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35-568: It was first established in 1915 as the Maymyo Botanical Gardens by Alex Roger, a Forest Officer. The original site was 30 acres (120,000 m), and was modelled after the Kew Gardens of England with the help of an amateur gardener, botanical collector and expedition organiser called Lady Cuffe . In 1917, the government granted it official recognition, and in 1924, the site was declared a Government Botanical Reserve. On 1 December 1942,

70-565: A Baroque structure with two symmetrical wings projecting to either side of a north–south axis. The crowning central dome was added to the design at a late stage, after building had begun. Construction began at the east end, with the East Wing constructed from 1701 to 1703, the east end of the Garden Front from 1701 to 1706, the Central Block (including dome) from 1703 to 1706, and the west end of

105-695: A National Trust property in Sussex which is home to the internationally important Millennium Seed Bank , whose scientists work with partner organisations in more than 95 countries. Kew, jointly with the Forestry Commission , founded Bedgebury National Pinetum in Kent in 1923, specialising in growing conifers . In 1994, the Castle Howard Arboretum Trust, which runs the Yorkshire Arboretum ,

140-602: A role in plant conservation. Kew is governed by a board of trustees which comprises a chairman and eleven members. Ten members and the chairman are appointed by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . His Majesty the King appoints his own trustee on the recommendation of the Secretary of State. As of 2024 the Board members are: More than 470 scientists work for

175-454: Is Grade I listed and there are many other listed structures on the estate, several of which are on the Heritage at Risk Register . Castle Howard's most famous appearance in film was as Brideshead Castle in both the 1981 TV series and the 2008 film adaptations of Evelyn Waugh 's novel Brideshead Revisited . It has been used as a location in many other TV and film productions including:

210-569: Is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,100 staff. Its board of trustees is chaired by Dame Amelia Fawcett . The organisation manages botanic gardens at Kew in Richmond upon Thames in south-west London, and at Wakehurst ,

245-521: Is a large formal garden immediately behind (i.e., on the south side of) the house. The house is prominently situated on a ridge and this was exploited in the development of an English landscape park , which adjoins and opens out from the formal garden. The gardens are Grade I listed on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Two major garden buildings are set in this landscape: the Temple of

280-591: Is a nomenclatural listing of all published taxonomic plant names including new species, new combinations and new names at rank of botanical family down to infraspecific. It provides data for other related projects including Tropicos and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility ( GBIF ). Information and key to flowering plants of the Neotropics (tropical South and Central America). The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP)

315-549: Is a register of accepted scientific names and synonyms of 200 selected seed plant families. WCSP is widely used, and most authoritative web resources on plants use it as their basis. The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) includes all known vascular plant species ( flowering plants , conifers , ferns , clubmosses , and firmosses ). It is derived from the WCSP and the IPNI and therefore only includes names found in those databases. It

350-629: Is managed by the Ministry of Forestry . Forty two acres of the site are a protected forest area. The gardens are popular among tourists , who enjoy the rolling lawns and Alpine landscape reminiscent of those in England. Endangered wild animals are also kept in the National Kandawgyi Botanical Gardens, including Eld's deer , Burmese star tortoise , takin , hog deer , but there are also pheasant and water fowl . It has collaborated with

385-599: Is the taxonomic database for Plants of the World Online. Since WCSP includes only selected families, WCVP will seek to complete the process. A checklist of 40,292 species, including nine non-plant taxa (e.g. nostoc , forkweed , brown algae ), compiled from multiple pre-existing datasets. Kew also cooperated with the Missouri Botanical Garden and other international bodies in The Plant List (TPL). Unlike

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420-658: The Index Kewensis , a project which began in the 19th century to provide an "Index to the Names and Authorities of all known flowering plants and their countries". The Harvard University Herbaria and the Australian National Herbarium co-operate with Kew in the IPNI database, which was launched in its present form in 1999 to produce an authoritative source of information on botanical nomenclature including publication details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes . It

455-563: The 4th Baron Dacre . She brought with her the sizable estates of Henderskelfe in Yorkshire and Naworth Castle in Cumberland . Castle Howard was commissioned by the 3rd Earl of Carlisle , who was a male-line descendant of Lord William Howard. The site selected was part of the Henderskelfe estate. The creation of Castle Howard, began in 1699, with the start of design work by John Vanbrugh . It

490-519: The Howard family for more than 300 years. Castle Howard has been used as a filming location in several films and television shows, including in Granada Television 's 1981 television adaptation of Evelyn Waugh 's Brideshead Revisited and in a 2008 film adaptation . In 1577, the 4th Duke of Norfolk 's third son, Lord William Howard , married his step-sister Elizabeth Dacre, youngest daughter of

525-621: The Four Winds at the end of the garden, and the Mausoleum in the park. There is a lake on either side of the house. There is a woodland garden , Ray Wood (formerly Wray Wood), immediately east of the house, and a walled garden which contains decorative rose and flower gardens. The Ray Wood walls date from the 18th century and were restored in 2007. Further buildings outside the preserved gardens include Nicholas Hawksmoor 's Pyramid, restored in 2015, an obelisk , and several follies and eyecatchers in

560-522: The Garden Front from 1707 to 1709. All are exuberantly decorated in Baroque style, with coronets, cherubs, urns and cyphers, with Roman Doric pilasters on the north front and Corinthian on the south. Many interiors were decorated by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini . The Earl then turned his energies to the surrounding garden and grounds. Although the complete design is shown in the third volume of Colen Campbell 's Vitruvius Britannicus , published in 1725,

595-573: The Gardens' Diamond Jubilee were held from 14 December 2006 to 13 January 2007. Kandawgyi has expanded in recent years and reached its current size in 2000. An annual flower festival has been held in December since 2006. The 5 day event this year had over 7 million flowers of 16 local and over 70 foreign species on display. Number of visitors has averaged 400,000 since it was reopened in 2001. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

630-524: The Hon. Nicholas Howard (the second son of Lord Howard of Henderskelfe) and his wife, Victoria. The 3rd Earl of Carlisle first spoke to William Talman , a leading architect, but commissioned Vanbrugh, a fellow member of the Kit-Cat Club , to design the building. Castle Howard was that gentleman- dilettante 's first foray into architecture, but he was assisted by Nicholas Hawksmoor . Vanbrugh's design evolved into

665-400: The IPNI, it provides information on which names are currently accepted. The Plant List is an Internet encyclopedia project which was launched in 2010 to compile a comprehensive list of botanical nomenclature . The Plant List has 1,064,035 scientific plant names of species rank of which 350,699 are accepted species names. In addition, the list has 642 plant families and 17,020 plant genera. It

700-753: The Ministry of Forestry designated the Botanical Gardens a " protected forest area". On 1 December 2000, Sr Gen Than Shwe renamed it "Kandawgyi National Gardens". It has been used to promote extensive ecotourism in Burma. The Botanical Gardens has 514 species of indigenous trees and 74 foreign species, 75 species of bamboo , and 75 species of crotons . Of the 300 species of indigenous orchids , 178 were already collected in 1942. There are 25 rose species, and 6 land lily species. Medicinal plants for traditional medicines are also grown. The National Botanical Gardens

735-652: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Director of Science is Alexandre Antonelli . The Deputy Directors are Elizabeth Gardner, Paul Kersey and Monique Simmonds . Kew Science staff include those of the Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre . The scientific staff at Kew maintain a variety of plant and fungal data and digital resources, including: Plants of the World Online is an online database launched in March 2017 as one of nine strategic outputs with

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770-633: The UK based Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) to conserve the indigenous orchids in their natural habitat. The Botanical Gardens has three museums. The Fossils Museum houses fossils of mammals, reptiles, and invertebrates, and the Petrified Wood Museum displays fossils of plants, colorful stones, toddy-palm roots, as well as things made from fossils of plants. The Butterfly Museum has various species of butterflies from Nepal, Taiwan, South America, Japan and South East Asia. Celebrations of

805-477: The Vatican with their hundreds of busts and statues of emperors and gods. The great library is an enormous narrow red room the length of the house and is hung with enough paintings to found a museum.' In 1952, Castle Howard was opened to the public by its then-owner, Lord Howard of Henderskelfe , a younger son of Geoffrey Howard. It is now owned by a Howard family company, Castle Howard Estate Limited, and managed by

840-576: The West Wing was not yet started when Vanbrugh died in 1726, despite his remonstration with the Earl. The house remained incomplete on the death of the 3rd Earl in 1738, but the remaining construction finally started at the direction of the 4th Earl. Vanbrugh's design was not completed: the West Wing was built in a contrasting Palladian style to a design by the 3rd Earl's son-in-law, Sir Thomas Robinson . The new wing remained incomplete, with no first floor or roof, at

875-414: The death of the 4th Earl in 1758. Although a roof had been added, the interior remained undecorated by the death of Robinson in 1777. Rooms were completed stage by stage over the following decades, but the whole was not completed until 1811 under Charles Heathcote Tatham . A large part of the house was destroyed by a fire on 9 November 1940. The dome, the central hall, the dining room and the staterooms on

910-574: The dome was rebuilt, and in the following couple of years Pellegrini's Fall of Phaeton was recreated on the underside of the dome. The East Wing remains a shell, although it has been re-roofed. In 2009 an underwater ground-source heat recovery system was installed under the castle's lake that halved the heating bill. According to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, over 269,000 people visited Castle Howard in 2019. Castle Howard has extensive and diverse gardens. There

945-425: The early Edwardian era , Lady Dorothy Georgiana Howard, the daughter of the 9th Earl and " Radical Countess " of Carlisle, befriended six of her fellow students, including the future archaeologist Gisela Richter and future candidate for Roman Catholic Sainthood Anna Abrikosova . All six were invited by Lady Dorothy to Castle Howard as guests during holidays. After the death of the 9th Earl in 1911, Castle Howard

980-499: The east side were entirely destroyed. Antonio Pellegrini's ceiling decoration, the Fall of Phaeton , was lost when the dome collapsed. In total, twenty pictures (including two Tintorettos ) and several valuable mirrors were lost. The fire took the Malton and York Fire Brigades eight hours to bring under control. Some of the devastated rooms have been restored over the following decades. In 1960–61

1015-418: The form of fortifications which have been restored in recent years; these include Carrmire Gate and Pyramid Gate. In nearby Pretty Wood, there are two more monuments, The Four Faces and a smaller pyramid by Hawksmoor. Located on the estate, but operating separately from the house and gardens and run by an entirely independent charitable trust, is the 127 acres (51 ha) Yorkshire Arboretum . The house

1050-485: The seed bank. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew states that its mission is to apply scientific discovery and research to fully develop the information about and potential uses of plants and fungi. A conference held in 1976 by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew was important as it established a co-ordinating body in order to determine which threatened plants are in cultivation and where they are located which played

1085-474: The ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by 2020". It links taxonomic data with images from the collection, to provide a single point of access with information on identification, distribution, traits, conservation, molecular phylogenies and uses. In addition it serves as a backbone for global resources such as World Flora Online . The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) includes information from

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1120-490: Was completed with the decoration of the Long Gallery in 1811. The house is surrounded by a large estate which, at the time of the 7th Earl of Carlisle , covered over 13,000 acres (5,300 ha) and included the villages of Welburn , Bulmer , Slingsby , Terrington and Coneysthorpe . The estate was served by its own railway station, Castle Howard station , from 1845 to the 1950s. While attending Girton College during

1155-516: Was formed as a partnership between Kew and the Castle Howard Estate. In 2019, the organisation had 2,316,699 public visitors at Kew, and 312,813 at Wakehurst. Its 326-acre (132 ha) site at Kew has 40 historically important buildings; it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003. The collections at Kew and Wakehurst include over 27,000 taxa of living plants, 8.3 million plant and fungal herbarium specimens, and over 40,000 species in

1190-479: Was inherited by his fifth son, Geoffrey Howard , with later earls having Naworth Castle as their northern country house. Henry 'Chips' Channon , the diarist and future Conservative MP, visited Castle Howard in August 1923 and recounted in his diary that 'The house is uncomfortable in the extreme and is badly kept up. Everywhere there are signs of decaying magnificence.' Channon added that 'The galleries are reminiscent of

1225-519: Was last updated in 2013, and was superseded by World Flora Online . World Flora Online was developed as a successor to The Plant List, in 2012, aiming to include all known plants by 2020. Castle Howard Castle Howard is an English country house in Henderskelfe , North Yorkshire , 15 miles (24 km) north of York . A private residence, it has been the home of the Carlisle branch of

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