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61-821: The organization was founded in 1919, and originally named the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages . In 1966, it renamed itself the National Soft Drink Association . Then in November 2004, it changed to its current name, "to better reflect the expanded range of nonalcoholic beverages the industry produces." Its members are bottling companies and other beverage industry firms, including Bulldog Americas Corporation, several Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola bottlers, Pepsi-Americas Inc, and Royal Crown Bottling Corporation. The American Beverage Association's lobbying efforts have recently skyrocketed, largely to finance

122-450: A New England Journal of Medicine study called for taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages saying that these actions would cut rates of diet-related diseases and health care costs . Written by experts in nutrition, public health and economics, the study called for an excise tax of a penny per ounce on soft drinks and other beverages that have added sweeteners such as sucrose, high fructose corn syrup or fruit-juice concentrates. The expectation

183-649: A Stepan Company plant in Maywood, New Jersey , the only manufacturing plant authorized by the federal government to import and process coca leaves, which it obtains from Peru and Bolivia. Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it then sells to Mallinckrodt , the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use . Long after the syrup had ceased to contain any significant amount of cocaine, in North Carolina "dope" remained

244-519: A book in 1950 published by Emory University . In this definitive biography about his father, Candler specifically states: "on April 14, 1888, the young druggist Asa Griggs Candler purchased a one-third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca-Cola." The deal was actually between John Pemberton's son Charley and Walker, Candler & Co. – with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son. For $ 50 down and $ 500 in 30 days, Walker, Candler & Co. obtained all of

305-410: A businessman, whose marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the global soft-drink market throughout the 20th and 21st century. The name refers to two of its original ingredients: coca leaves and kola nuts (a source of caffeine ). The formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret ; however, a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published. The secrecy around

366-648: A common colloquialism for Coca-Cola, and "dope-wagons" were trucks that transported it. The kola nut acts as a flavoring and the original source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. It contains about 2.0 to 3.5% caffeine, and has a bitter flavor. In 1911, the US government sued in United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola , hoping to force the Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from its formula. The court found that

427-442: A contract giving them control of the procedure for only one dollar. Candler later realized that he had made a grave mistake. Candler never collected his dollar, but in 1899, Chattanooga became the site of the first Coca-Cola bottling company. Candler remained very content just selling his company's syrup. The loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for the Coca-Cola Company for decades to come. Legal matters were not helped by

488-792: A franchising model. The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to bottlers throughout the world, who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sweeteners, putting the mixture into cans and bottles, and carbonating it, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants, and foodservice distributors. The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, such as Coca-Cola Enterprises , Coca-Cola Amatil , Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company , and Coca-Cola FEMSA , as well as some smaller ones, such as Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan , but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of

549-435: A full payment amounting to $ 1,000, which all agreed Candler could pay off with a series of notes over a specified time span. By May 1, 1889, Candler was claiming full ownership of the Coca-Cola beverage, with a total investment outlay by Candler for the drink enterprise over the years amounting to $ 2,300. In 1914, Margaret Dozier, as co-owner of the original Coca-Cola Company in 1888, came forward to claim that her signature on

610-598: A plan to combat plastic waste , Coca-Cola said that it would start selling its sodas in bottles made from 100% recycled plastic material in the United States, and by 2030 planned to recycle one bottle or can for each one it sold. Coca-Cola started by selling 2000 paper bottles to see if they held up due to the risk of safety and of changing the taste of the drink. A typical can of Coca-Cola (12 fl ounces/355 ml) contains 39 grams of sugar, 46 mg of caffeine, 50 mg of sodium, no fat, no potassium, and 140 calories. The exact formula for Coca-Cola's natural flavorings

671-750: A product's label. In 1913 the case was appealed to the Sixth Circuit in Cincinnati, where the ruling was affirmed, but then appealed again in 1916 to the Supreme Court, where the government effectively won as a new trial was ordered. The company then voluntarily reduced the amount of caffeine in its product, and offered to pay the government's legal costs to settle and avoid further litigation. Coca-Cola contains 46 mg of caffeine per 12 US fluid ounces (or 30.7 mg per 8 US fluid ounces (240 ml) serving). The production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows

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732-399: A typical dose or "line" of cocaine is 50–75 mg. ) In 1903, the fresh coca leaves were removed from the formula. After 1904, instead of using fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using "spent" leaves – the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process with trace levels of cocaine. Since then (by 1929 ), Coca-Cola has used a cocaine-free coca leaf extract. Today, that extract is prepared at

793-536: A version that he made either before or after the product hit the market in 1886. The formula basically matched the one found in Pemberton's diary. Coca-Cola archivist Phil Mooney acknowledged that the recipe "could be a precursor" to the formula used in the original 1886 product, but emphasized that Pemberton's original formula is not the same as the one used in the modern product. When launched, Coca-Cola's two key ingredients were cocaine and caffeine . The cocaine

854-567: Is a trade secret . (All of its other ingredients are listed on the side of the bottle or can, and are not secret.) The original copy of the formula was held in Truist Financial 's main vault in Atlanta for 86 years. Its predecessor, the Trust Company, was the underwriter for the Coca-Cola Company's initial public offering in 1919. On December 8, 2011, the original secret formula was moved from

915-578: Is reported to be available in both countries as a grey import . As of 2022, Coca-Cola has suspended its operations in Russia due to the invasion of Ukraine . Coca-Cola has been a point of legal discussion in the Middle East . In the early 20th century, a fatwa was created in Egypt to discuss the question of "whether Muslims were permitted to drink Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola." The fatwa states: "According to

976-618: Is that such a tax could reduce calorie consumption from sweetened beverages by 10% and create revenue that governments could use to pay for health programs. A report on the New England Journal of Medicine study can be read here To counter these pro-tax efforts, the American Beverage Association and other beverage industry companies have established an "Americans Against Food Taxes" coalition and website. Their efforts include national advertising and other actions positioning

1037-614: The American Civil War and addicted to morphine , also had a medical degree and began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug. In 1885 at Pemberton's Eagle Drug and Chemical House, his drugstore in Columbus, Georgia , he registered Pemberton's French Wine Coca nerve tonic. Pemberton's tonic may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani , a French- Corsican coca wine , but his recipe additionally included

1098-600: The Delaware General Corporation Law . The company publicly offered 500,000 shares of the company for $ 40 a share. In 1923, his son Robert W. Woodruff was elected President of the company. Woodruff expanded the company and brought Coca-Cola to the rest of the world. Coca-Cola began distributing bottles as "Six-packs", encouraging customers to purchase the beverage for their home. During its first several decades, Coca-Cola officially wanted to be known by its full-name despite being commonly known as "Coke". This

1159-465: The largest United States corporations by revenue . Based on Interbrand's "best global brand" study of 2023, Coca-Cola was the world's sixth most valuable brand . Originally marketed as a temperance drink and intended as a patent medicine , Coca-Cola was invented in the late 19th century by John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta , Georgia. In 1888, Pemberton sold the ownership rights to Asa Griggs Candler ,

1220-480: The "Coca-Cola Company" destroyed in 1910, the action was claimed to have been made during a move to new corporation offices around this time. On June 23, 1894, Charley Pemberton was found unconscious with a stick of opium by his side. Ten days later, Charley died at Atlanta's Grady Hospital at the age of 40. On September 12, 1919, Coca-Cola Co. was purchased by a group of investors led by Ernest Woodruff 's Trust Company for $ 25 million and reincorporated under

1281-408: The 1888 Coca-Cola Company bill of sale had been forged. Subsequent analysis of other similar transfer documents had also indicated John Pemberton's signature had most likely been forged as well, which some accounts claim was precipitated by his son Charley. In 1892, Candler set out to incorporate a second company, the Coca-Cola Company (the modern corporation). When Candler had the earliest records of

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1342-448: The ABA's press releases and official statements Coca-Cola Coca-Cola , or Coke , is a cola soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company . In 2013, Coke products were sold in over 200 countries and territories worldwide, with consumers drinking more than 1.8 billion company beverage servings each day. Coca-Cola ranked No. 94 in the 2024 Fortune 500 list of

1403-554: The African kola nut , the beverage's source of caffeine. A Spanish drink called "Kola Coca" was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885, a year before the official birth of Coca-Cola. The rights for this Spanish drink were bought by Coca-Cola in 1953. In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, a non-alcoholic version of Pemberton's French Wine Coca . It

1464-506: The Biedenharn Candy Company on March 12, 1894. The proprietor of the bottling works was Joseph A. Biedenharn . The original bottles were Hutchinson bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirt design of 1915 now so familiar. A few years later two entrepreneurs from Chattanooga, Tennessee , namely Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead , proposed the idea of bottling and were so persuasive that Candler signed

1525-568: The Caribbean, the Netherlands , Germany and parts of Asia until the 1940s, when the brand was introduced throughout South America and then Europe after the end of World War II ( Fanta was initially conceived by the German Coca-Cola subsidiary as an emergency replacement as the wartime trade embargo prevented the import of syrup). As a result, Coca-Cola eventually became regarded as one of

1586-459: The Coke name. The most common of these is Diet Coke , along with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola , Diet Coke Caffeine-Free , Coca-Cola Zero Sugar , Coca-Cola Cherry , Coca-Cola Vanilla , and special versions with lemon , lime , and coffee . Coca-Cola was called "Coca-Cola Classic" from July 1985 to 2009, to distinguish it from " New Coke ". Confederate Colonel John Pemberton , wounded in

1647-603: The Muslim Hanefite, Shafi'ite, etc., the rule in Islamic law of forbidding or allowing foods and beverages is based on the presumption that such things are permitted unless it can be shown that they are forbidden on the basis of the Qur'an ." The Muslim jurists stated that, unless the Qur'an specifically prohibits the consumption of a particular product, it is permissible to consume. Another clause

1708-593: The business, as well. John Pemberton died suddenly on August 16, 1888. Asa Candler then decided to move swiftly forward to attain full control of the entire Coca-Cola operation. Charley Pemberton, an alcoholic and opium addict, unnerved Asa Candler more than anyone else. Candler is said to have quickly maneuvered to purchase the exclusive rights to the name "Coca-Cola" from Pemberton's son Charley immediately after he learned of Dr. Pemberton's death. One of several stories states that Candler approached Charley's mother at John Pemberton's funeral and offered her $ 300 in cash for

1769-405: The company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients so it could continue to be consumed by America's Jewish population, including during Passover . A yellow cap on a Coca-Cola drink indicates that it is kosher for Passover . The longest running commercial Coca-Cola soda fountain anywhere was Atlanta's Fleeman's Pharmacy, which first opened its doors in 1914. Jack Fleeman took over

1830-516: The decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies, effectively becoming parent bottlers. This contract specified that bottles would be sold at 5¢ each and had no fixed duration, leading to the fixed price of Coca-Cola from 1886 to 1959 . The first outdoor wall advertisement that promoted the Coca-Cola drink was painted in 1894 in Cartersville, Georgia . Cola syrup was sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement for upset stomach. By

1891-473: The entire formula, and that persons other than the prescribed duo have known the formulation process. On February 11, 2011, Ira Glass said on his PRI radio show, This American Life , that his staffers had found a recipe in "Everett Beal's Recipe Book", reproduced in the February 28, 1979 issue of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , that they believed was either Pemberton's original formula for Coca-Cola or

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1952-658: The finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate, in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. A typical 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 ml) can contains 38 grams (1.3 oz) of sugar (usually in the form of high-fructose corn syrup in North America). The bottlers then sell, distribute, and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores, restaurants, and vending machines throughout the world. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants and foodservice distributors . The Coca-Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under

2013-411: The formula has been used by Coca-Cola as a marketing aid because only a handful of anonymous employees know the formula. The drink has inspired imitators and created a whole classification of soft drink: colas. The Coca-Cola Company produces concentrate , which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company, produce

2074-472: The health, and Pemberton's new drink was marketed and sold as a patent medicine , Pemberton claiming it a cure for many diseases, including morphine addiction, indigestion, nerve disorders, headaches, and impotence . Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta Journal . By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola – sold by three separate businesses – were on

2135-433: The industry's opposition to legislators’ considering increased taxes on soft drinks given their impact on Americans' health . The Association has annually spent from $ 391,000 to more than $ 690,000 annually on lobbying from 2003 to 2008. In the 2010 election cycle, its lobbying grew more than 1000 percent to $ 8.67 million. These funds are helping to pay for 25 lobbyists at seven different lobbying firms. In September 2009,

2196-523: The major symbols of American soft power as well as of globalization. Since it announced its intention to begin distribution in Myanmar in June 2012, Coca-Cola has been officially available in every country in the world except Cuba (where it stopped being available officially since 1960—ironically, Coca-Cola's first bottling plant outside the United States was established there in 1906) and North Korea . However, it

2257-452: The market. A co-partnership had been formed on January 14, 1888, between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen: J.C. Mayfield , A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy, and E.H. Bloodworth. Not codified by any signed document, a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton's company as early as 1887. John Pemberton declared that the name "Coca-Cola" belonged to his son, Charley, but

2318-409: The name "Coca-Cola Classic" was changed back to "Coca-Cola". The word "Classic" was removed because "New Coke" was no longer in production, eliminating the need to differentiate between the two. The formula remained unchanged. In January 2009, Coca-Cola stopped printing the word "Classic" on the labels of 16-US-fluid-ounce (470 ml) bottles sold in parts of the southeastern United States. The change

2379-583: The name "Coke" in 1941. "Coke" eventually became a registered trademark of the Coca-Cola Company in 1945. In 1986, the Coca-Cola Company merged with two of their bottling operators (owned by JTL Corporation and BCI Holding Corporation) to form Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. (CCE). In December 1991, Coca-Cola Enterprises merged with the Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group, Inc. The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg, Mississippi , at

2440-419: The names "Yum Yum" and "Koke". This was while Charley Pemberton was selling the elixir, although a cruder mixture, under the name "Coca-Cola", all with his father's blessing. After both names failed to catch on for Candler, by the middle of 1888, the Atlanta pharmacist was quite anxious to establish a firmer legal claim to Coca-Cola, and hoped he could force his two competitors, Walker and Dozier, completely out of

2501-583: The old drink, leading to a backlash . The company gave in to protests and returned to the old formula under the name Coca-Cola Classic, on July 10, 1985. "New Coke" remained available and was renamed Coke II in 1992; it was discontinued in 2002. On July 5, 2005, it was revealed that Coca-Cola would resume operations in Iraq for the first time since the Arab League boycotted the company in 1968. In April 2007, in Canada,

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2562-517: The one-third interest in the Coca-Cola Company that Charley held, all while Charley still held on to the name. After the April 14 deal, on April 17, 1888, one-half of the Walker/Dozier interest shares were acquired by Candler for an additional $ 750. After Candler had gained a better foothold on Coca-Cola in April 1888, he nevertheless was forced to sell the beverage he produced with the recipe he had under

2623-519: The ones in Tucson, Arizona ) additionally sell imported Coca-Cola from Mexico with cane sugar instead of corn syrup from separate distributors. Coca-Cola introduced the 7.5-ounce mini-can in 2009, and on September 22, 2011, the company announced price reductions, asking retailers to sell eight-packs for $ 2.99. That same day, Coca-Cola announced the 12.5-ounce bottle, to sell for 89 cents. A 16-ounce bottle has sold well at 99 cents since being re-introduced, but

2684-565: The other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula . Charley Pemberton's record of control over the "Coca-Cola" name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca-Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father's place. Charley's exclusive control over the "Coca-Cola" name became a continual thorn in Asa Candler's side. Candler's oldest son, Charles Howard Candler , authored

2745-399: The pharmacy from his father and ran it until 1995; closing it after 81 years. On July 12, 1944, the one-billionth gallon of Coca-Cola syrup was manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. Cans of Coke first appeared in 1955. Sugar prices spiked in the 1970s because of Soviet demand/hoarding and possible futures contracts market manipulation. The Soviet Union was the largest producer of sugar at

2806-575: The price was going up to $ 1.19. In 2012, Coca-Cola resumed business in Myanmar after 60 years of absence due to US-imposed investment sanctions against the country. Coca-Cola's bottling plant is located in Yangon and is part of the company's five-year plan and $ 200 million investment in Myanmar. Coca-Cola with its partners is to invest US$ 5 billion in its operations in India by 2020. In February 2021, as

2867-571: The proposed taxes as "taxing hard-working families." This group's actions have been opposed by pro-tax organizations including the Center for Science in the Public Interest . To date, 33 states have taxes on soft drinks but they are "too low to affect consumption and the revenues are not earmarked for health programs," according to the New England Journal of Medicine study. Maureen Storey , senior vice president for science policy and author of many of

2928-634: The removal of water from fruit juice . A juice concentrate is the result of removing water from fruit or vegetable juice. In juice manufacturing from concentrate, numerous procedures are required under government regulation to ensure food safety . A process of concentrating orange juice was patented in 1948. It was originally developed to provide World War II troops with a reliable source of vitamin C . Most sodas and soft drinks are produced as highly concentrated syrups and later diluted with carbonated water directly before consumption or bottling. Such concentrated syrups are sometimes retailed to

2989-428: The rights to the name. In Charles Howard Candler's 1950 book about his father, he stated: "On August 30 [1888], he [ Asa Candler ] became the sole proprietor of Coca-Cola, a fact which was stated on letterheads, invoice blanks and advertising copy." With this action on August 30, 1888, Candler's sole control became technically all true. Candler had negotiated with Margaret Dozier and her brother Woolfolk Walker

3050-468: The syrup, when diluted as directed, would result in a beverage containing 1.21 grains (or 78.4 mg) of caffeine per 8 US fluid ounces (240 ml) serving. The case was decided in favor of the Coca-Cola Company at the district court, but subsequently in 1912, the US Pure Food and Drug Act was amended, adding caffeine to the list of "habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on

3111-461: The time of its 50th anniversary, the soft drink had reached the status of a national icon in the US. In 1935, it was certified kosher by Atlanta rabbi Tobias Geffen . With the help of Harold Hirsch, Geffen was the first person outside the company to see the top-secret ingredients list after Coke faced scrutiny from the American Jewish population regarding the drink's kosher status. Consequently,

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3172-403: The time. In 1974 Coca-Cola switched over to high-fructose corn syrup because of the elevated prices. On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the formula of the drink with "New Coke". Follow-up taste tests revealed most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both old Coke and Pepsi but Coca-Cola management was unprepared for the public's nostalgia for

3233-429: The vault at SunTrust Banks into a new vault; this vault will be on display for visitors to its World of Coca-Cola museum in downtown Atlanta. According to Snopes , a popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula, with each executive having only half the formula. However, several sources state that while Coca-Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives, each of them knows

3294-573: The volume sold in the world. Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink according to local tastes. Coca-Cola has been sold outside the United States as early as 1900, when the Cuba Libre (a mix between Coca-Cola and rum) was created in Havana shortly after the Spanish-American War of 1898. However, the international reach of the product became mostly limited to North and Central America,

3355-424: The wax tadpole". In the 1930s, the company settled on the name " 可口可樂 （ 可口可乐 ）" (Ke-kou ke-le) taking into account the effects of syllable and meaning translations. The phrase means roughly "to allow the mouth to be able to rejoice". The story introduction from Coca-Cola mentions that Chiang Yee provided the new localized name, but there are also sources that the localized name appeared before 1935, or that it

3416-473: Was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut (also spelled "cola nut" at the time), leading to the name Coca-Cola. Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup (approximately 37 g/L), a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. (For comparison,

3477-496: Was discussed, whereby the same rules apply if a person is unaware of the condition or ingredients of the item in question. Coca-Cola first entered the Chinese market in the 1920s with no localized representation of its name. While the company researched a satisfactory translation, local shopkeepers created their own. These produced the desired "ko-ka ko-la" sound, but with odd meanings such as "female horse fastened with wax" or "bite

3538-541: Was due to company fears that the term "coke" would eventually become a generic trademark , which to an extent became true in the Southern United States where "coke" is used even for non Coca-Cola products . The company also didn't want to confuse its drink with the similarly named coal byproduct that clearly wasn't safe to consume. Eventually, out for fears that another company may claim the trademark for "Coke", Coca-Cola finally embraced it and officially endorsed

3599-474: Was given by someone named Jerome T. Lieu who studied at Columbia University in New York . Concentrate A concentrate is a form of substance that has had the majority of its diluting agent or diluent (in the case of a liquid: the solvent ) removed, such that the substance becomes the majority of the composition. Typically, this will be the removal of water from a solution or suspension , such as

3660-407: Was marketed as "Coca-Cola: The temperance drink", which appealed to many people as the temperance movement enjoyed wide support during this time. The first sales were at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886, where it initially sold for five cents a glass. Drugstore soda fountains were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that carbonated water was good for

3721-435: Was part of a larger strategy to rejuvenate the product's image. The word "Classic" was removed from all Coca-Cola products by 2011. In November 2009, due to a dispute over wholesale prices of Coca-Cola products, Costco stopped restocking its shelves with Coke and Diet Coke for two months; a separate pouring rights deal in 2013 saw Coke products removed from Costco food courts in favor of Pepsi. Some Costco locations (such as

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