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83-676: William Wilson secured funding for the event from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1985. Organized by a team of folklorists and local cowboy poets including Hal Cannon and Waddie Mitchell, the Elko Cowboy Poetry Gathering started in 1985 as a place where Western ranchers and cowboys could gather to share poems about their lives working cattle. From the beginning, it was clear these men and women had found their tribe, an artistic community that few knew existed. Three decades later,

166-604: A mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Finland in 1953. While in Finland, he gained an appreciation for Finnish culture , especially the collection of epic poetry, The Kalevala . As a missionary, he met Hannele Blomqvist who was serving as a sister missionary. They studied at BYU together and were married in the Salt Lake Temple on May 31, 1957. They had four children together. After teaching English for

249-883: A class, and took an interest in Mormon folklore. He wrote an article on Three Nephites stories in 1969, surprising Dorson with his ability to collect Mormon folklore in Indiana, outside of the Mountain states . In his later research on the Three Nephites, Wilson stated that the persistence of the stories showed how Mormons believe in a personal and benevolent God. While at first Wilson focused on supernatural tales and legends, he worked to extend folklore studies in Mormondom to include everyday life. Wilson wrote dozens of articles on Mormon folklore, covering topics like Mormon humor, Mormon missionaries,

332-744: A commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group, Hurriganes . The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally respected names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that left perhaps a deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group by being an influence for groups such as Guns N' Roses . In 1990s Finnish rock and metal music started to gain international fame with such bands as The 69 Eyes , Amorphis , Children of Bodom , Ensiferum , Norther , Wintersun , HIM , Impaled Nazarene , Lordi , Negative , Nightwish , The Rasmus , Sentenced , Sonata Arctica , Stratovarius , and Tarja Turunen ,

415-537: A family. Traditionally, men were the wage-earners and women remained in the home and cared for children. However, since the Second World War, gender roles have changed. Today, both men and women are dual wage-earners. The welfare system allows for generous parental leave with income-based benefits. Finnish parents have the option to take partial or total leave they are entitled to. A majority of mothers opt to take longer leave, up to one year. Finland's divorce rate

498-526: A greater number of them were employed only part-time or worked in the service sector, where hours were shorter than they were in manufacturing . Studies have found, however, that women spent about twice as much time on housework as men—about three hours and forty minutes a day, compared with one hour and fifty minutes for men. Men did twice as many household repairs and about an equal amount of shopping, but they devoted only one-third to one-fourth as much time to cleaning, cooking, and caring for children. Given that

581-574: A more organic style of modernist architecture. Among his most famous buildings are Viipuri Library , Vyborg and the Baker House dormitory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts , US. Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture (e.g. the Paimio chair  [ fi ] ) and glassware (e.g. Savoy vase ). Much of the folk music of Finland is influenced by traditional eastern Finnish e.g. Karelian melodies and lyrics, and

664-477: A new folklore archive, using the method he had developed at Utah State University. The archive began with papers that students wrote for Wilson, John Sorenson, an anthropologist, and Thomas E. Cheney, another folklorist. The collection's papers report on legends, beliefs, jokes, songs, and material culture popular with Mormons and/or in the Intermountain West. The first permanent archivist was hired in 1995, and

747-512: A role in the Finnish Music scene. Some important Jazz Musicians are the brothers Heikki and Pekka Sarmanto, Jukka Linkola, Keith Hall (UK), Esko Linnavalli and Vladimir Schafranov (Russia). There are numerous Jazz Clubs in Finland, such as Storyville, The Hot Tomato and UMO Jazz Club (UMO is the acronym for Uuden Musiikin Orkesteri, meaning the"New Music Orchestra). Finnish electronic music such as

830-450: A scholar of Mormon folklore . The "father of Mormon folklore" helped found and organize folklore archives at both Utah State University (USU) and Brigham Young University (BYU). He directed the folklore archive at USU from 1978 to 1985, and chaired the English department at BYU from 1985 to 1991. He and his students collected jokes, legends, stories, songs, and other information to add to

913-1010: A small but important part of the Swedish-Finnish culture. The daily newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet ('Capital City Paper') is the largest Swedish daily newspaper in Finland and has its headquarters in Helsinki. The Swedish-speaking minority has been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. They are still considered the upper-class in Finland, especially in Helsinki, and have earned nicknames, such as "Svenska talande bättre folk" ('Swedish speaking better people'). Swedish-Finns are also sometimes referred to as "Ankkalampi" ( Ankdammen or 'The Duck Pond') due to their relatively small number where everybody knows each other. Today, however, most differences are blurred (though rich, powerful Swedish-speaking families still exist) due to mixed marriages and inter-cultural homogenization and communication. The Swedish-Finnish group does have unique traditions distinct from

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996-462: A small log building partially buried in the earth. A " smoke sauna " was used to cure meats in pre-industrial years as well as, to bathe or a sterile environment for childbirth, but this tradition has declined in favor of a modern invention, the continuously heated sauna, which is hotter, cleaner and faster to heat up. In Finnish saunas, temperature is set to about 60–100 °C (sometimes up to 120 °C), and small amounts of water thrown on rocks atop

1079-436: A solo artist, who is popular for mixing classical music with Metal/Rock. In the late 1990s the cello metal group Apocalyptica played Metallica cover versions as cello quartettos and sold half a million records worldwide. Some of the Finland's most domestically popular rock groups are CMX and Eppu Normaali . Finland also helped bring Folk Metal music more popularity, through bands such as Turisas and Finntroll . In

1162-564: A visit from Joulupukki ( Father Christmas , Santa Claus ). Traditional meals are typically only eaten on Christmas followed by sauna . Christmas Day is reserved for a "quiet day" and the holidays end after the 26th, St. Stephen's Day ( tapaninpäivä ). Easter is a combination of Christian and Pagan customs. Either on Palm Sunday or the Holy Saturday , children dress up as witches ( noita ) and go from door to door, giving away daffodil adorned branches of willow in exchange for sweets. This

1245-469: A year at Bountiful High School, Wilson completed an MA in English from BYU. His friend and colleague Robert Blair suggested that he study folklore at Indiana University because of the good reputation of the school's Central Eurasian folklore program. At first his interest in folklore was unenthusiastic, but he soon became immersed in his studies. Wilson earned a National Defense Language Scholarship , which helped fund his studies at Indiana University. Under

1328-463: Is 51% of marriages being dissolved (Statistics Finland, updated 5/07). Cohabitation is also common. Finland has the highest proportion of quarter lifers, (those in their twenties) who have left the nest (i.e. no longer live with parents) in Europe. Finnish people are stereotyped as being very introverted , having little interest in small talk , and being very protective of their personal space . This

1411-477: Is a symbol of the nation. Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years. Notable composers include Magnus Lindberg , Kaija Saariaho , Aulis Sallinen , and Einojuhani Rautavaara . The composers are accompanied by a large number of great conductors such as Sakari Oramo , Mikko Franck , Esa-Pekka Salonen , Osmo Vänskä , Jukka-Pekka Saraste , Susanna Mälkki , and Leif Segerstam . Some of

1494-496: Is also known for Suomisaundi , a kind of freestyle psychedelic trance that originated in Finland around the mid-1990s. The Finnish rock music scene emerged in the 1960s, pioneered by artists such as Blues Section and Kirka . In the 1970s Finnish rock musicians started to write their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade some progressive rock groups, such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam , gained respect abroad but failed to make

1577-475: Is in a healthy state, with detective stories enjoying a particular boom of popularity. Ilkka Remes , a Finnish author of thrillers , is very popular. Juha Vuorinen has received the Kultapokkari ('Golden Paperback') award for his humorous books, and in all has sold over two million books in Finland. Innovative functionalist movements have distinguished design of furniture, ceramics, glass, and textiles as well

1660-550: Is infinitely expandable, allowing for additional classifications within classifications. Wilson also worked to expand undergraduate courses, and helped to enable a new master's program: American studies with an emphasis in folklore. While working at Utah State University, Wilson directed the Fife Folklore Conference, which was becoming more and more popular. Wilson chaired the English department at BYU from 1985 to 1991. When he returned to BYU in 1985, he began organizing

1743-683: Is particularly evident in the representational romantic nationalism that blossomed at the end of the 19th century. Abstract art movements did not gain a foothold until the 1950s. When Sam Vanni 's monumental painting Contrapunctus  [ fi ] (1959) won competition for mural in Helsinki, abstract art was considered to be accepted and established in Finland. In recent years, however, graphic artists have experimented with innovative processes of image production and multimedia technologies to create new forms of art that sometimes serve as critiques of society and technology. The Finnish contemporary art scene became much more visible than before with

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1826-529: Is similar to the celebration of Halloween in some countries (such as the United Kingdom and the United States). Burning Easter bonfires is a Pagan custom meant to keep witches at bay. Vappu , or May Day is a national holiday, an event for Finns to emphatically welcome spring after several months of little daylight. It can be compared to Mardi Gras with parades and parties. Traditionally, the event begins on

1909-609: Is the Finns . Most Finns speak Finnish as their mother tongue. The Finnish language is not an Indo-European language . It belongs to the Uralic language family. Finns are traditionally divided into subgroups ( heimo ) based on their dialect, but these groupings have only minor importance due to 20th-century urbanization and internal migration. The largest subculture in Finland is its Swedish-speaking Finns . The political party Swedish People's Party ( Svenska Folkpartiet ), has traditionally had

1992-460: Is the Finnish Gypsies who have existed since the 17th century. For centuries Gypsy men were horse traders, whereas in the post-war era they have turned to horse breeding and dealing in automobiles and scrap metal. Women traditionally engage in fortune-telling and handcrafts. Gypsies have been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. "A permanent Advisory Commission on Gypsy Affairs

2075-602: The Baltic States , Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.). Though Finnish written language could be said to exist since Mikael Agricola translated

2158-533: The Christianization of Finland in the 11th century, Finnish paganism was the primary religion. Song magic and bear worship were distinctive marks of the ancient religion. A contemporary revival of the belief system exists, called suomenusko . Christianity entered Finnish culture in the 12th century. As in 2016, 72.8% of Finns belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church and 1.1% belong to

2241-611: The Finnish Orthodox Church . Finnish holidays are similar to the Western Christian calendar and Protestant traditions. Holidays and traditions are a blend of the thousand year old Christian presence and vestiges of old Finnish pagan traditions . Notable among these is Juhannus , the Finnish Midsummer. A majority of Finns retreat to summer cottages ( mökki ) on any one of Finland's numerous lakes. Depending on

2324-690: The Grand Duchy of Moscow , and imperial Russia. In 1721, the Nystad Peace Treaty was signed, ending Swedish dominance in the Baltic region. In 1809, Finland was annexed by Russia . However from 1809 to 1917, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy with the Russian Czar as the constitutional monarch. In southeastern Finland , the region of Karelia , where most of the Russo-Swedish conflicts occurred,

2407-515: The Independence Day . Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least 24 to 26 December are holidays. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland. The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years. The sauna's purpose is to bathe, and the heat (either dry or steam) opens pores in the skin and thoroughly cleanses

2490-668: The New Testament into Finnish in the 16th century as a result of the Protestant Reformation , few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement . This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as Kalevala , the Finnish national epic . The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino . Juhani Aho

2573-560: The Sähkö Recordings record label enjoys underground acclaim. Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager , meaning hit ) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music ; tango , a style of Argentine music , is also popular. One of the most productive composers of popular music was Toivo Kärki , and the most famous singer Olavi Virta (1915–1972). Among

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2656-630: The University docent , A. I. Arwidsson (1791–1858), became an often quoted Fennoman credo: "Swedes we are not, Russians we do not want to become, let us, therefore, be Finns." Nationalism heightened and resulted in a declaration of full independence from Russia on 6 December 1917, Finnish Independence Day . Notably, nationalists did not consider the Swedish-speakers members of a different (Swedish) nation; in fact, many Fennomans came from Swedish-speaking families. The majority ethnic group of Finland

2739-451: The sauna , with common Nordic and European cultural aspects. Because of its history and geographic location, Finland has been influenced by the adjacent areas, various Finnic and Baltic peoples as well as the former dominant powers of Sweden and Russia. Finnish culture is built upon the relatively ascetic environmental realities, traditional livelihoods, and heritage of egalitarianism (e.g. Everyman's right , universal suffrage ) and

2822-483: The 1986 Equality Act, a number of updates have been made. The most recent, the Non-Discrimination Act passed in 2015, prohibited discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression and a gender equality plan requirement was extended to comprehensive schools and employers. It also made pay surveys more precise, a National Non-Discrimination and Equality Tribunal  [ fi ] was established, and

2905-439: The 2000s Finnish rock bands started to sell well internationally. The Rasmus finally captured Europe (and other places, like South America) in the 2000s. Their 2003 album Dead Letters sold 1.5 million units worldwide and garnered them eight gold and five platinum albums designations . But so far the most successful Finnish band in the United States has been HIM ; they were the first band from Finland to ever sell an album that

2988-466: The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1986. In several areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved. Most striking was the disparity in wages. Although women made up just under half the workforce and had a tradition of working outside the home, they earned only about two-thirds of

3071-453: The Finnish architecture. Finnish design combines local artistic themes with tools and materials adapted to demanding northern conditions. Many artists and architects, from Akseli Gallen-Kallela to Alvar Aalto , have designed furniture and tableware during their career. Forces, shapes, colors, and textures of the northern landscape and the human relationship to nature have strongly influenced also painting, sculpture, and other art forms. This

3154-559: The Finns due to their nomadic lifestyle. Their native language is not Finnish, but one of the three Sami languages spoken in Finland. However, modern times have brought most Sami to urban areas, where they assimilate to mainstream society and speak Finnish. 10% of Sami continue herding in Northern Finland. Currently, the Sami are a 5% minority in their native Finnish Lapland. Another nomadic group

3237-923: The Folklore Society of Utah in the 1970s by holding meetings with the Utah State Historical Society . He gave lectures to various societies and "anyone who would listen" about the importance of folklore studies. From 1976 to 1984, Wilson chaired the Folk Arts Panel on the Board of the Utah Arts Council. He served on the National Endowment for the Arts Folk Arts Panel for four years in the 1980s, during which he applied for and received funding for an annual Cowboy Poetry Gathering in Elko, Nevada . Wilson

3320-506: The Mormon folklore archives. William Albert Wilson was born in Tremonton, Utah , to Bill Wilson, who worked as a railroad foreman for Union Pacific , and Lucile Wilson. He grew up in Downey, Idaho , a small, close-knit community. He was best friends with Eugene England . He became the first of his family to attend university when he enrolled at Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1951. He served

3403-453: The Thursday through Sunday after Labor Day . 40°50′40″N 115°45′15″W  /  40.844328°N 115.754093°W  / 40.844328; -115.754093 William A. Wilson (folklorist) Leonard J. Arrington Award, Mormon History Association, 2002 Américo Paredes Award, American Folklore Society William Albert "Bert" Wilson (September 23, 1933 – April 25, 2016) was

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3486-619: The US, including the TWA Flight Center at New York's Kennedy Airport and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. The works of Finland's most noted modernist architect, Alvar Aalto, regarded as one of the major figures in the world history of modern architecture, has had significant worldwide influence; he was instrumental in bringing functionalist architecture to Finland, but also made his reputation for developing

3569-585: The agricultural roots are embedded in the rural lifestyle. Finns are also nationalistic, as opposed to self-identification with ethnicity or clan. With the emergence of reform, the Compulsory Education Act made education a civil right and available to all citizens, except for tertiary education, which is free of charge, and admissions are based strictly on test scores. The beliefs of the Finns are future employment security necessitating higher education in today's increasingly technological world. Prior to

3652-434: The art that grows from a connection to the rhythms of earth and sky. The National Cowboy Poetry Gathering is six days of poetry, music, dancing, workshops, exhibits, conversations, food and fellowship, rooted in tradition but focused on today's rural West. The inaugural year featured 40 poets, and an audience of less than 1,000. At the 25th anniversary gathering in 2009, retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor

3735-399: The body. Cedar or birch branches can be tapped along the body to stimulate blood circulation. The sauna soothes sore and aching muscles. The Finns often use and have used the sauna to recover from hard physical labor. Sauna culture dictates subdued speech and time for thought to soothe the mind. Sauna is not to be rushed as it is essential to spiritual living. The structure of the sauna began as

3818-403: The bulk of family chores fell to women, and that they were five times more likely than men to head a single-parent family, the shortcomings of Finland's child day-care system affected women more than it did men. The Equality Law that went into effect in 1987 committed the country to achieve full equality for women. In the late 1980s, there was a timetable listing specific goals to be achieved during

3901-591: The collection became part of the Harold B. Lee Library 's collection when Wilson retired. In 1999, the collection officially became part of the L. Tom Perry Special Collections division of the library, and is called the William A. Wilson Folklore Archives. Culture of Finland The culture of Finland combines indigenous heritage, as represented for example by the country's national languages Finnish (a Uralic language) and Swedish (a Germanic language), and

3984-430: The countryside and nature, as large-scale urbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon. The Scandinavian ice sheet covered most of northern Europe. Following its recession around 8000 BC, people began arriving in what is today Finland, with a majority presumably traveling from the south and east. Recent archaeological finds also reveal the presence of the north-western Komsa culture in northern Finland to be as old as

4067-481: The director of the folklore program and archives at Utah State University from 1978 to 1985, expanding and formalizing the collection that Austin E. and Alta S. Fife started. While working as director of the archive, he and Barbara Walker (then Garrett) established a taxonomy for archiving folk materials, which he developed from Jan Harold Brunvand's system printed in The Study of American Folklore . Wilson's new system

4150-603: The earliest discoveries on the Norwegian coast. What is today Finland belonged to the northeastern Kunda culture until around 5000 BC and the Comb Ceramic culture from about 4200–2000 BC. The Kiukainen culture appeared on the southwestern coast of Finland around 1200 BC. From 1100 to 1200, the crown of Sweden started to incorporate Finland. However, Novgorod also attempted to gain control. Several wars occurred between 1400 and 1700 where Finland fought against Sweden, Novgorod,

4233-675: The establishment of Kiasma , the Museum of Contemporary Art in Helsinki in 1998. The architecture of Finland has a notable history spanning over 800 years. As a land of predominating forests, wood provided the natural building material for both housing and public buildings up until the 20th century. The more limited history of stone buildings before the 19th century was realised, however, in various stone churches, castles and fortresses. Finnish architecture has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau ), Nordic Classicism and Functionalism . Three of

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4316-551: The eve of Vappu by former and current students putting on their student caps (graduation cap). Finnish Independence Day is 6 December and a national holiday. All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of Parliament . The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, Epiphany , Easter, Ascension Day , Pentecost , and All Saints' Day . The secular holidays are New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer Day , and

4399-549: The independent position of the Ombudsman for Equality  [ fi ] was strengthened. It has been clarified that in the Equality Act, the phrase 'gender identity' refers to an individual's experience of their own gender, through clothing, behaviour, or by other means. The Finnish family life is usually understood to be centered on the nuclear family , rather than the extended family . There are usually one or two children in

4482-457: The internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila , Soile Isokoski , Kari Kriikku , Pekka Kuusisto , Réka Szilvay , and Linda Brava . Modern Finnish popular music includes a renowned heavy metal music scene, in common with other Nordic countries , as well as a number of prominent rock bands, hip hop performers, pop music and dance music acts such as Bomfunk MCs , Darude and Waldo's People . Jazz also plays

4565-494: The lyricists, Sauvo Puhtila  [ fi ] (1928–2014), Reino Helismaa (died 1965) and Veikko "Vexi" Salmi are a few of the most notable writers. The composer and bandleader Jimi Tenor is well known for his brand of retro-funk music. Notable Finnish dance and electronic music artists include Jori Hulkkonen , Darude , JS16 , DJ Proteus  [ fi ] , Fanu , DJ Muffler  [ fi ] , trance duo Super8 & Tab and DJ Orkidea . Finnish dance music

4648-625: The mainstream Finnish-speaking ones but does not live in a different society. The group has various origins, both from language switching and from immigration. The Lapland region of the North holds the Sami population. Up to around 1500, the Sami were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a nomadic lifestyle decided by the migrations of the reindeer. Traditionally, Sami people engaged in fishing, trapping and herding reindeer. They have traditionally organized their societies differently from

4731-763: The nation, the Texas Cowboy Poetry Gathering, held in 1987 at Sul Ross State University in Alpine , Texas , followed the original event in Elko. Alvin G. Davis, who attended the exposition in Alpine as a cowboy poet, launched a comparable group in Lubbock with the formation in 1989 of the American Cowboy Culture Association, which co-sponsors an annual National Cowboy Symposium and Celebration held annually on

4814-478: The number of women studying at the university level, for example, was slightly ahead of the number of men. In addition to an expanding welfare system, which since World War II had come to provide them with substantial assistance in the area of childbearing and child-rearing, women had made notable legislative gains that brought them closer to full equality with men. In 1972 the Council for Equality  [ fi ]

4897-443: The poem singing has been diminishing, but Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades and has become a part of popular music , for example, the group Värttinä . The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami , are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik . The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect. The first Finnish opera

4980-514: The population in the mid-1980s, did have a privileged place. They were the first in Europe to gain the franchise, and by the 1980s they routinely constituted about one-third of the membership of the Eduskunta (parliament) and held several ministerial posts. In the 1980s, about 75 percent of adult women worked outside the home; they made up about 48 percent of the workforce. Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases,

5063-428: The portrayal of minority groups among Mormons, and family folklore. In his analysis of Mormon folklore, he finds that it usually supports certain behaviors and authority, but allows for the possibility of rebellion. He said that folklore changes as it is passed between members to reflect the needs of the people telling it. The stories become "psychologically true" even if they did not happen in fact. Wilson revitalized

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5146-645: The region, a bonfire at midnight celebrates the summer solstice , and in Åland , the Swedish-originated tradition of dancing around the Maypole is observed. The midsummer traditions also include different versions of pairing magic and folklore in the festivities. Midsummer Day is also Flag Day in Finland. The Finnish Christmas, Joulu , follows traditions of Christmas trees and the Advent calendars . Holidays start on 23 December. Gift giving occurs on Christmas Eve with

5229-427: The remainder of the 20th century. The emphasis was equality for everyone, rather than protection for women. Efforts were undertaken not only to place women in occupations dominated by males but also to bring males into fields traditionally believed to belong to the women's sphere, such as child care and elementary school teaching. Another aim was for women to occupy a more equal share of decision-making positions. Since

5312-543: The scholarship, he studied Estonian and Finnish. From 1965 to 1966, Wilson received a Fulbright grant to study in the cultural history of Finland. He studied in the library of the Finnish Literature Society, taking special interest in the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder 's idea that the soul of a culture could be seen through its folklore. Richard Dorson , the director of folklore studies and Wilson's mentor, approved Wilson's dissertation topic, which

5395-444: The stove emit steam, which produces a heat sensation. Some Finns prefer the "dry sauna" using very little steam if any. Traditional sauna includes the process of perspiring and cooling several times. A part of the cooling process is a swim in the lake before returning to the sauna for an additional sweat. Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden,

5478-487: The traditionally widespread ideal of self-sufficiency (e.g. predominantly rural lifestyles and modern summer cottages ). There are cultural differences among the various regions of Finland , especially minor differences in dialect . Minorities, some of which have a status recognised by the state, such as the Sami , Swedish-speaking Finns , Karelians , Romani , Jews , and Tatars , maintain their cultural identities within Finland. Many Finns are emotionally connected to

5561-461: The tribe is now a nation of Western poets, musicians, artisans and storytellers, telling stories of hard work, heartbreak, hilarity, and what it means to make your way in the rangeland West. The "Elko Gathering" was renamed the "National Cowboy Poetry Gathering" thanks to an act of Congress in 1980. Known simply as Elko to many, the gathering embraces its role as a pilgrimage destination for thousands of ranchers and Western enthusiasts to come and learn

5644-536: The twenty most common occupations were the two sexes equally represented. Only in occupations relating to agriculture , forestry , and school teaching was a rough parity approached, and as few as 6 percent of Finns worked in jobs where 40 to 60 percent of workers were of the opposite sex. Studies also found that equal educational levels did not—in any category of training—prevent women's wages from lagging behind those paid to men. Women tended to occupy lower positions, while males were more often supervisors or managers. This

5727-406: The wages paid to men. Occupations in which women predominated, such as those of retail and office personnel, were poorly paid in contrast to those in which men constituted the majority. Despite the sexes' equal educational attainments, and despite a society where sexual differentiation played a smaller role than it did in many other countries, occupational segregation in Finland was marked. In a few of

5810-412: The western parts of the country were influenced by Nordic dance music. Traditional form of singing, rune-singing i.e. poem singing was preserved better in the eastern Finland, and it was often accompanied by the traditional instrument kantele . This type of music is often seen as more pure form of traditional music, since it lacks Germanic influence. Since Nordic dance music became popular the popularity of

5893-653: The world's most noted figures in architecture history were Finns; Eliel Saarinen was a major influence in Art Nouveau architecture, with such buildings as the Helsinki Central railway station and, following his emigration to the US, the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan. His son, Eero Saarinen , though born in Finland is also regarded as an American architect, and created significant pieces of architecture throughout

5976-546: The world, the Washington-based Population Crisis Committee reported in 1988 that Finland, slightly behind top-ranked Sweden and just ahead of the United States, was one of the very best places in which a woman could live. The group reached this conclusion after examining the health, educational, economic, and legal conditions that affect women's lives. When compared with women of other nations, Finnish women, who accounted for just over 50 percent of

6059-421: Was established to advise lawmakers on methods for realizing full legal equality for women. In 1983 legislation arranged that both parents were to have equal rights for custody of their children. A year later, women were granted equal rights in the establishment of their children's nationality. Henceforth any child born of a Finnish woman would have Finnish citizenship. After a very heated national debate, legislation

6142-473: Was influenced by both cultures while remaining peripheral to both epicentres of power. The verses in Finland's national epic, the Kalevala , originate mainly from Karelia and Ingria . The 19th century brought a feeling of national Romanticism and Nationalism throughout Europe. Finland's nationalism also grew, forming cultural identity and making control of the land a priority. Expression of Finnish identity by

6225-585: Was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twelve times. After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Mika Waltari . Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939, so far the only Nobel prize-winning Finnish author. The Second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna . Literature in modern Finland

6308-496: Was passed in 1985 that gave women an equal right to decide what surname or surnames they and their children would use. These advances were capped by The Act on Equality between Women and Men  [ fi ] that went into effect in early 1987 forbidding any discrimination based on sex and protecting against this discrimination. Once these laws were passed, Finnish authorities signed the United Nations Convention on

6391-407: Was set up in 1968, and in 1970 racial discrimination was outlawed through an addition to the penal code. The law punished blatant acts such as barring Gypsies from restaurants or shops or subjecting them to unusual surveillance by shopkeepers or the police." Today, financial aid is provided to improve the standard of living for 5,000–6,000 Finnish Gypsies. After examining the position of women around

6474-508: Was the Director of the Redd Center for Western Studies, and in 1990 he received the title of Humanities Professor of Folklore and Literature. He edited Western Folklore from 1979 to 1983, with the goal of publishing articles that the average college student could understand. He taught many current Mormon folklorists, and a recent book on Mormon folklore was dedicated to him. Wilson worked as

6557-412: Was the case everywhere, whether in schools or universities, in business, in the civil service, or politics at both the local level and the national level. In addition to occupying a secondary position in the workplace, women had longer workdays because they performed a greater share of household tasks than did men. On the average, their workweek outside the home was several hours shorter than men's because

6640-474: Was the keynote speaker. Other well known speakers who have given the keynote address include Temple Grandin , Stuart Udall and Barry Corbin . The invited artist participants list is long, and has included Don Edwards , Waddie Mitchell , Joel Nelson, Wallace McRae, Riders in the Sky , Georgie Sicking , Dalton Wilcox , Ian Tyson , and Baxter Black . The Elko Gathering led the way: among many other Gatherings across

6723-457: Was the political use of The Kalevala to instill nationalism. Felix J. Oinas chaired Wilson's dissertation committee. In 1967, Wilson resumed teaching at BYU and developed thyroid cancer , undergoing five surgeries to keep the cancer at bay. In 1973, he took a leave of absence from BYU to complete his dissertation in 1974. Wilson discovered Mormon folklore studies when he reviewed Saints of Sage and Saddle by Austin E. and Alta S. Fife for

6806-601: Was the subject of a 2005 book Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf by Richard Lewis. In October 2018, the BBC published an article on this subject. The Finnish society encourages equality and liberalism with a popular commitment to the ideals of the welfare state ; discouraging disparity of wealth and division into social classes. Everyman's right (Ministry of Environment, 1999) is a philosophy carried over from ancient times. All citizens have access to public and private lands for agrarian activities or leisure. Finns value being close to nature;

6889-660: Was written by the German composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land) , Finland's national anthem . In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo . He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia , which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and

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