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35-601: In 1995, the CNL was created as a part of the Luxembourg national archives. The idea was to assemble all documents relating to the literary life in Luxembourg, both contemporary and historical, in a single place and thus to create a focal point for literary researchers. In addition to encouraging and facilitating research, the CNL also promotes contemporary literary output, by organising exhibitions, conferences, reading sessions and various events relating to literature in Luxembourg. Since 2005,

70-663: A Global Campus in Songdo, South Korea , Ghent University maintains many inter-university partnerships and programs both inside and outside of Europe. Established before the state of Belgium itself, the university was founded by the Dutch King William I in 1817, when the region was incorporated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the fall of First French Empire . In that same year, he founded two other universities for

105-779: Is a public research university located in Ghent , Belgium. Located in Flanders , Ghent University is the second largest Belgian university, consisting of 50,000 students and 9,000 staff members. The university also supports the Ghent University Library (including the famous Boekentoren ) and the Ghent University Hospital , which is one of the biggest hospitals in Belgium. In addition to satellite campuses elsewhere in Flanders and

140-945: Is also a partner in the development of De Krook , the new public library and media center in the center of Ghent that opened in 2017. Ghent University consistently ranks among the top 100 universities in the world, alongside the Catholic University of Leuven . In 2017, it was ranked, globally, 69th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (or Shanghai ranking) and 125th by QS World University Rankings . For 2021, Ghent University has been ranked, worldwide, 85th by U.S. News & World Report and 96th by Times Higher Education . The Faculty of Economics and Business Administration has also been awarded with an international Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation. The university maintains many partnerships within Belgium, across Europe, and throughout

175-486: The Belgian Revolution , of 1830, the number of students declined, having peaked at 414. Although the faculties of humanities and science were dissolved from the university, they were restored five years later, in 1835. At this time, French also became the language of instruction, taking the place of Latin. Ghent University played a role in the foundation of modern organic chemistry. Friedrich August Kekulé unraveled

210-610: The Echo's core constituency. However, Servais' efforts were in vain, as the Treaty was accepted by both the Chamber of Representatives and Senate . Servais remained in the (diminished) grand duchy, being called to the bar in August 1839. Upon Partition and the dissolution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , the constitution was amended to allow for self-government. On 3 August 1841, Servais

245-598: The University of Ghent . However, he was forced to leave in after one year, in 1830, by the upheaval caused by the Belgian Revolution . Instead, he left for Paris , graduating in 1831. From 8 September 1836 until the Third Partition , in 1839, Servais represented his home canton of Mersch in Luxembourg's provincial council. In the same year, he established, with Victor Tesch , L'Echo du Luxembourg , which published its first edition on 21 December 1836. Servais used

280-509: The 1960s, there were several student demonstrations at Ghent University, notably around the Blandijn site, which houses the Faculty of Arts & Philosophy. The most severe of demonstrations took place in 1969 in the wake of May 1968 . In 1991, the university officially changed its name from Rijksuniversiteit Gent (RUG) to Universiteit Gent (UGent), following an increased grant of autonomy by

315-513: The Assembly, he was notable for being a relatively extreme and revolutionary liberal . Servais was prominent in advocating budgetary restraint, and led the (unsuccessful) campaign to reduce the civil list by one-third. His other main issue was education. Primary education was regulated by the state for the first time in 1843, and the scope of the Roman Catholic Church in instruction

350-582: The Bochs, and Anne's mother's family (the Richards), Servais was marrying into a political web that also included the Thilges, Pescatore, Northomb, d'Huart, and de Prémorel families. His son, Émile , would go on to lead a failed communist revolt on 9 January 1919. Servais's honours and decorations included: University of Ghent Ghent University ( Dutch : Universiteit Gent , abbreviated as UGent )

385-570: The CNL is a fully-fledged independent cultural institute. The literary center is housed in the Maison Servais , a large 17th-century mansion which once belonged to the Luxembourgish politician Emmanuel Servais . The last inhabitant of the mansion, Jeanne Servais, donated the house to the town of Mersch. The premises were then handed over to the State of Luxembourg, who renovated the house and installed

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420-462: The Centre national de littérature in it. The main building now houses five exhibition rooms, the library, a reading room, researchers' and administrative offices and two conference rooms. A newly erected second building houses the literary café, which is used for various literary get-togethers. Both buildings are flanked by a public park. The CNL's premises are currently undergoing extension. In early 2008,

455-465: The Dutch King William I – was part of a larger policy to stimulate academic lag across the southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (which would later become Belgium). The original four faculties comprised Humanities (Letters), Law, Medicine, and Science, with the language of instruction being Latin . In the first year, it had 190 students and 16 professors. In the wake of

490-708: The Flemish people") was launched in 1916. The occupying German administration set up the first Dutch-speaking university in Belgium in Ghent under the name Vlaamsche Hoogeschool (Flemish Institute of Higher Learning). Pejoratively referred to as the Von Bissing University , the Vlaamsche Hoogeschoolwas founded in 1916 but was disestablished after the war and the University of Ghent resumed its activities with French as

525-518: The adjacent building, which is now being renovated, will house a part of the archives' storage and office facilities. The CNL's collections can be consulted by researchers and students as well as interested members of the public. It is however not a general public library , but rather a research library specializing in Luxemburgensia. A range of Luxembourgish newspapers and reference works such as dictionaries and encyclopedias can be freely accessed in

560-405: The broadest sense, and often highlight cultural exchanges between Luxembourgish and German or French authors. Apart from helping other researchers in their work, the CNL also does its own literary research. It regularly publishes exhibition catalogues, essays on Luxembourgish literature and scholarly re-editions of important works by Luxembourgish authors. A list of the CNL's publications shows that

595-518: The first courses were begun in 1906. During World War I , Ghent University was closed initially due to the hostilities and subsequently due to the refusal of the academic staff and the students to resume classes while Belgium was occupied . Moritz von Bissing , the German Governor-General of occupied Belgium sought to make the territory easier to govern by exploiting the pre-war linguistic division. The Flamenpolitik ("Policy regarding

630-519: The government of the Flemish Community . The faculty of Politics and Social Sciences is the most recent addition, in 1992. Ghent University had a program founded by Andre Vlerick in 1953, then called Centre for Productivity Studies and Research . The program later evolved into a separate school called Instituut Professor Vlerick voor Management . Later in 1999 together with KU Leuven , Ghent University established Vlerick Business School merging

665-456: The institute's research tries to reflect the ample use of each of the country's three national languages, namely Luxembourgish, French and German. In this series (which, in English, means: New Luxembourgish Library ) are published commented re-editions of Luxembourgish literary works. The aim is to give the reader an insight into the life and work of an author, an understanding of the times in which

700-548: The paper to promote his political interests, particularly improving transport links, an example of which was the construction of a permanent roadway between Ettelbruck and Bastogne . Servais was amongst a group that, on 5 May 1838, founded the 'Central Patriotic Society of Luxembourg', which opposed the First Treaty of London . The Treaty awarded two-thirds of the grand duchy to Belgium , separating Mersch from Arlon and Bastogne, and hence dividing in two Servais's backyard and

735-498: The postwar period, Ghent University became a much larger institution, following the government policy of democratizing higher education in Flanders during the 1950s and 1960s. By 1953, there were more than 3,000 students, and by 1969 more than 11,500. The number of faculties increased to eleven, starting with Applied Sciences in 1957. It was followed by Economics and Veterinary Medicine in 1968, Psychology and Pedagogy, as well as Bioengineering, in 1969, and Pharmaceutical Sciences. In

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770-534: The reading room. The library's catalogue can be consulted on the Luxembourg National Library's integrated catalogue, which is based on the commercial Integrated Library System Aleph . The library also offers other specialised catalogues and research services. The CNL regularly organises exhibitions which often display manuscripts or other precious items from the archives' funds to the general public. The exhibitions deal with Luxembourgish literary life in

805-569: The sole medium of instruction. In 1923, Cabinet Minister Pierre Nolf put forward a motion to definitively establish the university as a Dutch-speaking university, and this was realized in 1930. August Vermeylen served as the first rector of a Dutch-language university in Belgium. In the Second World War , the German administration of the university attempted to create a German orientation, removing faculty members and installing loyal activists. In

840-484: The southern provinces as well, alongside Ghent University: University of Liège and State University of Leuven . After the Belgian revolution of 1830, the newly formed Belgian state began to administer Ghent University. In 1930, UGent became the first Dutch -speaking university in Belgium. Previously, French (and, even earlier, Latin) had been the standard academic language in what was Université de Gand . In 1991, it

875-448: The structure of benzene at Ghent and Adolf von Baeyer (Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer), a student of August Kekulé , made contributions to organic chemistry. In 1882, Sidonie Verhelst became the first female student at Ghent University, in science and pharmacology. In 1903, the Flemish politician Lodewijk De Raet led a successful campaign to begin instruction in Dutch , and

910-562: The two MBA programs of the universities, naming the newborn institute Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School . In 2006, the school rebranded itself as Vlerick Business School . KU Leuven and Ghent University are still the parent institutions of the business school where many of the school's professors teach also in Leuven or Ghent. Nevertheless, UGent still offer MBA programs even after the merger. Ghent University consists of eleven faculties with over 130 individual departments. In addition,

945-818: The university cooperates with numerous universities for the Erasmus and Erasmus Mundus programs; within the framework of the latter, it heads the International Master of Science in Rural Development and the International Master of Science in Soils and Global Change (IMSOGLO). Beyond Europe, Ghent University conducts exchange programs on all six continents. Frameworks include its campus in South Korea and its 3C Partnership. Ghent University has been instrumental in

980-704: The university maintains the Zwijnaarde science park and Greenbridge science park . Standing on the Blandijnberg , the Boekentoren houses the Ghent University Library , which contains nearly 3 million volumes. The university library has joined the Google Books Library Project . Among other notable collections, it preserves Papyrus 30 , an early manuscript of the Greek New Testament. The university

1015-481: The work was written and a bibliography which enables further research. As of 2007, thirteen volumes have been published: This annual bibliography is a compilation of all books and articles written in Luxembourg or abroad on the literary production in Luxembourg, including such areas as theatre and linguistics. Emmanuel Servais Lambert Joseph Emmanuel Servais ( French pronunciation: [lɑ̃bɛʁ ʒozɛf emanɥɛl sɛʁvɛ] ; 11 April 1811 – 17 June 1890)

1050-813: The world. Inside Belgium, Ghent University supports the Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms and the Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie . Within Europe, it is a member of the Santander Network , the Enlight (previously the U4) Network, and the 3i University Network. It also participates in the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research . In addition,

1085-419: Was a Luxembourgish politician. He held numerous offices of national importance, foremost amongst which was in serving as the fifth prime minister of Luxembourg , for seven years, from 3 December 1867 until 26 December 1874. After being Prime Minister, he was a long-serving Mayor of Luxembourg City , holding office from soon after his departure from the premiership, in 1875, until his death, in 1890. Servais

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1120-551: Was also successively President of the Council of State (1874–1887) and President of the Chamber of Deputies (1887–1890). No other person has held even three of these four positions. Servais was educated at the Athénée de Luxembourg , where he excelled academically, finishing top of his class in both of his final years at the school. After leaving the Athénée, in 1828, he studied law at

1155-631: Was anathema to the radical Servais. Similarly, when the issue of secondary education was discussed, Servais argued that the Concordat of 1801 and Organic Articles were annulled by the Belgian Constitution of 1831, and so the Luxembourgian government was under no obligation to the Catholic Church. Servais married his cousin, Anne Justine Elisa Boch (1819–1860) on 16 November 1841. Through

1190-447: Was granted major autonomy and changed its name accordingly from State University of Ghent ( Dutch : Rijksuniversiteit Gent , abbreviated as RUG ) to its current designation. Ghent was one of the largest and most important cities of Europe in the medieval period. The university in Ghent was opened on 9 October 1817, with JC van Rotterdam as the first rector . The foundation of universities in Ghent, Liege, and Leuven that year – by

1225-654: Was named one of nine representatives of Luxembourg that convened in The Hague to advise the King-Grand Duke on its formulation. For his work on doing so, he was awarded the rank of Commander in the Order of the Oak Crown . Under the new arrangement, power passed to the Assembly of State, which held its first session in 1842. Once again, Servais represented Mersch, along with Théodore Pescatore and Claude Clément . In sitting on

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