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62-535: The Falcotto line of shoes, created for children who crawl and toddlers, was introduced by Falc in 1982. Six years later in 1988, this company of Marche Region launched the Naturino line on the market whose characterising features are the ‘sand effect’ system and a slip-out insole. In 1989 Falc acquired the Moschino license for children’s footwear. Falc entered the field of footwear for adults in 2005 when it introduced

124-593: A battlefield between the allied forces and the Germans retreating towards the Gothic Line . In 1946, Umbria was incorporated into the Italian Republic as a region , comprising the two provinces of Perugia and Terni. In the province of Perugia : In the province of Terni : The present economic structure emerged from a series of transformations which took place mainly in the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, there

186-717: A mud diapir or astrobleme exists near Sant'Angelo in Pontano . As of 2023, according to the report on land consumption of the Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Marche and Liguria hold the Italian record for coastal overbuilding. Marche was known in ancient times as the Picenum territory. The first period of cultural unity of the Marches was in the Iron Age , when

248-544: A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The population density in the region is below the national average. In 2008, it was 161.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (418/sq mi), compared to the national figure of 198.8/km (515/sq mi). It

310-485: A second time, almost a thousand years later, during a 500-year period: Benedictine monks started the process in the 13th century, and the draining was completed by an engineer from Foligno in the 18th century. The eastern part of the region, being crossed by many faults , has been often hit by earthquakes: the last ones have been that of 1997 (which hit Nocera Umbra , Gualdo Tadino , Assisi and Foligno) and those of August and October 2016 (which struck Norcia and

372-532: A wooden octagonal prism, similar to an hour-glass shape 4 metres tall and weighing about 280 kg (617 lb). The race has strong devotional, civic, and historical overtones and is one of the best-known folklore manifestations in Italy, and therefore the Ceri were chosen as the heraldic emblem on the coat of arms of Umbria as a modern administrative region. Umbria is not only known for its historical recollections such as

434-683: Is a region of central Italy . It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls , and is crossed by the Tiber . It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula . The regional capital is Perugia . The region is characterized by hills, mountains, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia , Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi ), Terni , Norcia , Città di Castello , Gubbio , Spoleto , Orvieto , Todi , Castiglione del Lago , Narni , Amelia , Spello and other small cities. Umbria

496-544: Is also the birthplace of Gentile da Fabriano , Cyriacus of Ancona , Donato Bramante , Giovanni Battista Pergolesi , Giacomo Leopardi , Gioachino Rossini and Maria Montessori . The name of the region derives from the plural of the medieval word marca , a march or mark , that is, a border zone, originally referring to a borderland territory of the Holy Roman Empire , such as the March of Ancona and others pertaining to

558-419: Is bordered by Tuscany to the west and the north, Marche to the east and Lazio to the south. Partly hilly and mountainous, and partly flat and fertile owing to the valley of the Tiber , its topography includes part of the central Apennines , with the highest point in the region at Monte Vettore on the border of Marche, at 2,476 metres (8,123 feet); the lowest point is Attigliano , 96 metres (315 feet). It

620-624: Is entirely surrounded by the Province of Pesaro and Urbino , which constitutes the northern part of the region. Most of the region is mountainous or hilly: the Apennine range runs longitudinally along the region's eastern border and descends through a hilly landscape towards the Adriatic sea. With the sole exception of Monte Vettore , 2,476 metres (8,123 ft) high, the mountains do not exceed 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). The hilly area covers two-thirds of

682-400: Is highest in the province of Ancona (244.6/km or 634/sq mi inhabitants per km2), and lowest in the province of Macerata (116.1/km or 301/sq mi). Between 1952 and 1967 the population of the region decreased by 1.7% as a result of a negative migration balance, well above the national average, with a rate varying between 4.9 and 10.0 per 1,000 inhabitants. The Average fund of this region

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744-577: Is now the northern Marche to Ravenna , but excluded the west bank of the Tiber, which belonged to Etruria. Thus Perugia was an Etruscan city and the area around Norcia was in the Sabine territory. After the collapse of the Roman empire , Ostrogoths and Byzantines struggled for supremacy in the region, and the decisive battle of the war between these two peoples took place near modern Gualdo Tadino . Soon after

806-561: Is the only Italian region having neither a coastline nor a common border with other countries. The comune of Città di Castello has an exclave named Monte Ruperto within Marche. Contained within Umbria is the hamlet of Cospaia , which was a tiny republic from 1440 to 1826, created by accident. Umbria is crossed by two valleys: the Umbrian valley ("Valle Umbra"), stretching from Perugia to Spoleto, and

868-473: Is worth about a few million or maybe higher. In the same period the natural balance of the population was positive, but lower than the national average and insufficient to counterbalance the net emigration. The population continued to decline until 1971, but in 1968 began growing again. In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 115,299 foreign-born immigrants live in Marche, 7.4% of

930-843: The signorie arose and the most important of them were those of the Vitelli in Città di Castello , of the Baglioni in Perugia and of the Trinci in Foligno , but the region was subsumed by the middle of the same century into the Papal States by Cardinal Albornoz , who in this way prepared the return of the pope from Avignon to Rome. Città di Castello was subsumed later into the Papal States by Cesare Borgia . During

992-467: The Democratic Party and left-leaning parties for over 50 years, however in 2019 the candidate of the centre-right coalition Donatella Tesei won the region's presidential election against her centre-left rival Vincenzo Bianconi, garnering 57.5% of the vote. As of 2008 , the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 75,631 foreign-born immigrants live in Umbria, equal to 8.5% of

1054-568: The Italic languages , related to Latin and Oscan . The town of Gubbio houses today the longest and most important document of any of the Osco-Umbrian group of languages, the Iguvine Tablets , written in Umbrian at the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. The northern part of the region was occupied by Gallic tribes. The Umbri probably sprang, like neighbouring peoples, from the creators of

1116-542: The Marmore waterfall and its secluded position. The region of Umbria at the time was somewhat larger than today, comprising Rieti to the south, now part of Lazio . Rieti was detached and added to the Province of Rome (Lazio) in 1923. In 1927, the region of Umbria was divided into the provinces of Perugia and Terni. During WWII, the industrial centers of the region like Terni and Foligno were heavily bombed and in 1944 became

1178-736: The Moschino’s Men’s collection and presented the Voile Blanche unisex line. Today, Falc produces more than 2 million pairs of shoes a year and in recent years the company has opened 5000 sales outlets, 50 exclusive stores, factories in different countries and branch offices in the United States , Canada , Singapore , China , France and Germany . Marche Marche ( / ˈ m ɑːr k eɪ / MAR -kay ; Italian: [ˈmarke] ), in English sometimes referred to as

1240-500: The Province of Pesaro and Urbino to join the Province of Rimini ( Emilia-Romagna ) on 15 August 2009. The municipalities are Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello . Towns in Marche were devastated by many powerful earthquakes during the centuries, the last time in 2016 (in August and in October ). In September 2022, Marche

1302-628: The Terramara , and Proto-Villanovan culture in northern and central Italy, who entered north-eastern Italy at the beginning of the Bronze Age . The Etruscans were the chief enemies of the Umbri. The Etruscan invasion extended from the western seaboard towards the north and east from about 700 to 500 BC. They eventually drove the Umbrians towards the Apennine uplands and captured 300 Umbrian towns. Nevertheless,

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1364-525: The Tiber Valley ("Val Tiberina"), north and west of the first one, from Città di Castello to the border with Lazio. The Tiber River forms the approximate border with Lazio, although its source is just over the Tuscan border. The Tiber's three principal tributaries flow southward through Umbria. The Chiascio basin is relatively uninhabited as far as Bastia Umbra . About 10 kilometres (6 miles) farther on, it joins

1426-617: The Tiber basin  [ Wikidata ] , has created a wide floodplain. In antiquity, the plain was covered by a pair of shallow, interlocking lakes, the Lacus Clitorius and the Lacus Umber. They were drained by the Romans over several hundred years. An earthquake in the 4th century and the political collapse of the Roman Empire resulted in the refilling of the basin. It was drained

1488-849: The Via Flaminia and the Via Salaria . Ascoli was a seat of Italic resistance during the Social War (91–87 BC) . Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the region was invaded by the Goths . After the Gothic War , it was part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna ( Ancona , Fano , Pesaro , Rimini , and Senigallia forming the so-called Pentapolis ). After the fall of the Exarchate, it

1550-560: The commune of Ancona resisted both the imperial authority of Frederick Barbarossa and the Republic of Venice , and was a maritime republic on its own. An attempt to restore Papal suzerainty by Gil de Albornoz in the fourteenth century was short-lived. During the Renaissance , the region was fought over by rival aristocratic families, such as the Malatesta of Rimini, Pesaro , Fano and

1612-514: The 15th century Renaissance spread in the northern part of the region. It was in this period that humanists started to use again the ancient denomination of "Umbria" to name the area, which until then had been named "Ducato", after the Duchy of Spoleto in the southern part of it. The supremacy of the pope on Umbria was reinforced in 16th century through the erection of a fortress in Perugia by Pope Paul III , named after him Rocca Paolina . The papacy ruled

1674-474: The 20th century, natural umber pigments began to be replaced by pigments made with synthetic iron oxide and manganese oxide. Natural umber pigments are still being made, with Cyprus as a prominent source. Umbria was a former stronghold of the Italian Communist Party , forming with Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna and Marche what was then known as Italy's " Red Regions ". Umbria was considered a stronghold of

1736-601: The Apennines. Pliny the Elder recounted a fanciful derivation for the tribal name from the Greek ὄμβρος ( ombros , "a shower"), which led to the idea that they had survived the Deluge familiar from Greek mythology, allowing them to claim to be the most ancient race in Italy. In fact, they belonged to a broader family of neighbouring peoples with similar roots. Their language was Umbrian , one of

1798-497: The Great ), and run through throngs of cheering supporters. The cerioli are clad in the distinctive colors of yellow, blue or black, according to the saint they support, with white trousers and red belts and neckbands. They travel up much of the mountain from the main square in front of the Palazzo dei Consoli to the basilica of St. Ubaldo, each team carrying a statue of their saint mounted on

1860-651: The Lombard kingdoms, some Umbrian territories were given to the Pope, who established temporal power over them. Some cities acquired a form of autonomy named comune . These cities were frequently at war with each other, often in a context of more general conflicts, either between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire or between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines . In the early 14th century,

1922-406: The Marches ( / ˈ m ɑːr tʃ ɪ z / MAR -chiz ), is one of the twenty regions of Italy . The region is located in the central area of the country, and has a population of about 1.5 million people, being the thirteenth largest region in the country by number of inhabitants. The region's capital and largest city is Ancona . The Marche region is bordered by Emilia-Romagna and

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1984-498: The Roman rulers, who established some colonies, such as Spoletium , and built the via Flaminia (219 BC). The via Flaminia became a principal vector for Roman development in Umbria. During Hannibal 's invasion during the second Punic war , the battle of Lake Trasimene was fought inside the borders of today's Umbria, but the local people did not aid the invader. During the Roman civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian (40 BC),

2046-559: The Tiber at Torgiano . The Topino , cleaving the Apennines with passes that the Via Flaminia and successor roads follow, makes a sharp turn at Foligno to flow NW for a few kilometres before joining the Chiascio below Bettona . The third river is the Nera , flowing into the Tiber further south, at Terni; its valley is called the Valnerina . The upper Nera cuts ravines in the mountains; the lower, in

2108-530: The Umbrian population does not seem to have been eradicated in the conquered districts. The border between Etruria and Umbria was the Tiber river, as testified by the ancient name of Todi, Tular ("border"). After the downfall of the Etruscans, Umbrians aided the Samnites in their struggle against Rome (308 BC). Later communications with Samnium were impeded by the Roman fortress of Narnia (founded 229 BC on

2170-639: The Valnerina). In literature, Umbria is referred to as Il cuore verde d'Italia or The green heart of Italy . The phrase is taken from a poem by Giosuè Carducci , the subject of which is the source of the Clitunno River in Umbria. The region is named for the Umbri people, an Italic people which was absorbed by the expansion of the Romans . The Umbri, unlike the Etruscans, with few exceptions did not live in an urban society, but occupied small dwellings located in

2232-452: The ancient region. Marche extends over an area of 9,694 square kilometres (3,743 sq mi) of the central Adriatic slope between Emilia-Romagna to the north, Tuscany and Umbria to the west, and Lazio and Abruzzo to the south, the entire eastern boundary being formed by the Adriatic . The Umbrian enclave of Monte Ruperto (a subdivision of the Comune of Città di Castello )

2294-492: The city of Perugia supported Antony and was almost completely destroyed by Octavian. In Pliny the Elder 's time, 49 independent communities still existed in Umbria, and the abundance of inscriptions and the high proportion of recruits in the imperial army attest to its population. Under Augustus, Umbria became the Regio VI of Roman Italy. Modern Umbria is different from Roman Umbria . Roman Umbria extended through most of what

2356-722: The end of the Gothic war , the Lombards invaded Italy and founded the duchy of Spoleto , covering much of today's southern Umbria, but the Byzantine were able to keep in the region a corridor along the Via Flaminia linking Rome with the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Pentapolis . The Lombard king controlled also the northern part of the region ruled directly by Pavia. When Charlemagne conquered most of

2418-415: The extremes of fragmented land ownership or 'latifondo'. Greatly diffused in the past, the sharecropping never produced an extreme land fragmentation. The main products are cereals, vegetables, animal products and grapes. Truffle hunting is popular; although it has often led to 'truffle wars' between hunters due to the imposition of quotas. Olives are also produced and managed by various harvesters. In spite of

2480-434: The festival of the Ceri, Calendimaggio in Assisi and the giostra della Quintana in Foligno, but also for one of the biggest jazz music festivals called Umbria Jazz . Umbria Jazz was born as a festival in 1973 and since 2003 has been held in the Umbrian capital "Perugia" in July; it has become the fixed appointment of all jazz and good music lovers. Another important festival is the Festival dei Due Mondi (Festival of

2542-403: The fields of chemistry, hydroelectric power, renewable sources of energy, and textiles ( Alcantara , Cashmere ). In the rest of the region the ornamental ceramics industry is much esteemed. Umbrian agriculture is noted for its tobacco, olive oil and vineyards, which produce wines. Regional varietals include the white Orvieto , which draws agri-tourists to the vineyards in the area surrounding

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2604-527: The house of Montefeltro of Urbino . The last independent entity, the Duchy of Urbino , was dissolved in 1631, and from then on, Marche was firmly part of the Papal States except during the Napoleonic period. This saw the short-lived Republic of Ancona , in 1797–98; the merging of the region with the Roman Republic in 1798–99, and with the Kingdom of Italy from 1808 to 1813; and the short occupation by Joachim Murat in 1815. After Napoleon's defeat, Marche returned to Papal rule until 4 November 1860, when it

2666-483: The marine impoverishment, the sea has always furnished a plentiful supply of fish, the main fishing centres being Ancona , San Benedetto del Tronto , Fano and Civitanova Marche . Since the 1980s, the economy of the region has been radically transformed without, however, repudiating its rural past. Many of the small craft workshops scattered throughout the rural settlements have modernised and become small businesses, some of which have become major brands known all over

2728-520: The medieval town of the same name. A notable wine is the Grechetto of Todi . Other noted wines produced in Umbria are Torgiano and Rosso di Montefalco . The Umbrian wineries are at the center of the "Cantine Aperte" or "Open Cellars" event, when local wine makers open their wineries to the public. Another typical Umbrian product is the black truffle found in Valnerina, an area that produces 45% of this product in Italy. The food industry in Umbria produces processed pork-meats, confectionery, pasta and

2790-446: The north, and the eastern slopes of Monte Conero near Ancona . Climate is temperate. Inland, in the mountainous areas, is more continental with cold and often snowy winters; by the sea is more mediterranean. Precipitation varies from 1,000 to 1,500 millimetres (40 to 60 inches) per year inland and 600 to 800 mm (25 to 30 in) per year on the Adriatic coast. A region with an annular drainage pattern possibly corresponding to

2852-418: The passes. From the Middle ages to the Renaissance period, many cities of the Marche were important cultural, artistic and commercial centres, the most prominent being Ancona , Pesaro , Urbino , Camerino and Ascoli Piceno . Urbino, which was a major centre of Renaissance history, was also the birthplace of Raphael , one of the most important painters and architects of that period. The Marche region

2914-466: The people of Perugia destroyed in the same year the Rocca Paolina, symbol of the papal oppression. The region of Umbria, with capital Perugia, became part of the Kingdom of Italy in the following year. The region, whose economy was mainly based on agriculture, experienced a dramatic economic shift at the end of the 19th century with the founding of the Acciaierie di Terni , a major steelwork placed in Terni because of its abundance of electric power due to

2976-401: The place of the umbrian Nequinum , conquered in 299 BC). Romans defeated the Samnites and their Gallic allies in the battle of Sentinum (295 BC). Allied Umbrians and Etruscans had to return home and defend each of their territories against simultaneous Roman attacks, leaving the Samnites without their help at Sentinum. The Roman victory at Sentinum initiated a period of integration under

3038-406: The region and is intersected by wide gullies with numerous short rivers and by alluvial plains perpendicular to the Appennini range. The main mountain range has a few deep river gorges: the best known are those of the Furlo , the Rossa and the Frasassi . The coastline is 173 kilometres (107 mi) long and is relatively flat and straight except for the hilly area between Gabicce and Pesaro in

3100-520: The region uncontested until the end of the 18th century. After the French Revolution and the French conquest of Italy, Umbria became part of the ephemeral Roman Republic (1798–1799) and later, part of the Napoleonic Empire (1809–1814) under the name of department of Trasimène . After Napoleon's defeat, the Pope regained Umbria and ruled it until 1860. In that year, during Italian Risorgimento , Umbria with Marche and part of Emilia Romagna were annexed by Piedmontese King Victor Emmanuel II , and

3162-410: The region was almost entirely inhabited by the Picentes . Many artefacts from their time are exhibited in National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region in Ancona. In the fourth century BC, the northern area was occupied by the Senones , a tribe of Gauls . The Battle of Sentinum was fought in Marche in 295 BC; afterwards, the Romans founded numerous colonies in the area, connected to Rome by

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3224-499: The republic of San Marino to the north, Tuscany and Umbria to the west, Lazio to the southwest, Abruzzo to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Except for river valleys and the often very narrow coastal strip, the land is hilly. A railway from Bologna to Brindisi , built in the 19th century, runs along the coast of the entire territory. Inland, the mountainous nature of the region, even today, allows relatively little travel north and south, except by twisting roads over

3286-516: The total population of the region. Umbria is divided into two provinces : One of the most important festivals in Umbria is "the festival of the Ceri (Candles)", also known as Saint Ubaldo Day in Gubbio . The race has been held every year since 1160, on the 15th day of May. The festival is focused around a race consisting of three teams of cerioli , carrying large symbolic "candles" topped by saints, including St. Ubald (the patron saint of Gubbio), S. Giorgio ( St. George ), and S. Antonio ( Anthony

3348-711: The total regional population. Marche forms, along with Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and Umbria, the Italian " Red Quadrilateral ", a strongly left-wing area. In the 2014 European elections , the people of Marche gave 45% of their votes to Matteo Renzi 's Democratic Party . As of the 2020 Marche regional election Marche is governed by the centre-right coalition . The region is divided into five provinces : Ancona , Ascoli Piceno , Fermo , Macerata , Pesaro e Urbino . 43°37′00″N 13°31′00″E  /  43.61667°N 13.51667°E  / 43.61667; 13.51667 Umbria Umbria ( / ˈ ʌ m b r i ə / UM -bree-ə ; Italian: [ˈumbrja] )

3410-408: The traditional products of Valnerina in preserved form (truffles, lentils, cheese). The unemployment rate stood at 8.2% in 2020. Umbria has many small and picturesque villages, 31 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that

3472-406: The world ( Indesit , Tod's , Guzzini, Teuco). This evolution led to the emergence of 'specialized' industrial areas, which are still profitable: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 43.3 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.5% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 28,200 euros or 94% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee

3534-584: Was 96% of the EU average. The unemployment rate stood at 7.4% in 2020. Marche is well known for its shoemaking tradition, with fine and luxurious Italian footwear manufacturing facilities in the region. The region continues to draw tourists, whose increasing numbers have been attracted by the rich and broadly distributed heritage of history and monuments, as well as by the traditional seaside resorts. Marche has many small and picturesque villages, 31 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ),

3596-428: Was annexed to the unified Kingdom of Italy by a plebiscite . The Bombardment of Ancona occurred during the Adriatic campaign of World War I. The 1916 Rimini earthquakes damaged or destroyed several buildings in Pesaro, Fano, and its hinterlands . The Battle of Ancona occurred during the Italian campaign of World War II. After the referendum of 2006, 7 municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from

3658-414: Was briefly in the possession of the Lombards , but was conquered by Charlemagne in the late eighth century. In the ninth to eleventh centuries, the marches of Camerino , Fermo and Ancona were created, hence the modern name. Marche was nominally part of the Papal States , but most of the territory was under local lords, while the major cities ruled themselves as free communes. In the twelfth century,

3720-463: Was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. Umbria is the region where the Umber pigment was originally extracted. The name comes from terra d'ombra , or earth of Umbria, the Italian name of the pigment. The word also may be related to the Latin word umbra , meaning "shadow". Umber is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide . In

3782-445: Was hit by heavy flooding . Prior to the 1980s, Marche was considered a rather poor region, although economically stable in some sectors, thanks particularly to its agricultural output and to the contribution of traditional crafts. Today the contribution of agriculture to the economy of the region is less significant and the gross value generated by this sector remains slightly above the national average. Marche has never suffered from

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3844-559: Was rapid expansion among small and medium-sized firms and a gradual retrenchment among the large firms which had hitherto characterised the region's industrial base. This process of structural adjustment is still going on. Economically the most important region is the upper Tiber valley with Città di Castello . Terni steelworks (stainless steel, titanium, alloy steel) and processing companies (automotive, stainless steel tubes, industrial food facility) account for 20 to 25% of Umbria's GDP. In Terni there are also many multinational companies in

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