospheric pressure boiling point of −104 °C (−155 °F)." Designed to carry most liquefied gas cargoes except LNG point of −104 °C (−155 °F)." In February 2013 three Maersk Tankers were delivered to Navigator including Navigator Galaxy, Navigator Genesis, and Navigator Gusto. By 2017, Navigator Holdings had 14 ethylene -capable semi-refrigerated gas carriers, 17 semi-refrigerated and 7 fully refrigerated vessels. In
16146-599: The service envisioned by Navigator (three ships circling the globe and two crossing the Atlantic). This will allow the company to provide regular service to ports in Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the Americas. The large size, segregated tanks, and on board purging and cleaning systems make the ships some of the most sophisticated in the world and will allow them great flexibility in carrying multiple types and sizes of cargoes, in calling at
16284-417: The struggles between unionists and federalists. The canton of Lugano merged with Bellinzona creating the canton of Ticino , which endures to the present day. After 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created. One of the primary tasks of the new city government was to determine the division of property and authority between the patriziato and the new political municipality. Two agreements between
16422-518: The surrounding hills, along the Cassarate, and toward Molino Nuovo, Paradiso and Castagnola. In 1843–44 the city hall was built on the site of the Bishop's Palace (built in 1346). It housed the cantonal government in 1845–51 and again in 1863–69. Since 1890, it has housed the city government. The promenade was built in stages: the first part was in the 1870s, the second in the first decade of the 20th century. In
16560-419: The third financial centre of Switzerland, with over 100 banking institutions present in the city. Trade, tourism and finance are the mainstays of the local economy. In 2000, nine-tenths of the workers were employed in the services sector, of which three-quarters were commuters, including many cross-border commuters (13% of the working population). Lugano was the host city of the 1956 Eurovision Song Contest ,
16698-625: The town. Power passed to a provisional government sympathetic to the Habsburgs . However, French occupation was restored in 1800. Discontent continued and in early 1802 a revolt in Capriasca led to the autumn pronunciamento of Pian Povrò, which declared the independence of Lugano from the Helvetic client republic . With the Act of Mediation , the following year, political agitation was finally quelled, as were
16836-498: The two NGML directors, Mahler and Cairns, owed over $ 13 million to their creditors and in fines to the court for "opposing the winding up proceedings". Navigator had proposed a "plan to sell the companies' assets to insiders". On May 16, 2016, in the leading case of Cambridge Gas Transport Corp v Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (of Navigator Holdings Plc and Others) , Cambridge/Navigator lawyers successfully cited Borland v Steel (1901) UK company law with approval. The case
16974-528: The two organizations, in 1804 and 1810, began this process. In the second half of the 19th century, the political municipality received various properties and rights from the patriziato. Francesco Capra, the préfet during the Helvetic Republic, became the first mayor of Lugano from 1803 until 1813. The cantonal constitution of 1814, set Lugano, Bellinzona and Locarno as capitals of the Canton. They each served as
17112-438: The upper case serif letters L, V, G and A (respectively in the I, II, III and IV quarters). The coat of arms dates from around 1200. The four letters on the coat of arms are an abbreviation of the name Lugano. The municipality is subdivided into 25 quartieri (neighborhoods) which are grouped into three (cantonal) circles. Quarters 1–9 are the older quarters of the city, which have been added to by successive enlargements of
17250-448: The use of the same burner controls and to provide for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be easily substituted. LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40, though this is widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG. The method for determining the mixing ratios is by calculating the Wobbe index of the mix. Gases having
17388-422: The value of $ 75,000,000" were issued on February 25, 2013. Since November 5, 2013, according to a revised Investor Rights Agreement with "WL Ross & Co. LLC and certain of its affiliated investment funds owning shares of our common stock", known collectively as the WLR Group, they have had the right to designate up to two individuals to be nominated to Navigator's Board. On July 17, 2017, Harold L (Hal) Malone, who
17526-601: The vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLR (with 3,596 or 24.0%), the PS (with 2,496 or 16.7%) and the SSI (with 2,169 or 14.5%). In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the Lega which received 20.6% (-5.8) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the PLR (20.3%, -2), the PPD (14.0%, -1.1), PS (13.9%, -1.3),
17664-463: The workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( Permissible exposure limit ) for LPG exposure in the workplace as 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m ) over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m ) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 2000 ppm, 10% of
17802-663: Was CEO and Lawyer at Navigator Gas Transport Plc. In 2011 WL Ross purchased shares in Navigator Holdings Ltd. at $ 25 a share. In 2012 Ross acquired bankrupt Lehman Brothers Holdings stake in Navigator Holdings Ltd. in a private sale for $ 110 million. Over a two-year period, Ross' combined stake in Navigator represented 10%, the 42% and then 56% of the common stock. According to George Weltman, in his Editor's Choice Award March 2013 article in Marine Money , Wilbur Ross (through his company WL Ross & Co), can be credited with
17940-614: Was dismissed. Jörg G. Bucherer, grandson of the founder of Carl F. Bucherer , a Swiss haute horlogerie company based in Lucerne , Switzerland was the principal of ProConsult Limited, that had purchased $ 8 million of First Notes and had become the largest holder of the four Navigator Principals by 2004. ProConsult's corporate registry is located in Lugano, Switzerland but it is a British Virgin Islands corporation. There were unproven allegations that were eventually dismissed that Bucherer had acted as
18078-537: Was financed by debt. By 2000, Navigator Gas Management Limited (NGML) with Mahler and Cairns at the helm, was incorporated. Each of the five vessels, which were registered in Liberia, was "held by a separate subsidiary" of a "management company", Navigator Gas Management Limited (NGML). Mahler and Cairns were the directors of Navigator Holdings and its individual subsidiaries. Cayman Island-based Cambridge Gas Transport Corporation, owned about 70% of Navigator Holdings plc with
18216-580: Was nothing improper about his investments" in Navigator Holdings. On November 7, Ross announced that he would "likely" "divest Russia-linked shipping stake." even though he "did nothing wrong." "Navigator did not come up at Ross' confirmation hearing in January, but he was asked about his decision to retain an interest in Diamond S Shipping, which operates 33 petroleum product tankers. Ross said his research showed that no ocean shipping cases had ever come before
18354-629: Was reduced to five and in 2004 increased to seven. Throughout most of the 20th century, the Liberals held the absolute majority here as well. The rest of the municipal executive posts were held by the Conservatives, the Socialists (1944–48, 1976–80 and since 2000) and the Ticino League (since 1992). Around 1830 new civic and government buildings began to emerge in Lugano. The town also began to expand into
18492-508: Was sacked and Abbot Vanelli was shot. Swiss control lasted until 1798 when Napoleon conquered the Old Swiss Confederation and created the Helvetic Republic , within which Lugano became the capital of the Canton of Lugano . The canton of Lugano unified the former Landvogteien of Lugano, Mendrisio , Locarno and Valmaggia . However, as with the other cantons of the Helvetic Republic,
18630-618: Was settled by the Romans by the 1st century BC. There was an important Roman town north of Lugano at Bioggio . There are fewer traces of the Romans in Lugano, but several inscriptions, graves and coins indicate that some Romans lived in what would become Lugano. The first written mention of a settlement at Lugano can be found in documents, which are of disputed authenticity, with which the Longobard king Liutprand ceded various assets located in Lugano to
18768-447: Was that of the von Beroldingen , a noble family from Uri , whose members between 1576 and 1798 served as chancellors of the Vogt residing in Lugano. A key member of this family was Karl Konrad von Beroldingen [ it ] (1624-1706), who served as Lugano's chancellor and general captain, serving also Spain, and receiving the title of Baron from Leopold I in 1691. He commissioned
18906-464: Was the PLR which received 3,680 or 24.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the Lega (with 2,854 or 19.1%), the SSI (with 2,532 or 16.9%) and the PS (with 2,170 or 14.5%). In the 2007 Council of State of Ticino election, 158 blank ballots and 79 null ballots were cast, leaving 14,980 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the Lega which received 3,839 or 25.6% of
19044-736: Was widely read in north and central Italy. It supported the cause of the later Jansenists against the Jesuits and therefore was banned in 1768 in the territory of the Papal States . It was open to the themes of enlightened reform and the American Revolutionary War. It was the first newspaper in the Italian language to publish an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence of 1776. After the death of Abbot Gian Battista Agnelli in 1788, who had been
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