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63-468: Naval Landing Force Equipment Depot may refer to: Naval Landing Force Equipment Depot (Albany, California) , after World War II, this facility became Golden Gate Fields Naval Landing Force Equipment Depot (Norfolk, Virginia) (1942–1946), facilities purchased by Ford Motor Company and became the Norfolk Assembly after World War II Topics referred to by

126-457: A tolerance to and dependence on nitroglycerin after long-term exposure. Although rare, withdrawal can be fatal; symptoms include chest pain and other heart problems. These symptoms may be relieved with re-exposure to nitroglycerin or other suitable organic nitrates. For workers in nitroglycerin (NTG) manufacturing facilities, the effects of withdrawal sometimes include "Sunday heart attacks" in those experiencing regular nitroglycerin exposure in

189-412: A desensitizer. When nitroglycerin explodes, the products after cooling are given by: The heat released can be calculated from the heats of formation. Using −371 kJ/ mol for the heat of formation of condensed phase nitroglycerin gives 1414 kJ/mol released if forming water vapor, and 1524 if forming liquid water. The detonation velocity of nitroglycerin is 7820 meters per second, which

252-538: A fall meet running from mid-October to mid-December. Starting in 2010, a summer meet was added with dates based around the summer fair circuit. On June 15, 2016, the CHRB presented a proposed 2017 calendar that would eliminate the summer meet. On July 16, 2023, Golden Gate Fields owners The Stronach Group announced that 2023 would be the last year of racing at Golden Gate Fields. In their announcement, The Stronach Group president and chief executive Belinda Stronach said that

315-405: A fast rate but cold enough to avoid runaway reaction. The nitrator vessel, often constructed of iron or lead and generally stirred with compressed air , has an emergency trap door at its base, which hangs over a large pool of very cold water and into which the whole reaction mixture (called the charge) can be dumped to prevent an explosion, a process referred to as drowning. If the temperature of

378-412: A main grandstand with seating for about 8,000 customers, a clubhouse with seating for about 5,200 customers, a Turf Club with seating for about 1,500 customers and parking for over 8,500 cars. The synthetic track was called Tapeta and was installed in the summer of 2007. [1] On July 16, 2023, The Stronach Group announced that Golden Gate Fields would close at the end of the 2023 race meet. The closing

441-421: A potent vasodilator (causing dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions, such as angina pectoris and chronic heart failure . Though it was previously known that these beneficial effects are due to nitroglycerin being converted to nitric oxide , a potent venodilator, the enzyme for this conversion was only discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase ( ALDH2 ) in 2002. Nitroglycerin

504-453: A process used to recover oil and gas from shale formations. The technique involves displacing and detonating nitroglycerin in natural or hydraulically induced fracture systems, or displacing and detonating nitroglycerin in hydraulically induced fractures followed by wellbore shots using pelletized TNT . Nitroglycerin has an advantage over some other high explosives that on detonation it produces practically no visible smoke. Therefore, it

567-413: A rifle ball when in that condition but on the other hand it appears to be more liable to explode on breaking, crushing, tamping, etc." Frozen nitroglycerin is much less energetic than liquid, and so must be thawed before use. Thawing it out can be extremely sensitizing, especially if impurities are present or the warming is too rapid. Ethylene glycol dinitrate or another polynitrate may be added to lower

630-706: A rocky promontory which lies on the eastern shoreline of San Francisco Bay . On the north, it is bordered by the Albany Bulb , Albany Beach and Albany Plateau, undeveloped terrain over a former landfill, owned by the City of Albany . To the east is Interstate 80 and to the south, the Berkeley Meadow. This tract lies on what was once a part of the slough into which three creeks drain: Schoolhouse Creek , Codornices Creek and Marin Creek . The tract had originally been that portion of

693-403: A smaller preload reduces the ventricular transmural pressure (pressure exerted on the walls of the heart), which decreases the compression of heart arteries to allow more blood to flow through the heart. At higher doses, it also dilates arteries, thereby reducing afterload (decreasing the pressure against which the heart must pump). An improved ratio of myocardial oxygen demand to supply leads to

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756-571: A specific explosive energy density of 1.488  kilocalories per gram, or 6.23 kJ/g, making nitroglycerin 49% more energetic on a mass basis than the standard definitional value assigned to TNT (precisely 1 kcal/g). Nitroglycerin can be produced by acid-catalyzed nitration of glycerol (glycerin). The industrial manufacturing process often reacts glycerol with a nearly 1:1 mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid . This can be produced by mixing white fuming nitric acid —a quite expensive pure nitric acid in which

819-402: A winter-spring meet at Golden Gate in 2024 would be "completely contingent on the outcome of a sitdown ." The following month, it was announced that the closing of Golden Gate Fields would be tentatively postponed until June 2024. AC Transit , the local public transit agency, provided a seasonal bus service, line 304, between the track and North Berkeley BART station until 2008. The track

882-441: Is a dense, colorless or pale yellow, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester . Chemically, the substance is an organic nitrate compound rather than a nitro compound , but the traditional name is retained. Discovered in 1846 by Ascanio Sobrero , nitroglycerin has been used as an active ingredient in

945-436: Is about 113% the speed of TNT . Accordingly, nitroglycerin is considered to be a high- brisance explosive, which is to say, it has excellent shattering ability. The heat liberated during detonation raises the temperature of the gaseous byproducts to about 5,000 °C (9,000 °F). With a standard enthalpy of explosive decomposition of −1414 kJ/ mol and a molecular weight of 227.0865 g/mol, nitroglycerin has

1008-963: Is also accessible from the Gilman Street and Albany exits of the Eastshore Freeway , as well as from adjacent city streets. The San Francisco Bay Trail , a bicycle and walking path passes between the bay and the stands. In 2009, East Shore Charter Lines was contracted to provide the racetrack with a new free service from the BART station. The following Graded events were held at Golden Gate Fields in 2020. Grade III The following are black type listed stakes: It hosts numerous overnight handicaps and ungraded stakes events. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin ( NG ) (alternative spelling of nitroglycerine), also known as trinitroglycerol ( TNG ), nitro , glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane ,

1071-539: Is available in sublingual tablets , sprays, ointments, and patches. Nitroglycerin was the first practical explosive produced that was stronger than black powder . It was synthesized by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1846, working under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Turin . Sobrero initially called his discovery pyroglycerine and warned vigorously against its use as an explosive. Nitroglycerin

1134-558: Is colorless, in practice the presence of nitric oxide impurities left over during production tends to give it a slight yellowish tint. Due to its high boiling point and consequently low vapor pressure (0.00026 mmHg at 20 °C), pure nitroglycerin has practically no odor at room temperature, with a sweet and burning taste when ingested. Unintentional detonation may ensue when dropped, shaken, lit on fire, rapidly heated, exposed to sunlight and ozone, subjected to sparks and electrical discharges, or roughly handled. Its sensitivity to exploding

1197-454: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Naval Landing Force Equipment Depot (Albany, California) The track was set on 140 acres (0.57 km ) of land in the cities of Albany and Berkeley. Golden Gate Fields' facilities currently include a one-mile (1,609 m) synthetic track and a turf course measuring 9/10 of a mile, or 7 furlongs plus 132 feet (1,448 m), stalls for 1,420 horses,

1260-414: Is one of the world's most powerful explosives, comparable to the more recently developed RDX and PETN . Early in its history, liquid nitroglycerin was found to be " desensitized " by freezing it at a temperature below 45 to 55 °F (7 to 13 °C) depending on its purity. Its sensitivity to shock while frozen is somewhat unpredictable: "It is more insensitive to the shock from a fulminate cap or

1323-501: Is responsible for numerous devastating industrial accidents throughout its history. The chemical's characteristic reactivity may be reduced through the addition of desensitizing agents, which makes it less likely to explode. Clay ( diatomaceous earth ) is an example of such an agent, forming dynamite, a much more easily handled composition. Addition of other desensitizing agents give birth to the various formulations of dynamite. Nitroglycerin has been used for over 130 years in medicine as

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1386-605: Is scheduled to take place on December 18, 2023. During a committee meeting of the California Horse Racing Board in August 2023, the Thoroughbred Owners of California proposed a plan to keep Golden Gate Fields open until the following summer in an effort to provide short-term continuity for thoroughbred racing in the region. Aidan Butler, CEO of 1/ST Racing (parent company of The Stronach Group), said afterward that

1449-422: Is thus added as an ester C−O−NO 2 and water is produced. This is different from an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which nitronium ions are the electrophile . The addition of glycerol results in an exothermic reaction (i.e., heat is produced), as usual for mixed-acid nitrations. If the mixture becomes too hot, it results in a runaway reaction, a state of accelerated nitration accompanied by

1512-529: Is useful as an ingredient in the formulation of various kinds of smokeless powder . Alfred Nobel then developed ballistite , by combining nitroglycerin and guncotton . He patented it in 1887. Ballistite was adopted by a number of European governments, as a military propellant. Italy was the first to adopt it. The British government and the Commonwealth governments adopted cordite instead, which had been developed by Sir Frederick Abel and Sir James Dewar of

1575-544: The California Horse Racing Board . The Tapeta Footings synthetic all-weather racing surface is designed to make racing safer for both horses and riders. On February 1, 2008, on board the horse Two Step Cat, Russell Baze got his 10,000th career win as a jockey. Baze won 54 riding titles and a total of 5,765 races at Golden Gate Fields during his career. Shared Belief , the Champion 2-year-old colt of 2013,

1638-701: The Central Pacific Railroad , which planned to experiment with it as a blasting explosive to expedite the construction of the 1,659-foot-long (506 m) Summit Tunnel through the Sierra Nevada Mountains . One of the remaining crates exploded, destroying a Wells Fargo company office in San Francisco and killing 15 people. This led to a complete ban on the transportation of liquid nitroglycerin in California. The on-site manufacture of nitroglycerin

1701-606: The Rancho San Antonio owned by José Domingo Peralta . He sold it in July 1852 to John Fleming, who used it as a transhipment point for sending his cattle across the bay to San Francisco for slaughter and processing. Later in the 19th century, it was the site of the Giant Powder Company , a manufacturer of dynamite and nitroglycerin . Between 1879 and 1892, the plant blew up twice. Competitive horse racing in this part of

1764-815: The Royal Navy Cordite Factory, Holton Heath , in Dorset , England. A large cordite factory was also built in Canada during World War I. The Canadian Explosives Limited cordite factory at Nobel, Ontario , was designed to produce 1,500,000 lb (680 t) of cordite per month, requiring about 286 tonnes of nitroglycerin per month. In its undiluted form, nitroglycerin is a contact explosive , with physical shock causing it to explode. If it has not been adequately purified during manufacture it can degrade over time to even more unstable forms. This makes nitroglycerin highly dangerous to transport or use. In its undiluted form, it

1827-570: The East Bay originated with the Oakland Trotting Track about 2 miles south of the site of Golden Gate Fields, in what is now Emeryville . The Oakland Trotting Track was open from 1871 until it was forced to close in 1911 when the state banned horse racing. A fire in 1915 destroyed what remained of its structures. In 1933, the state repealed the ban on horse racing. Just before World War II , Golden Gate Fields built its grandstand up against

1890-483: The Fog was based here. On September 17, 2006, he was euthanized due to inoperable tumors found on his spleen and along his spine. Prior to his early death, Lost in the Fog ran three races at his home base — winning twice, and placing once. On September 30, 2006, Golden Gate Fields held a celebration of his life. During the summer of 2007, the racetrack installed a polymer synthetic type racing surface as mandated by

1953-549: The Fog's plaque is the third to be placed at Golden Gate Fields, found near the one for Silky Sullivan and that for Bill Shoemaker . The infield turf course was opened on February 22, 1972. In 1974, the first $ 2 million day in Northern California was held on California Derby Day . In 1984, the great gelding John Henry set a course record winning the Golden Gate Handicap. Before his death in 2006, Lost in

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2016-410: The Golden Gate Handicap. The English bred Noor beat the great Triple Crown winner Citation, prompting Citation's rider, Steve Brooks , to say, "We just can't beat that horse." In 1957, the horse Silky Sullivan came to the track and with him came the excitement that followed him throughout his life. Until the death of Lost in the Fog , he was also the only horse to be buried in the infield. Lost in

2079-468: The Krümmel hills of Geesthacht near Hamburg . This business exported a liquid combination of nitroglycerin and gunpowder called "Blasting Oil", but this was extremely unstable and difficult to handle, as evidenced in numerous catastrophes. The buildings of the Krümmel factory were destroyed twice. In April 1866, several crates of nitroglycerin were shipped to California , three of which were destined for

2142-508: The Pacific theater. After the war, Golden Gate Fields resumed horse racing. Golden Gate Fields was owned and managed for 25 years by San Francisco foreign car importer and horseman Kjell Qvale . In 1989, Golden Gate Fields was acquired by UK-based Ladbroke Racing . It was later acquired in 1999 by Magna Entertainment Corp. , as Ladbroke wanted to divest of its non-European holdings. In March 2009, Magna filed for bankruptcy. The Stronach Group,

2205-1000: The United Kingdom in 1889. The original Cordite Mk I consisted of 58% nitroglycerin, 37% guncotton, and 5.0% petroleum jelly . Ballistite and cordite were both manufactured in the form of "cords". Smokeless powders were originally developed using nitrocellulose as the sole explosive ingredient. Therefore, they were known as single-base propellants. A range of smokeless powders that contains both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, known as double-base propellants, were also developed. Smokeless powders were originally supplied only for military use, but they were also soon developed for civilian use and were quickly adopted for sports. Some are known as sporting powders. Triple-base propellants contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine , but are reserved mainly for extremely high-caliber ammunition rounds such as those used in tank cannons and naval artillery . Blasting gelatin, also known as gelignite ,

2268-425: The body by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase ( ALDH2 ), and nitric oxide is a potent natural vasodilator. In medicine , nitroglycerin is probably most commonly prescribed for angina pectoris , a painful symptom of ischemic heart disease caused by inadequate flow of blood and oxygen to the heart and as a potent antihypertensive agent. Nitroglycerin corrects the imbalance between the flow of oxygen and blood to

2331-487: The body than others. Nitroglycerin as well as the onset and duration of action of each form is different. The sublingual or tablet spray of nitroglycerin has a two minute onset and twenty five minute duration of action. The oral formulation of nitroglycerin has a thirty five minute onset and a duration of action of 4–8 hours. The transdermal patch has an onset of thirty minutes and a duration of action of ten to twelve hours. Continuous exposure to nitrates has been shown to cause

2394-638: The body to stop responding normally to this medicine. Experts recommend that the patches be removed at night, allowing the body a few hours to restore its responsiveness to nitrates. Shorter-acting preparations of nitroglycerin can be used several times a day with less risk of developing tolerance. Nitroglycerin was first used by William Murrell to treat angina attacks in 1878, with the discovery published that same year. Infrequent exposure to high doses of nitroglycerin can cause severe headaches known as "NG head" or "bang head". These headaches can be severe enough to incapacitate some people; however, humans develop

2457-404: The charge exceeds about 30 °C (86 °F) (actual value varying by country) or brown fumes are seen in the nitrator's vent, then it is immediately drowned. Nitroglycerin is an oily liquid that explodes when subjected to heat, shock, or flame. The main use of nitroglycerin, by tonnage , is in explosives such as dynamite and in propellants as an ingredient. However, its sensitivity has limited

2520-555: The current owners, acquired Golden Gate Fields on July 3, 2011. Golden Gate Fields made history in 2016 when it hired 29-year-old Angela Hermann as its track announcer, succeeding Michael Wrona . Hermann was the first full-time female race caller in the United States since Ann Elliott worked in the 1960s at Jefferson Downs near New Orleans. Currently, 28-year-old Matt Dinerman is the race announcer and track handicapper at Golden Gate Fields. In 1950, Citation and Noor met in

2583-468: The destructive oxidation of organic materials by the hot nitric acid and the release of poisonous nitrogen dioxide gas at high risk of an explosion. Thus, the glycerin mixture is added slowly to the reaction vessel containing the mixed acid (not acid to glycerin). The nitrator is cooled with cold water or some other coolant mixture and maintained throughout the glycerin addition at about 22 °C (72 °F), hot enough for esterification to occur at

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2646-657: The eastern slope of Fleming Point, and adjacent marshland was filled in for the track. The inaugural meet was on February 1, 1941. In the period just before the war, the track was used as the scene of the crime central to the plot of the movie Shadow of the Thin Man . With the onset of World War II, the United States Navy took over the property as the Naval Landing Force Equipment Depot, Albany for storing hundreds of landing craft destined for use in

2709-574: The following therapeutic effects during episodes of angina pectoris: subsiding of chest pain, decrease of blood pressure , increase of heart rate, and orthostatic hypotension . Patients experiencing angina when doing certain physical activities can often prevent symptoms by taking nitroglycerin 5 to 10 minutes before the activity. Overdoses may generate methemoglobinemia . Nitroglycerin is available in tablets, ointment, solution for intravenous use, transdermal patches , or sprays administered sublingually . Some forms of nitroglycerin last much longer in

2772-459: The form of sticks, individually wrapped in greased waterproof paper. Dynamite and similar explosives were widely adopted for civil engineering tasks, such as in drilling highway and railroad tunnels , for mining , for clearing farmland of stumps, in quarrying , and in demolition work . Likewise, military engineers have used dynamite for construction and demolition work. Nitroglycerin has been used in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing ,

2835-711: The future success of California racing "depends on a business model that encourages investment in Southern California," referring to Santa Anita Park and the San Luis Rey Downs training facility. The leaders of groups representing owners and trainers of thoroughbred horses in California, including the California Thoroughbred Trainers and the Thoroughbred Owners of California, expressed disappointment following The Stronach Group's announcement. The last day of thoroughbred racing at Golden Gate Fields

2898-453: The heart and the heart's energy demand. There are many formulations on the market at different doses. At low doses, nitroglycerin dilates veins more than arteries, thereby reducing preload (volume of blood in the heart after filling); this is thought to be its primary mechanism of action. By decreasing preload, the heart has less blood to pump, which decreases oxygen requirement since the heart does not have to work as hard. Additionally, having

2961-405: The journal The Lancet in 1879. A few months before his death in 1896, Alfred Nobel was prescribed nitroglycerin for this heart condition, writing to a friend: "Isn't it the irony of fate that I have been prescribed nitro-glycerin, to be taken internally! They call it Trinitrin, so as not to scare the chemist and the public." The medical establishment also used the name "glyceryl trinitrate" for

3024-420: The manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite , and as such it is employed in the construction , demolition , and mining industries. It is combined with nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder , used as a propellant in artillery and firearms since the 1880s. As is the case for many other explosives, nitroglycerin becomes more and more prone to exploding (i.e. spontaneous decomposition ) as

3087-459: The melting point and thereby avoid the necessity of thawing frozen explosive. Chemically "desensitizing" nitroglycerin is possible to a point where it can be considered about as "safe" as modern high explosives , such as by the addition of ethanol , acetone , or dinitrotoluene . The nitroglycerin may have to be extracted from the desensitizer chemical to restore its effectiveness before use, for example by adding water to draw off ethanol used as

3150-565: The oxides of nitrogen have been removed, as opposed to red fuming nitric acid , which contains nitrogen oxides —and concentrated sulfuric acid . More often, this mixture is attained by the cheaper method of mixing fuming sulfuric acid , also known as oleum — sulfuric acid containing excess sulfur trioxide —and azeotropic nitric acid (consisting of about 70% nitric acid , with the rest being water). The sulfuric acid produces protonated nitric acid species, which are attacked by glycerol 's nucleophilic oxygen atoms. The nitro group

3213-556: The road at the North Wales village of Cwm-y-glo . The explosion led to the loss of six lives, many injuries and much damage to the village. Little trace was found of the two horses. The UK Government was so alarmed at the damage caused and what could have happened in a city location (these two tons were part of a larger load coming from Germany via Liverpool) that they soon passed the Nitro-Glycerine Act of 1869. Liquid nitroglycerin

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3276-530: The same reason. Large quantities of nitroglycerin were manufactured during World War I and World War II for use as military propellants and in military engineering work. During World War I, HM Factory, Gretna , the largest propellant factory in the United Kingdom , produced about 800 tonnes of cordite RDB per week. This amount required at least 336 tonnes of nitroglycerin per week (assuming no losses in production). The Royal Navy had its own factory at

3339-467: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Naval Landing Force Equipment Depot . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Landing_Force_Equipment_Depot&oldid=1148236964 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3402-420: The temperature is increased. Upon heating to 218 °C or over under atmospheric pressure , nitroglycerin becomes extremely unstable and tends to explode. When placed in vacuum, it has an autoignition temperature of 270 °C instead. With a melting point of 12.8 °C, the chemical is almost always encountered as a thick and viscous fluid, changing to a crystalline solid when frozen. Although the pure compound itself

3465-425: The usefulness of nitroglycerin as a military explosive; less sensitive explosives such as TNT , RDX , and HMX have largely replaced it in munitions. Alfred Nobel developed the use of nitroglycerin as a blasting explosive by mixing nitroglycerin with inert absorbents , particularly " Kieselgur ", or diatomaceous earth . He named this explosive dynamite and patented it in 1867. It was supplied ready for use in

3528-451: The viscosity of the mix, are commonly known as "gelatins". Following the discovery that amyl nitrite helped alleviate chest pain, the physician William Murrell experimented with the use of nitroglycerin to alleviate angina pectoris and to reduce the blood pressure . He began treating his patients with small diluted doses of nitroglycerin in 1878, and this treatment was soon adopted into widespread use after Murrell published his results in

3591-488: The workplace, leading to the development of tolerance for the venodilating effects. Over the weekend, the workers lose the tolerance, and when they are re-exposed on Monday, the drastic vasodilation produces a fast heart rate , dizziness, and a headache. This is referred to as "Monday disease." People can be exposed to nitroglycerin in the workplace by breathing it in, skin absorption, swallowing it, or eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set

3654-555: Was adopted as a commercially useful explosive by Alfred Nobel , who experimented with safer ways to handle the dangerous compound after his younger brother, Emil Oskar Nobel , and several factory workers were killed in an explosion at the Nobels' armaments factory in 1864 in Heleneborg , Sweden. One year later, Nobel founded Alfred Nobel and Company in Germany and built an isolated factory in

3717-426: Was based at the track and won several races there. With the loss of Bay Meadows to developers in 2008, Golden Gate Fields has become Northern California's only major racetrack (aside from the racetracks associated with the summer fair circuit). The California Horse Racing Board (CHRB) sets the specific racing dates each year, but there is customarily a long winter/spring meet running from late December to mid-June, and

3780-414: Was invented by Nobel in 1875, using nitroglycerin, wood pulp , and sodium or potassium nitrate . This was an early, low-cost, flexible explosive. Nitroglycerin belongs to a group of drugs called nitrates, which includes many other nitrates like isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) and isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket). These agents all exert their effect by being converted to nitric oxide in

3843-424: Was later delayed tentatively until June 2024. On June 9, 2024, Golden Gate Fields in the East Bay city of Albany, staged its final card, ending an 83-year run. A total of 5,936 people came to say farewell, with $ 3,057,912 wagered on the eight races by on-track patrons and simulcast/advance-deposit wagering players. Golden Gate Fields racetrack was situated on a tract of land bordered on the west by Fleming Point ,

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3906-716: Was thus required for the remaining hard-rock drilling and blasting required for the completion of the First transcontinental railroad in North America. On Christmas Day 1867, an attempt to dispose of nine canisters of Blasting Oil that had been illegally stored at the White Swan Inn in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne resulted in an explosion on the Town Moor that killed eight people. In June 1869, two one-ton wagons loaded with nitroglycerin, then known locally as Powder-Oil, exploded in

3969-648: Was widely banned elsewhere, as well, and these legal restrictions led to Alfred Nobel and his company's developing dynamite in 1867. This was made by mixing nitroglycerin with diatomaceous earth (" Kieselguhr " in German) found in the Krümmel hills. Similar mixtures, such as "dualine" (1867), "lithofracteur" (1869), and " gelignite " (1875), were formed by mixing nitroglycerin with other inert absorbents, and many combinations were tried by other companies in attempts to get around Nobel's tightly held patents for dynamite. Dynamite mixtures containing nitrocellulose , which increases

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