NC Mutual (originally the North Carolina Mutual and Provident Association and later North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company ) was an American life insurance company located in downtown Durham, North Carolina and one of the most influential African-American businesses in United States history. Founded in 1898 by local black social leaders, its business increased from less than a thousand dollars in income in 1899 to a quarter of a million dollars in 1910. The company specialized in "industrial insurance," which was basically burial insurance. The company hired salesmen whose main job was to collect small payments (of about 10 cents) to cover the insured person for the next week. If the person died while insured, the company immediately paid benefits of about 100 dollars. This covered the cost of a suitable funeral, which was a high prestige item in the black community. It began operations in the new tobacco manufacturing city of Durham, North Carolina , and moved north into Virginia and Maryland, then to major northern black urban centers, and then to the rest of the urban South.
24-529: The National Insurance Association ( NIA ) is the largest organization representing African American owned and operated insurance companies. In 1921, 60 men representing 13 African American owned insurance companies met at the home office of North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company in Durham, North Carolina to found the National Negro Insurance Association. C. C. Spaulding was elected
48-678: A double-taxation treaty with the US, accepted by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Non-qualified dividends paid by other foreign companies or entities; for example, those receiving income derived from interest on bonds held by a mutual fund, are taxed at the regular and generally higher rate of income tax. When applied to 2013, this is on a sliding scale up to 39.6%, with an additional 3.8% surtax for high-income taxpayers ($ 200,000 for singles, $ 250,000 for married couples). A financier ( / f ɪ n ə n ˈ s ɪər , f ə -, - ˈ n æ n -/ )
72-529: A reinsurance transaction in which the assets securing the transaction were misappropriated by an investment manager. Wake County Superior Court placed the company in rehabilitation under control of the North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance . The investment manager was subsequently charged with a federal crime. On October 11, 2022, a court approved the liquidation of NC Mutual effective October 31, 2022. Investors An investor
96-622: A court approved the liquidation of NC Mutual effective October 31, 2022. North Carolina Mutual was the brainchild of black entrepreneur John C. Merrick in the late 1800s. Merrick was born into slavery as the son of a white man and a former slave in 1859. He grew up in Raleigh and Chapel Hill , two cities near Durham, and he learned various skills such as bricklaying and barbering during his youth. He moved to Durham in 1880 and opened his own barber shop in 1882. His hair-cutting business grew to include several stores, three for whites and two for blacks;
120-489: Is risk attitude . Investor protection through government involves regulations and enforcement by government agencies to ensure that market is fair and fraudulent activities are eliminated. An example of a government agency that protects investors is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which works to protect reasonable investors in the United States . Similar protections exist in other countries, including
144-470: Is a person who allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity , debt , securities , real estate , infrastructure , currency , commodity , token , derivatives such as put and call options , futures , forwards , etc. This definition makes no distinction between
168-451: Is a person whose primary occupation is either facilitating or directly providing investments to up-and-coming or established companies and businesses , typically involving large sums of money and usually involving private equity and venture capital , mergers and acquisitions , leveraged buyouts , corporate finance , investment banking , or large-scale asset management . A financier makes money through this process when their investment
192-403: Is paid back with interest, from part of the company's equity awarded to them as specified by the business deal, or a financier can generate income through commission , performance, and management fees. A financier can also promote the success of a financed business by allowing the business to take advantage of the financier's reputation. The more experienced and capable the financier is, the more
216-625: The United Kingdom where individual investors have certain protections via the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS). Company dividends are paid from net income , which has the tax already deducted. Therefore, shareholders are given some respite with a preferential tax rate of 15% on " qualified dividends " in the event of the company being domiciled in the United States. Alternatively, in another country having
240-410: The 20th century it was the largest company run by African Americans . The company came to be known as the world's largest African American business in only its first few years and is claimed by its home city of Durham as an important landmark. In the late 1800s and throughout the 1900s, Durham was known as "The Black Wall Street of America." for the progress that African Americans were making within
264-718: The National Negro Bankers Association in the early 1900s and was one of few African American members of the New York Chamber of Commerce beginning in 1942. He also served on boards of trustees at Shaw University and North Carolina College. He was awarded the Harmon Foundation Gold medal for distinguished achievement in business, and he received honorary Law doctorates from Shaw University , Tuskegee University , and Atlanta University. In 2019, NC Mutual encountered financial difficulty that arose from
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#1732924407791288-605: The barbers were all black. Merrick himself cut hair for many people. The biggest influence came after John Merrick, along with four other partners, bought the Royal Knights of King David. The society was "a semi-religious fraternal and beneficial society for health and life insurance." In buying it, Merrick learned about insurance and how to relate the insurance business to African Americans. Merrick knew that blacks had short life expectancies and that they generally had poor health, largely due to their low income. These things made
312-402: The city and particularly in its African American community. In 2019, NC Mutual encountered financial difficulty that arose from a reinsurance transaction in which the assets securing the transaction were misappropriated by an investment manager. Wake County Superior Court placed the company in rehabilitation under control of the North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance . On October 11, 2022,
336-534: The company. He was the first African American in Durham to practice medicine. After becoming president of N. C. Mutual, he devoted his full-time to the company until he died in 1923. When Moore died, Charles Clinton Spaulding took over as president. Spaulding served on the board of trustees at Howard University beginning in 1936. he was active in the National Negro Insurance Association and
360-481: The financier will be able to contribute to the success of the financed entity, and the greater reward the financier will reap. The term, financier, is French , and derives from finance or payment . Financier is someone who handles money. Certain financier avenues require degrees and licenses including venture capitalists , hedge fund managers, trust fund managers, accountants , stockbrokers , financial advisors , or even public treasurers . Personal investing on
384-411: The financiers bring to bear in their decisions gives a wide range of entrepreneurial ideas a chance for insightful evaluation. And, importantly, the financier and the entrepreneur do not need the state's or social partners' approval. Nor are they accountable later on to such social bodies if the project goes badly, not even to the financier's investors. So projects that would be too opaque and uncertain for
408-405: The idea of starting an insurance business for African Americans a very risky one, because many people would be expected to die before they could contribute to the success of the business. However, they were also the reasons African Americans needed life insurance to begin with. Industrial insurance had the advantage of a premium collected every week that provided coverage for the following week. There
432-555: The investors in the primary and secondary markets . That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors. An investor who owns stock is a shareholder . There are two types of investors: retail investors and institutional investors . A retail investor is also known as an individual investor . There are several sub-types of institutional investor: Investors might also be classified according to their profiles . In this respect, an important distinctive investor psychology trait
456-638: The organization's first president. In the 1950s, the name of the organization was changed to the National Insurance Association. Past presidents of the organization include Theodore A. Jones , former director of the Illinois Department of Revenue and George A. Beavers Jr. , board chairman of the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company . North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company For much of
480-483: The other hand, has no requirements and is open to all using the stock market or by word-of-mouth requests for money. A financier "will be a specialized financial intermediary in the sense that it has experience in liquidating the type of firm it is lending to". Economist Edmund Phelps has argued that the financier plays a role in directing capital to investments that governments and social organizations are constrained from playing: [T]he pluralism of experience that
504-430: The state or social partners to endorse can be undertaken. The concept of the financier has been distinguished from that of a mere capitalist based on the asserted higher level of judgment required of the financier. However, financiers have also been mocked for their perceived tendency to generate wealth at the expense of others, and without engaging in tangible labor. For example, humorist George Helgesen Fitch described
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#1732924407791528-503: The time the company was reorganized in 1900, only Merrick, Moore, and Moore's young nephew Charles Clinton Spaulding remained. Spaulding was appointed General Manager with Merrick serving as President and Moore as his only other principal. Under this leadership, the growth of the company began. John Merrick was the first president of N. C. Mutual, and he served as such from the company's founding until his death in 1919. After Merrick's death, Dr. Aaron McDuffie Moore became president of
552-403: The town. The company's founders, thought to be inspired by North Carolina business tycoon Washington Duke, included John Merrick and Aaron McDuffie Moore , two particularly influential men in Durham's history. North Carolina Mutual and its prosperity brought many good things to Durham's black community, and its founders and organizers were important contributors to social and economic progress in
576-542: Was minimal need for tracking the changes of address of the customers. Merrick decided that the opportunity to help blacks outweighed the risk, and he joined with investors Aaron Moore, William Gaston Pearson, Watson, Shepard, Johnson, and Dawkins to found the North Carolina Mutual and Provident Society in 1898. In the first year, there was a terrible lack of business, and the company lost money overall. Because of this, many investors left North Carolina Mutual, and by
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