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59-584: Led by founder Scott Armstrong , former Washington Post Reporter and staff on the Senate Watergate Committee, journalists and historians came together to create the National Security Archive in 1985 with the idea of enriching research and public debate about national security policy . Directed by Tom Blanton since 1992, the National Security Archive continues to challenge national security secrecy by advocating for open government, utilizing

118-559: A Russian-language page publishing primary sources from Soviet and Russian archives that are no longer open in Moscow. The Archive's (7) Iran program has been supported by the Arca Foundation and through a partnership with MIT Center for International Studies . The Archive's (8) publications program, creating public access to declassified documents both online and in book formats, relies on publication royalties from libraries that subscribe to

177-743: A "full nuclear response" in the event the President was ever attacked or disappeared; FBI transcripts of 25 interviews with Saddam Hussein after his capture by U.S. troops in December 2003; the Osama bin Laden File, and the most comprehensive document collections available on the Cold War , including the nuclear flashpoints occurring during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the 1983 " Able Archer " War Scare. In 1998,

236-590: A Boston Globe Notable Book selection for 1999, a Los Angeles Times Best Book of 2003, the 2010 Henry Adams Prize for outstanding major publication on the federal government's history from the Society for History in the Federal Government, and the 2010 Link-Kuehl Prize from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. The National Security Archive regularly publishes Electronic Briefing Books of newsworthy documents on major topics in international affairs on

295-526: A benefactor for civil society groups in countries around the world. In 1995, Soros stated that he believed there can be no absolute answers to political questions because the same principle of reflexivity applies as in financial markets. In 2012, Christopher Stone joined the OSF as the second president. He replaced Aryeh Neier , who served as president from 1993 to 2012. Stone announced in September 2017 that he

354-473: A frequent critic of Israeli government policy, and does not consider himself a Zionist, but there is no evidence that he or his family holds any special hostility or opposition to the existence of the state of Israel. This report will show that their support, and that of the Open Society Foundations, has nevertheless gone to organizations with such agendas." The report says its objective is to inform

413-612: A grant of $ 20 million to the International Crisis Group in support of efforts to analyze global issues fuelling violence, climate injustice and economic inequality and providing recommendations to address them. OSF has given grants to Jewish Voice for Peace . In 2007, Nicolas Guilhot (a senior research associate at the French National Centre for Scientific Research ) wrote in Critical Sociology that

472-765: A series of conferences on U.S.-Iranian relations . In December 2016 the Archive, with the Carnegie Corporation, the Nuclear Threat Initiative, and the Carnegie Endowment, hosted a conference on the 25th anniversary of the Nunn-Lugar nuclear threat reduction legislation, which helped secure post-Soviet nuclear weapons. The conference, attended by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar as well as other Nunn-Lugar veterans including Russians, Kazakhs, and Americans,

531-540: A temporary restraining order against any destruction of documents during the Trump-Biden transition. Justice Department lawyers assured then-District Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson that a litigation hold as a result of the lawsuit covered all White House records so that a TRO was unnecessary; and after the Biden transition, the government informed Judge Jackson and the plaintiffs that all presidential records had been secured, including

590-608: Is an American journalist, author, and media consultant. He is the current director of Information Trust, a former journalist for The Washington Post , and founder of the National Security Archive . He was a staff member of the Senate Watergate Committee . With Bob Woodward , he co-authored the 1979 book The Brethren , an inside account of the United States Supreme Court . Before that he

649-615: Is located at 224 West 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . In 2018, OSF announced it was closing its European office in Budapest and moving to Berlin , in response to legislation passed by the Hungarian government targeting the foundation's activities. As of 2021, OSF has reported expenditures in excess of US$ 16 billion since its establishment in 1993, mostly in grants to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) aligned with

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708-733: Is supported by the Ford Foundation, the Arca Foundation , and the Coyote Foundation. The Archive's (5) nuclear weapons and intelligence documentation program, including the creation of the Nuclear Vault, has been supported by the Prospect Hill Foundation, the New-Land Foundation, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which also funds the Archive's (6) Russia/former Soviet Union program. The National Security Archive has

767-573: The CIA 's " Family Jewels " list that documents decades of the agency's illegal activities; the National Security Agency 's (NSA) description of its watch list of 1,600 Americans that included notable Americans such as civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. , boxer Muhammad Ali , and politicians Frank Church and Howard Baker ; the first official CIA confirmation of Area 51 ; U.S. plans for

826-690: The Carnegie Corporation of New York , the Ford Foundation , the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation , the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation , the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation , and the Open Society Foundations , for its $ 3 million yearly budget. The National Security Archive receives no government funding. Incorporated as an independent Washington, D.C. non-profit organization,

885-679: The Congress for Cultural Freedom , created in 1966 to imbue 'non-conformist' Eastern European scientists with anti-totalitarian and capitalist ideas. In 1993, the Open Society Institute was created in the United States to support the Soros foundations in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia . In August 2010, it started using the name Open Society Foundations (OSF) to better reflect its role as

944-714: The National Democratic Institute , a charitable organization which partnered with pro-democracy groups like the Gov2U project run by Scytl . On January 23, 2020, the OSF announced a contribution of $ 1 billion from George Soros for the new Open Society University Network (OSUN), which supports Western university faculty in providing university courses, programs, and research to serve neglected student populations worldwide at institutions needing international partners. The founding institutions were Bard College and Central European University . In April 2022, OSF announced

1003-855: The Open Government Partnership has been supported by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, which also supports the Archive's documentation work on cyber security (the Cyber Vault). The Archive's (3) human rights evidence program, providing documentation for use by truth commissions and prosecutions, received funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the General Service Foundation. The Archive's (4) Latin America program, with projects on Mexico, Chile, Cuba and other countries,

1062-616: The first Trump Administration . Several right-leaning politicians in eastern Europe regard many of the NGO groups to be irritants if not threats, including Liviu Dragnea in Romania , Szilard Nemeth in Hungary , Nikola Gruevski in North Macedonia (who called for "de-Sorosization"), and Jarosław Kaczyński of Poland (who has said that Soros-funded groups want "societies without identity"). Some of

1121-1083: The Air Force, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper , the Secret Service, the White House and the CIA. The Archive has organized, sponsored, or co-sponsored a dozen major conferences. These include the historic conferences held in Havana in 2002 and in Budapest in 1996 respectively. For the Havana conference, which took place during the 40th anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuban president Fidel Castro and former US secretary of defense Robert McNamara discussed newly declassified documents showing that US president John F. Kennedy, in meetings with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's son-in-law Adzhubei in January 1962, compared

1180-692: The Archive won the Emmy Award for outstanding achievement in news and documentary research . In 2005, Forbes Best of the Web stated that the Archives is  "singlehandedly keeping bureaucrats’ feet to the fire on the Freedom of Information Act." In 2007, the Archive was named one of the ""Top 300 web sites for Political Science," by the International Political Science Association. In February 2011,

1239-661: The Archive's litigation over the years to preserve White House e-records -- lawsuits brought together with a wide range of scholarly and public interest partners, and with the support of multiple pro bono law firms -- has resulted in the preservation of over a billion e-mails and e-messages, ranging from the IBM PROFs messages in the Reagan White House of the 1980s, to the WhatsApp messages in the Trump White House of 2020. During

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1298-432: The Archive's website, which attracts more than 2 million visitors each year who download more than 13.3 gigabytes per day. There are currently over 800 briefing books available. The National Security Archive also frequently posts about declassification and news on its blog, Unredacted. The National Security Archive has participated in over 50 Freedom of Information lawsuits against the U.S. government. The suits have forced

1357-558: The Digital National Security Archive one of the "Outstanding Academic Titles." In 2021, journalist Craig Whitlock of the Washington Post wrote, "The National Security Archive provides an irreplaceable public service by prying loose records from federal agencies that prefer to operate in the dark." The National Security Archive relies on publication revenues, grants from individuals and grants from foundations such as

1416-443: The Digital National Security Archive through the commercial publisher ProQuest. The National Security Archive publishes its document collections in a variety of ways, including on its website, its blog Unredacted, documentary films, formal truth commission and court proceedings, and through the Digital National Security Archive, which contains over 61 digitized collections of more than 1,000,000 meticulously indexed documents, including

1475-491: The FOIA to compel the release of previously secret government documents, and analyzing and publishing its collections for the public. As a prolific FOIA requester, the National Security Archive has obtained a host of seminal government documents, including: the documents behind the most requested still image photograph at the U.S. National Archives – a December 21, 1970 picture of President Richard Nixon 's meeting with Elvis Presley ;

1534-581: The George Polk Award-winning series, "The Afghanistan Papers," written by Craig Whitlock of the Washington Post. Another Archive lawsuit forced the State Department to declassify the memoranda, notes, and highest-level meeting transcripts recorded by Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott during the Clinton administration, with a particular focus on U.S.-Russian relations in the first decade after

1593-496: The National Security Archive is recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt public charity. The National Security Archive operates eight program areas, each with dedicated funding. The National Security Archive's (1) open government and accountability program receives support from the Open Society Foundations. The Archive's (2) international freedom of information program in priority countries abroad and in

1652-691: The National Security Archive nominates a government agency for the Rosemary Award for worst open government performance. The award is named after President Nixon's secretary, Rose Mary Woods , who erased 18 + 1 ⁄ 2 minutes of a crucial Watergate tape. Past "winners" include the Department of Justice, the Federal Chief Information Officer's Council, the FBI, the Department of the Treasury,

1711-804: The National Security Archive shared the George Foster Peabody Award for the outstanding broadcast series, CNN's Cold War . In 1999, the National Security Archive won the George Polk Award , for, in the words of the citation, "facilitating thousands of searches for journalists and scholars. The archive, funded by foundations as well as income from its own publications, has become a one-stop institution for declassifying and retrieving important documents, suing to preserve such government data as presidential e-mail messages, pressing for appropriate reclassification of files, and sponsoring research that has unearthed major revelations." In September 2005,

1770-569: The National Security Archive won Tufts University's Dr. Jean Mayer Global Citizenship Award for "demystifying and exposing the underworld of global diplomacy and supporting the public's right to know." From 2003–2014 the Archive received 54 citations from the University of Wisconsin's Internet Scout Report recognizing "the most valuable and authoritative resources online." In 2018, the Association of College and Research Libraries' Choice magazine named

1829-591: The National Security Archive, with the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University and Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), filed a FOIA lawsuit (Doyle v. DHS) against the Department of Homeland Security, the parent agency of the Secret Service, to compel continued release of the logs. Ultimately, a federal judge in New York and the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that

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1888-501: The OSF was reportedly the target of a cyber security breach . Documents and information reportedly belonging to the OSF were published by a website. The cyber security breach has been described as sharing similarities with Russian-linked cyberattacks that targeted other institutions, such as the Democratic National Committee . In 2017, Soros transferred $ 18 billion to the foundation. In 2020, Soros announced that he

1947-422: The OSF, claiming: "The evidence demonstrates that Open Society funding contributes significantly to anti-Israel campaigns in three important respects: The report concludes, "Yet, to what degree Soros, his family, and the Open Society Foundations are aware of the cumulative impact on Israel and of the political warfare conducted by many of their beneficiaries is an open question." In November 2015, Russia banned

2006-628: The Open Society Foundations is functionally conservative in supporting institutions that reinforce the existing social order, as the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation have done before them. Guilhot argues that control over the social sciences by moneyed interests, rather than by public officials, reinforced a neoliberal view of modernization . An OSF effort in 2008 in the African Great Lakes region aimed at spreading human rights awareness among prostitutes in Uganda and other nations in

2065-412: The Soros-funded advocacy groups in the region said the harassment and intimidation became more open after the 2016 election of Donald Trump in the United States. Stefania Kapronczay of the Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, which received half of its funding from Soros-backed foundations, claimed that Hungarian officials were "testing the waters" in an effort to see "what they can get away with." In 2017,

2124-463: The Trump Administration had effectively converted those Secret Service agency records into presidential records not subject to FOIA. The Archive together with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington also brought suit against the Trump administration's use of messaging applications that can automatically delete conversations or records of conversations. The suit, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington et al. v. Trump et al. ,

2183-417: The Trump years (2017-2021), the Archive brought a series of cases challenging record-keeping practices and the lack thereof at the White House. One of President Trump's first actions on record-keeping was to suspend the routine publication of White House visitor logs kept by the Secret Service in vetting visitors and previously released online by the Obama White House some 90 days after the visit. In April 2017

2242-406: The US failure at the Bay of Pigs to the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 . The Budapest conference of 1996, carried out by the Archive's "Openness in Russia and East Europe Project" in collaboration with Cold War International History Project and Russian and Eastern European partners, focused on the 1956 uprising was a featured subject at an international conference which the Archive, CWIHP, and

2301-412: The United States. This funding included groups such as the Organization for Black Struggle and Missourians Organizing for Reform and Empowerment that supported protests in the wake of the killing of Trayvon Martin , the death of Eric Garner , the shooting of Tamir Rice and the shooting of Michael Brown . According to OpenSecrets , the OSF spends much of its resources on democratic causes around

2360-559: The WhatsApp messages generated by senior White House staff. Subsequently, the National Archives realized that many boxes of Trump records were missing, prominently including correspondence with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, and began recovery measures that ultimately included an FBI raid on Mar-a-Lago. Since 2002, the Archive has carried out annual FOIA audits that are designed after the California Sunshine Survey. These FOIA audits evaluate whether government agencies are in compliance with open-government laws. The surveys include: Every year

2419-529: The Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung organized in Potsdam on "The Crisis Year 1953 and the Cold War in Europe." Oxford University historian Timothy Garton Ash called the conference "not ordinary at all.... this dramatic confrontation of documents and memories, of written and oral history...." Other noteworthy conferences the National Security Archive took part in include a conference held in Hanoi in 1997, during which Defense Secretary Robert McNamara met with his Vietnamese counterpart, Gen. Võ Nguyên Giáp , and

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2478-404: The area was rejected by Ugandan authorities, who considered it an effort to legalize and legitimize prostitution. Open Society Foundations has been criticized in the pro-Israel publications Tablet , Arutz Sheva and Jewish Press for funding the activist groups Adalah and I'lam , they accuse of being anti-Israel and supporting the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. Among

2537-459: The decision that disappearing instant messages represented a technology "that Richard Nixon could only dream of." In December 2020, the Archive together with the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, the American Historical Association, and the public interest group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) brought a new lawsuit naming the White House and the National Archives as defendants and asking federal court for

2596-468: The declassification of documents ranging from the Kennedy-Khrushchev letters during the Cuban Missile Crisis to the previously censored photographs of homecoming ceremonies with flag-draped caskets for U.S. casualties of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. An Archive Freedom of Information lawsuit compelled the Pentagon to release the 15,000 Donald Rumsfeld "snowflake" memos covering his years as Secretary of Defense (2001-2006), providing essential evidence for

2655-494: The documents released in 2016 by DCleaks , an OSF report reads "For a variety of reasons, we wanted to construct a diversified portfolio of grants dealing with Israel and Palestine , funding both Israeli Jewish and PCI (Palestinian Citizens of Israel) groups as well as building a portfolio of Palestinian grants and in all cases to maintain a low profile and relative distance—particularly on the advocacy front." In 2013, NGO Monitor , an Israeli NGO, reported that "Soros has been

2714-445: The end of the Soviet Union. The National Security Archive also brought and won seminal lawsuits regarding the preservation of White House e-mails and other electronic records. The original White House e-mail lawsuit, beginning in January 1989 with Armstrong v. Reagan and continuing against presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton, established that e-mail had to be treated as government records, consequently leading to

2773-470: The government of Pakistan ordered the Open Society Foundations to cease operations in the country. In May 2018, Open Society Foundations announced they will move its office from Budapest to Berlin , amid Hungarian government interference. In November 2018, Open Society Foundations announced they are ceasing operations in Turkey and closing their Istanbul and Ankara offices due to "false accusations and speculations beyond measure", amid pressure from

2832-447: The group on its territory, declaring "It was found that the activity of the Open Society Foundations and the Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation represents a threat to the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the security of the state". In 2017, Open Society Foundations and other NGOs for open government and refugee assistance were targeted by authoritarian and populist governments emboldened by

2891-422: The newly-available 'Targeting Iraq, Part II: War and Occupation, 2002-2011' and 'The Afghanistan War and the United States, 1998-2017,' published through ProQuest. National Security Archive staff and fellows have authored some 100 books, including the winners of the 1996 Pulitzer Prize, the 1995 National Book Award, the 1996 Lionel Gelber Prize , the 1996 American Library Association's James Madison Award Citation,

2950-526: The organization's mission. On May 28, 1984, George Soros signed a contract between the Soros Foundation/New York City and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , the founding document of the Soros Foundation/Budapest. This was followed by several foundations in the region to help countries move away from Soviet-style socialism in the Eastern Bloc . In 1991, the foundation merged with the Fondation pour une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne ("Foundation for European Intellectual Mutual Aid"), an affiliate of

3009-429: The preservation of more than 30 million White House e-mail messages from the 1980s and 1990s. The second White House e-mail lawsuit , filed in 2007 against the George W. Bush administration and settled by the Obama administration in 2009, achieved the recovery and preservation of more than 22 million White House e-mail messages that were deleted from White House computers between March 2003 and October 2005. Cumulatively,

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3068-444: The second-largest private philanthropy budget in the United States, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation budget of $ 3.9 billion. As of 2020, its budget increased to $ 1.2 billion. In August 2013, the foundation partly sponsored an Aromanian cultural event in Malovište ( Aromanian : Mulovishti ), North Macedonia . The foundation reported granting at least $ 33 million to civil rights and social justice organizations in

3127-409: The world, and has also contributed to groups such as the Tides Foundation . The OSF has been a major financial supporter of US immigration reform , including establishing a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. OSF projects have included the National Security and Human Rights Campaign and the Lindesmith Center , which conducted research on drug reform. The OSF became a partner of

3186-454: The world, with the stated aim of advancing justice, education, public health and independent media. The group's name was inspired by Karl Popper 's 1945 book The Open Society and Its Enemies . As of 2015, the OSF had branches in 37 countries, encompassing a group of country and regional foundations, such as the Open Society Initiative for West Africa , and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa . The organization’s headquarters

3245-434: Was creating the Open Society University Network (OSUN), endowing the network with $ 1 billion. In 2023, George Soros handed over the leadership of the foundation to his son Alexander Soros , who soon announced layoffs of 40 percent of staff and "significant changes" to the operating model. The Library of Congress Soros Foundation Visiting Fellows Program was initiated in 1990. Its $ 873 million budget in 2013 ranked as

3304-450: Was filed on June 22, 2017. In March 2017, U.S. District Court Judge Christopher R. Cooper ruled that the act gives the president a "substantial degree of discretion" in deciding what should be preserved as a permanent record and it allows the president to destroy records that no longer have "administrative, historical, informational or evidentiary value." The DC Circuit upheld the Cooper decision, although Circuit Judge David Tatel remarked in

3363-529: Was held in the Kennedy Caucus Room of the U.S. Senate and discussed the future of mutual security and U.S.-Russian relations. Based at George Washington University 's Gelman Library , the Archive operates under a Board of Directors that includes the Archive's Executive Director, Thomas S. Blanton , and gains substantive expertise from an Advisory Board. 38°54′03″N 77°02′47″W  /  38.9007°N 77.0463°W  / 38.9007; -77.0463 Scott Armstrong (journalist) Scott Armstrong

3422-502: Was research assistant with Woodward on the latter's co-authored 1976 endeavor The Final Days . This article about a United States journalist born in the 20th century is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Open Society Foundations Open Society Foundations ( OSF ), formerly the Open Society Institute , is a US-based grantmaking network founded by business magnate George Soros . Open Society Foundations financially supports civil society groups around

3481-418: Was stepping down as president. In January 2018, Patrick Gaspard was appointed president of the Open Society Foundations. He announced in December 2020 that he was stepping down as president. In January 2021, Mark Malloch-Brown was appointed president of the Open Society Foundations. On March 11, 2024, OSF announced that Binaifer Nowrojee would start as the group's new president on June 1, 2024. In 2016,

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