65-528: The National Muslim Education Council is a British charity founded in 1978 by the Union of Muslim Organisations of UK. Its first chairman was Safa Khulusi . Its mission is to "coordinate educational activities with other education charities. To help in training, education of Muslim adults and children. To promote religious activities and participate in inter-faith education boards." The council publishes documents and papers on religious education. In 1988, it lobbied
130-595: A "Front of National Union" was established, bringing together the National Democrats, Independents, Communists, and the Ba'ath Party . An identical process ensued within the Iraqi officer corps with the formation of a "Supreme Committee of Free Officers". Faisal's government endeavored to preserve the military's loyalty through generous benefits, but this proved increasingly ineffective as more and more officers came to sympathize with
195-755: A changing Iraqi political and social climate exacerbated by the rapid development of pan-Arab nationalism. On the same day his cousin, Hussein, was enthroned in Jordan. Reportedly, Faisal's reign was marked by tolerance and co-existence with other faiths and branches of Islam and projects such as an irrigation project, inspired by the US project. Public buildings were built under his reign such as al-Shawy Mosque which he visited along with scholars and notables of Baghdad on TV. Faisal initially relied for political advice upon his father’s cousin Prince 'Abd al-Ilah and General Nuri al-Sa'id ,
260-612: A famous poet at a public meeting for example, would generate a large crowd, and mainstream daily newspapers regularly replaced their lead paragraph with poetic verses employing all manner of eloquence and rhetoric to win the affection of the reader and sway a political argument. From the end of the 19th century, the rise to prominence of talented radical poets Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi (1863–1936) and Ma'ruf al-Rusafi (1875–1945) popularized poetry containing social and political themes. According to Khulusi, both al-Zahawi and al-Rusafi learned from contemporary Turkish poets, such as Tawfiq Fikrat,
325-568: A fictitious character named Leila who is denied her rightful and equal place in society. Leila is intended to symbolize the Iraqi woman. Umm Nizar writes: According to Khulusi, Umm Nizar echoes al-Zahawi's message, calling on women to break the fetters of centuries and step forward as saviours of their country. He reports that the feminist genre of her poetry adds a description of the status of women and their achievements during various periods of Islamic civilization. She details their intolerable position in 1930s and 40s Iraq, and describes in verse how
390-500: A foreign advisor with the goal of improving living conditions and construction. After various negotiations, the board received a percentage of the annual oil revenue and in 1955 it established a six-year plan with a larger budget, a quarter of which was assigned to public buildings. In an effort to secure the authority of King Faisal II and the Royal Family and to thwart possible tensions, funds needed to be invested in urban areas where it
455-821: A friend who asked why he didn't remain in Baghdad permanently, "Our roots are here, but it's there that we flower best." Khulusi was a devout Muslim. He was one of a group of scholars who assisted in the academic and religious reformation of the madrasas in Najaf . Khulusi was elected Chairman of the National Muslim Education Council of the UK. He sought to improve Islamic education, while also supporting co-operation between faiths. He also defended traditions of tolerance within Islam. He wrote widely for Muslim publications. Following
520-585: A letter from the British Board of Trade that was sent to a number of British architects. Some of the criticism of the plans were used as justification during the 14 July Revolution . On 1 February 1958, neighboring Syria joined with Nasser's Egypt to form the United Arab Republic which Iraq did not recognize. This prompted the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan to strengthen their ties by establishing
585-582: A look into his mind during the chaotic time. In 1952, at age 17, Faisal began plans to visit the United States and its many development projects such as agriculture, power projects, canal systems, and land reclamation schemes. Of particular interest to the King were the irrigation projects as Faisal would later tell the New York press that those were “very much needed in our country." On 12 August, 1952, Faisal began
650-733: A medical doctor in Iraq. Following postgraduate training in the United States she returned to practice in Baghdad, where she was introduced to Khulusi. She later became a regular contributor to health programmes on the Arabic section of the BBC World Service and a campaigner for women's health in the Middle East. The couple had two children, a son and a daughter. Khulusi's work mediated modern European and American developments in scholarship. He extended
715-580: A number of translations of the work of Atika Wahbi Al-Khazraji. In Oxford in 1972, he became one of the editors of the Concise Oxford English-Arabic Dictionary of Current Usage which sought to match new developments in both languages. He later published A Dictionary of Contemporary Idiomatic Usage. His books Fann al-Tarjama (The Art of Translation) and Fann al-Taqti' al-Shi'ri wa al-Qafia (The Art of Poetry: Composition and Prosody) were widely read and went through many editions. He
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#1732897700633780-504: A report that excessive study of the Quran was leading to poor educational performance by Pakistani children in the UK. Safa Khulusi Safa Abdul-Aziz Khulusi ( Arabic : صفاء عبد العزيز خلوصي ; 1917–1995) was an Iraqi historian, novelist, poet, journalist and broadcaster. He is known for mediating between Arabic- and English-language cultures, and for his scholarship of modern Iraqi literature. Apart from his literary output, he
845-598: A similar alliance. King Hussein bin Talal , King of Jordan, sent his court minister to Baghdad, carrying a message to Faisal inviting him to go with some ministers to Amman, to consider the consequences of the event. On February 11, 1958, the King of Iraq went with some ministers, the Chief of Staff of the Army, and the Chief of the Royal Court. On the next day, Abd al-Ilah joined them, and there
910-403: A veteran politician and nationalist who had already served several terms as Prime Minister . However, Faisal's reign simultaneously grew increasingly unstable against a backdrop of economic inequality coupled with the rise of Communism, anti-imperialist sentiment, and mounting Pan-Arab nationalism. Hastening Faisal's demise was the decision taken by his regent (later confirmed by him) to allow
975-514: Is now mainly remembered for his theories on the Shakespeare authorship question , which involved the view that Shakespeare either was an Arab or was heavily influenced by Arabic literature. Khulusi was born in Baghdad , the son of a lawyer. His mother died when he was four years old. His family originates from Khanaqin . His grandfather resettled the family in Baghdad where he served as an officer in
1040-535: The Abbasid poet Abu Nuwas , wine- and boy-lover, when he is miraculously transported into America, from his presence on a stamp brought into that country. Part parody of Arabic works on the bewildering experience of life in the West, part picaresque novel , it has the hero tour the louche subcultures, gay and heterosexual, of America from Queens through Las Vegas to Los Angeles, while rising ineluctably to become an authority in
1105-543: The Arabian Nights , Wright's plans seemed to echo old Abbasid architecture in Baghdad such as circular layout and are imbued in greenery to allude to the Garden of Eden . Despite the contribution to the development of the city, some have criticized Faisal's plans for Greater Baghdad and the many styles that he introduced to be a " Westernization " of Iraq. The plans also acquired international attention as
1170-536: The Ebbets Field . The visit was covered by many news outlets nationwide that many forgot Faisal's original motives for the visit. He would also famously be on the side of Brooklyn Dodgers but reportedly couldn't tell the difference between them and the other team, the New York Giants , in which one of his aides told him that the team's names are written on the players' clothes. In the following days, he would tour
1235-616: The Radio City Music Hall and the Esso Oil Company . On 16 of August, both would depart from LaGuardia Airport for Washington, D.C. , where he met President Harry Truman . Over the following weeks, he would meet other famous Americans, such as Dean Acheson , the actor James Mason , and Jackie Robinson , among others. Less than a year after his visit to the United States, Faisal attained his majority on 2 May 1953, commencing his active rule with little experience and during
1300-562: The School of Oriental and African Studies , London University . During his tenure (1945–50) he completed a PhD in Arabic literature in 1947. In 1951 he was appointed as Professor of Arabic at the University of Baghdad . He also served as head of the Arabic Department at al-Mustansiriya University . In 1959, Khulusi married Sabiha Al-Dabbagh (1922–1998), one of the first women to graduate as
1365-792: The Second World War , in which the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was formally allied with the British Empire and the Allies . In April 1941, his first cousin once removed 'Abd al-Ilah was briefly deposed as Regent by a military coup d'état which aimed to align Iraq with the Axis powers . The 1941 coup in Iraq soon led to the Anglo-Iraqi War . German aid proved insufficient, and the Regent 'Abd al-Ilah
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#17328977006331430-460: The "basically Arabian" concept of Platonic love . In 1970 he summarized his arguments about Shakespeare's language, but confined himself to the suggestion that the poet was "under the influence of Arabic style". His view that Shakespeare had Arabic ancestors is highly speculative and lacks any evidence. His opinions have been opposed by other scholars including Abdul Sattar Jawad , Abdullah Al-Dabbagh , Eric Ormsby, Ferial Ghazoul , as well as
1495-504: The "threat" of Communism and left-leaning variants of pan-Arab nationalism . Recently, 143 drawings by Faisal using either pencil or crayon were put on display at Iraq's National Archives depicting backdrops of the war he lived through. These include drawings of aircraft, bombs, killer robots, and extreme fighting on both land and sea and drawings also depicting peaceful subjects, including landscapes, birds, and buildings, as well as maps of Europe and North Africa . These drawings offered
1560-594: The Bard's works. To give but one example: the Arabic adjective nabil , which means "noble," occurs, naturally enough, throughout the plays and poems. Khulusi's thesis was expounded in Arabic publications. He also wrote several articles in English on Shakespeare and Arabian literature for the Islamic Review , but did not claim Shakespeare himself was Arabian in these publications. In 1966 he suggested that Romeo and Juliet draws on
1625-518: The Egyptian monarchy in 1953 and the formation of the United Arab Republic in February 1958 only provided impetuses to ideas of a revolution. The Hashemite Arab Federation was formed between Iraq and Jordan in February 1958 with Faisal as its head, which did not quell widespread opposition. In July 1958, a group of Royal Iraqi Army officers led by Abd al-Karim Qasim mounted a coup d'état and overthrew
1690-509: The Egyptian scholar Ibrahim Hamadah , who devoted a book, ‘Urubat Shakespeare ( The Arabism of Shakespeare ) 1989, to refuting Khulusi's thesis. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi endorsed Khulusi's views in 1989. His novel Abu Nuwas fi Amrika (Abu Nuwas in America), written during Khulusi's sojourn in Chicago, has been called an "hilarious satire" recounting the extraordinary adventures that befall
1755-761: The National Parliament and the Royal Palace . An architect competition was held for the National Bank which Swiss architect William Dunkel won. Some of the buildings designed during this time were built decades later, under Saddam Hussein , such as the Baghdad Gymnasium which was designed by Le Corbusier. Frank Lloyd Wright was also invited by Faisal to design much of Newer Baghdad, but Wright seemed to not regard Iraq as an underdeveloped nation and wanted to preserve its character. Inspired by Harun al-Rashid and
1820-487: The Ottoman army, but was killed during the military withdrawal from Mesopotamia at the end of World War I. Khulusi was inspired to pursue a literary career from an early age by his uncle, the novelist and poet Abdul-Majid Lutfi. Khulusi travelled to London in 1935 on an academic scholarship, living there until the latter stages of World War II and insisting on staying in the city during The Blitz . He returned to Iraq late in
1885-642: The Royal Guard to offer no resistance and surrendered to the insurgents. Around 8 am, Captain Abdul Sattar Sabaa Al-Ibousi, leading the revolutionary assault group at the Rihab Palace , which was still the principal royal residence in central Baghdad, ordered the King, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah , Crown Princess Hiyam ('Abd al-Ilah's wife), Princess Nafeesa ('Abd al-Ilah's mother), Princess Abadiya (Faisal's aunt) and several servants to gather in
1950-732: The United Kingdom to retain a continued role in Iraqi affairs, through the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1948 , and later the Baghdad Pact , signed in 1955. Increasing massive protests greeted news of each of these alliances, contributing to the deaths of hundreds of demonstrators and an increasing deterioration of loyalty to the Iraqi Crown. As oil revenues increased during the 1950s, the king and his advisors chose to invest their wealth in development projects, which some claimed increasingly alienated
2015-605: The United States on the Arab world. Notwithstanding the high satiric energy of the novel, Khulusi's intention was to introduce American culture to an Arab readership. He compares Iraqi and American nationalism and the practice of religion in his adopted culture with the Muslim faith. He concludes that, just as American identity comes from a melting pot of peoples, so too is Arab identity, a cultural commitment by peoples of markedly different ethnic background who have come to intermarry, and replace
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2080-543: The academic tradition of comparative literature, publishing Dirasat fi al-Adab al-Muqarin wa al-Mathahib al-Adabia (Studies in Comparative Literature and Western Literary Schools) in 1957, and al-Tarjama al-Tahlilia (Analytical Translation) in the same year. Although concentrating on literary and historical scholarship, Khulusi also published novels, short stories and poetry during this period. In addition, he translated modern Iraqi literature into English, publishing
2145-492: The allegiance of blood with an attachment to a shared language and culture. Khulusi set out to introduce English readers to contemporary Iraqi poetry by translating the works of some of the most prominent and influential poets of the first half of the 20th century. This was a period of significant social and political change, an era of wars and civil strife, and also a time when poetry was highly valued and influential in Arab society and particularly in Iraq. The appearance of
2210-547: The building industries, and train future Iraqi architects to not rely on Western help. The increase in the economy that subsequently enabled the plans for Greater Baghdad to be developed was due to negotiations with the British-controlled Iraq Petroleum Company in 1952 that achieved an equitable share of oil rights and a substantial increase in Iraq's revenue. Faisal also created the semiautonomous Development Board which consisted of six members including
2275-496: The established attitudes towards women. He chose a less aggressive, more persuasive tone which Khulusi attempts to capture in this sample of his translation: According to Khulusi, al-Jawahiri takes up the cause of social exclusion and poverty from al-Rusafi. He illustrates the gulf in society by describing life in the houses and villas of the rich, built next to shanty dwellings where the deprived live in squalid conditions with their children and livestock. In Khulusi view, al-Jawahiri
2340-743: The five-week tour and, along with Regent 'Abd al-Ilah, arrived at 11 AM, on the Hudson River on the RMS ; Queen Mary and were given a tour around the United Nations Headquarters in Manhattan . The next day, Faisal went on a tour of the Empire State Building and after arriving at the City Hall for a reception with Mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri , he famously went to attend a game held in
2405-419: The former student answered, "all I did was remember Palestine, and the trigger on the machine-gun just set itself off". During the regime of Saddam Hussein , Faisal II was reburied under a marble tomb located next to that of his father in the restored Royal Cemetery in Baghdad. Faisal initially asked for the hand of Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi , the eldest daughter of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . However,
2470-456: The government to change the UK's Education Reform Act which required "broadly Christian" acts of worship in schools. They wanted the wording to be changed to "the worship of the one supreme God". They also wanted the standing Advisory Committees on Religious Education to have more input from Muslims. In 2001 Syed Aziz Pasha, secretary of the Council, defended Muslim religious teaching in the light of
2535-475: The lead of the 19th-century Arab scholar Ahmad Faris Shidyaq , Khulusi wrote a book which attempted to prove that William Shakespeare was an Arab, the original form of his name being "Shaykh Zubayr". Academic Eric Ormsby summarizes Khulusi's claims as follows, In a massive tome, the professor argued that the lone survivor of the shipwreck of an Arab merchant vessel washed up on the shores of Elizabethan England and made his way, wet, bedraggled, and famished, to
2600-488: The man again and questioned him on his role in the king's death, the former student answered "all I did was remember Palestine, and the trigger on the machine-gun just set itself off". During Saddam Hussein 's regime Khulusi spent most of his time in England where he enjoyed a greater freedom of expression in his writing, returning to Iraq for a couple of months a year to avoid the English winter. On one such visit, he explained to
2665-624: The massacre of the royal family, being wounded in the leg or hip. The group was then taken to cars for transport to the Ministry of Defence. The King reportedly died along the way, and the cars were stopped. The King's body was hanged, while the Crown Prince was defiled and dragged through the streets. Many years later, when the Iraqi historian Safa Khulusi met Al-Ibousi, who was once one of Khulusi's students, and questioned him on his part in Faisal's death,
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2730-609: The monarchy. Faisal was executed along with numerous members of his family in the process. Faisal was the only son of King Ghazi of Iraq and his wife, Queen Aliya , second daughter of ' Ali bin Hussein , King of the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca . Faisal's father was killed in a mysterious car crash when he was three years old; his father’s first cousin, Prince 'Abd al-Ilah , served as regent until Faisal came of age in 1953. He suffered from asthma . Faisal's childhood coincided with
2795-478: The nascent pro-republican anti-monarchist movement. In the summer of 1958, King Hussein of Jordan asked for Iraqi military assistance during the escalating Lebanon crisis . Units of the Royal Iraqi Army under the command of Colonel Abd al-Karim Qasim , en route to Jordan, chose to march on Baghdad instead, where they mounted a coup d'état on 14 July. During the 14 July Revolution , Faisal II ordered
2860-473: The nearest village where he found hospitality and shelter. Establishing himself, there our mariner quickly mastered English and in short order was churning out remarkable poems and dramas. Relocated to Stratford-on-Avon and London, he rose to prominence in the theater, even winning the favor of the Virgin Queen. His original name had been Shaykh Zubayr, but (though there is no letter p in the Arabic alphabet) this
2925-563: The offer was rejected by the princess herself. In January 1957, Faisal became engaged to Princess Kiymet Hanım, a descendant of the Mamluk dynasty of Iraq. However, the engagement was broken three months later. At the time of his death, the king was scheduled to marry to Princess Sabiha Fazile Hanımsultan (engagement in September 1957), the only daughter of Prince Muhammad 'Ali Ibrahim of Egypt and Ottoman princess Zahra Hanzade Sultan . Faisal II
2990-565: The original poem: Martial law in 1948 was officially a means to protect the military operations in Palestine and to save the rear of the Arab armies. According to Khulusi, the law was skilfully extended to deal with young men with liberal ideas. Living close by, al-Jawahiri regularly passed the prison gates in Baghdad and could see groups of young men, from all backgrounds and professions, being led inside, and relatives waiting for news of other men already taken. In his poem al-Jawahiri says: Later in
3055-403: The palace courtyard (the young King had not yet moved into the newly completed Royal Palace ). According to Princess Hiyam's biography page, the royal family and royal staff left the palace through the kitchen. When they passed through the kitchen garden, rebel soldiers opened fire. The King was shot in the head and neck, while Nafeesa and Abadiya were shot in the back. Only Princess Hiyam survived
3120-533: The place of women has not only fallen far behind modern civilization, but far below where it had been in the Middle Ages. The following couplet affords a good example of Umm Nizar's style as depicted by Khulusi. Umm Nizar is followed into print by a number of other women including her daughter Nazik Al-Malaika , who writes emotional, imaginative and rebellious odes. Lami'a 'Abbas 'Amara is noted for her humor and epigrammatic lines. 'Atika Wahbi al-Khazraji versifies
3185-453: The rapidly growing middle class and the peasantry. The Iraqi Communist Party increased its influence. Though the regime seemed secure, an intense dissatisfaction with Iraq's condition brewed just below the surface. An ever-widening gap between the wealth of the political elites, landowners, and other supporters of the regime on the one hand, and the poverty of workers and peasants on the other, intensified opposition to Faisal's government. Since
3250-428: The same poem he adds prophetically: Following al-Zahawi's death in 1936, Salma al-Malaika (1908–1953) writing under the name Umm Nizar, enters the Iraqi literary scene. According to Khulusi, her first poem is also the very first to be published for any woman in Iraq and appropriately its al-Zahawi's elegy. Umm Nizar refers to al-Zahawi's poetry on the subject of emancipation. Khulusi records that al-Zahawi wrote about
3315-552: The tragedy of Majnoon Layla . Fatina al-Naib , better known by her pen-name Saduf al-'Ubaydiyya, composes poetry for her own personal enjoyment rather than public acclaim and eventually finds that she has completed the contents of four volumes. Khulusi renders entire poems and extracts of this ground-breaking literary work and illustrates the range and versatility of these pioneering women. Faisal II of Iraq Faisal II ( Arabic : الملك فيصل الثاني , romanized : al-Malik Fayṣal al-thānī ; 2 May 1935 – 14 July 1958)
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#17328977006333380-599: The two parties reached, on February 14, 1958, the declaration of the Arab Hashemite Union between Iraq and Jordan , also known as the "Arab Federation." Originally, Kuwait was to join but Britain was opposed to the unification. Faisal, as the senior member of the Hashemite family, became its head of state and the head of the Union Government, and in his absence, Hussein would head the Union Government. The Federation
3445-468: The upper classes controlled the parliament, reformists increasingly saw revolution as their sole hope for improvement. The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , led by Gamal Abdel Nasser , provided an impetus for a similar undertaking in Iraq. During his reign, Faisal initiated large-scale plans for the modernization of Greater Baghdad. The goal of this ambitious project was to improve and develop infrastructure and housing, provide essential public buildings, reform
3510-403: The value of charging poetry with powerful messages. Al-Rusafi was the more ferocious and shocking in his political attacks, while Zahawi's ire was directed at what he believed to be outdated social attitudes. Al-Zahawi's poetry extolling a utopian society was his attempt to set the agenda for a social revolution, particularly on views towards women in post-Ottoman Iraq. According to Khulusi, this
3575-458: The war. An Arab nationalist , Khulusi turned down an offer of a ministerial position in the post-war British administration of Iraq. Instead, he divided his time between Britain and Iraq, establishing an academic career in both countries. His first novel Nifous Maridha (Sick Souls) was published in 1941, when he was 24 years old. His first academic post was as a lecturer in Arabic Studies at
3640-505: Was also a regular broadcaster on the BBC's Arabic service and a presenter of cultural programs on Iraqi television. While participating in the Arabic literary revival Khulusi attempted to remain ‘neutral’ in the unstable politics of the era. In 1958 the king Faisal II of Iraq and his family were overthrown in a violent revolution. One of their executioners was an army officer who had been one of Khulusi's students. Many years later, when Khulusi met
3705-499: Was also open to other Arab countries joining it. Faisal's political situation deteriorated in 1956, with uprisings in the cities of Najaf and Hayy. Meanwhile, Israel 's attack on Egypt , coordinated with Britain and France in response to Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal , only exacerbated popular revulsion for the Baghdad Pact , and thus Faisal's rule. The opposition began to coordinate its activities; in February 1957,
3770-466: Was also “the poet of every revolutionary movement”. The revolt of January 1948 was one example. He composed long epics on the subject, and elegized his brother, Ja'far al-Jawahiri who died during the revolt. The same year saw war in the Holy Land and Jawahiri directed his anger at Arab leaders who promoted themselves during this time as 'saviours of Palestine'. Khulusi tries to capture the tone of sarcasm of
3835-520: Was feared the conflict would potentially appear. Many architects from around the world were invited, among them Alvar Aalto , Walter Gropius (who designed the faculty tower and gateway monument to Baghdad University ), and Le Corbusier . Commissions for public buildings followed and the first ones went to the German architect Werner March for the Iraq Museum and the English firm J. Brian Cooper to build
3900-493: Was largely unwelcomed at the time, but proved nonetheless influential as a catalyst for change in the decades that followed. Khulusi renders the incendiary work including what he calls “Zahawi's tirade against the veil”: Khulusi illustrates al-Zahawi's attempt to introduce the concept of gender equality in his celebrated poem Ba'da alfi 'Am (A Thousand Years Hence): As with al-Rusafi and al-Zahawi before him, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri (1899–1997) also versified his challenge to
3965-742: Was restored to power by a combined Allied force composed of the mercenary Jordanian Arab Legion , the Royal Air Force and other British units. Iraq resumed its British ties, and at the end of the war joined the United Nations . During his early years, Faisal was tutored at the Royal Al-Rehab Palace with several other Iraqi boys. During the Second World War, he lived for a time with his mother at Grove Lodge at Winkfield Row in Berkshire in England . Faisal attended Sandroyd School then Harrow School with his paternal second cousin Prince Hussein, later to become King Hussein of Jordan . The two boys were close friends, and reportedly planned early on to merge their two realms, to counter what they considered to be
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#17328977006334030-483: Was set up under his uncle Prince 'Abd al-Ilah . In 1941, a pro-Axis coup d'état overthrew the regent. The British responded by initiating an invasion of Iraq a month later and restored 'Abd al-Ilah to power. During the Second World War , Faisal was evacuated along with his mother to the United Kingdom. There, he attended Harrow School alongside his cousin Hussein , the future King of Jordan . The regency ended in May 1953 when Faisal came of age. The overthrow of
4095-477: Was soon anglicized to Shakespeare. This thesis, which would have delighted Jorge Luis Borges , rested not merely on fanciful historical supposition but on a mad, meticulous, and painstaking inventory of Shakespeare's vocabulary. The Iraqi argued, with the unassailable logic of the truly demented, that most of Shakespeare's language could be traced back to Classical Arabic.... Even more telling, our scholar detected scores, even hundreds, of borrowings and "cognates" in
4160-486: Was the author of Ways to Defend Yourself (1951), an Arabic book on judo and self-defense, and he printed 50 copies of it and gave it to other kings and leaders, including to his uncle King Abdullah of Jordan. He also gave a copy of it to the League of Arab Nations hoping to reprint it and distribute it for free to the youth in Arab countries, but that never happened. Faisal held the following ranks: Martyr Faisal II College ( Kolleyet Al-Shahid Faisal Al-Thani )
4225-409: Was the last King of Iraq . He reigned from 4 April 1939 until July 1958, when he was killed during the 14 July Revolution . This regicide marked the end of the thirty-seven-year-old Hashemite monarchy in Iraq, which then became a republic . The only son of King Ghazi and Queen Aliya of Iraq , Faisal acceded to the throne at the age of three after his father was killed in a car crash. A regency
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