National Advance ( Spanish : Avanzada Nacional , AN ) was a Chilean far-right political party of nationalist ideology who supported the military regime led by Augusto Pinochet . They had party legal existence between January 1988 and July 1991.
41-470: It was founded on 11 September 1983 by former members of Fatherland and Liberty and civilian supporters of the dictatorship. The party constitution was signed on April 15, 1987, the Electoral Service ordered his publication in the official Journal on 29 May 1987. Finally, by resolution O-56 of 29 January 1988, the Electoral Service officially signed up the party. This party held various positions during
82-581: A chemist for the DINA in Colonia Dignidad , also worked with drug traffickers and DEA agents. Michael Townley has been convicted for the 1976 assassination of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier , and was involved in the 1974 assassination of General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires. The Chilean Navy's June 1973 plan included sabotaging bridges, oil pipelines , energy towers and the fuel supply. The plan
123-755: A coup against the Allende government but failed, in an event known as the Tanquetazo . In July 1973, it received orders from the Chilean Navy , which opposed the Schneider Doctrine of military adherence to the constitution, to sabotage Chile's infrastructure. The collaboration between Fatherland and Liberty and the Chilean Armed Forces increased after the failed October 1972 strike which had sought to overthrow Allende socialist administration. In agreement with
164-481: A hearing in October 2018 to examine " black start ", the process of restoring electricity after a system-wide power loss. The hearing's purpose was for Congress to learn about what the backup plans are in the electric utility industry in the case that the electric grid is damaged. Threats to the electrical grid include cyberattacks, solar storms, and severe weather, among others. For example, the " Northeast Blackout of 2003 "
205-613: A wide-area outage can be difficult, as power stations need to be brought back online. Normally, this is done with the help of power from the rest of the grid. In the total absence of grid power, a so-called black start needs to be performed to bootstrap the power grid into operation. The means of doing so will depend greatly on local circumstances and operational policies, but typically transmission utilities will establish localized 'power islands' which are then progressively coupled together. To maintain supply frequencies within tolerable limits during this process, demand must be reconnected at
246-466: Is a tendency to erode the resilience of the network over time, which is only corrected after a major failure occurs. In a 2003 publication, Carreras and co-authors claimed that reducing the likelihood of small outages only increases the likelihood of larger ones. In that case, the short-term economic benefit of keeping the individual customer happy increases the likelihood of large-scale blackouts. The Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held
287-689: Is lost. Other critical systems, such as telecommunication , are also required to have emergency power. The battery room of a telephone exchange usually has arrays of lead–acid batteries for backup and also a socket for connecting a generator during extended periods of outage. During a power outage, there is a disruption in the supply of electricity, resulting in a loss of power to homes, businesses, and other facilities. Power outages can occur for various reasons, including severe weather conditions (such as storms, hurricanes, or blizzards), equipment failure, grid overload, or planned maintenance. Power outages are categorized into three different phenomena, relating to
328-958: The 1988 plebiscite supported the Yes option. In late 1988 it created the short-lived Democratic Confederation ( Confederación Democrática ) with the National Party (a faction that supported Pinochet), the Radical Democracy , the Social Democrat Party , the Liberal Democrat Party of Chile , the Democratic Party of Chile , the Free Democratic Centre and the Civic Committees. The confederation disappeared in 1989 during negotiations for parliamentary candidates that year. In
369-485: The 1989 elections , the party conducted the electoral pact "Alliance of Centre" with another ruling party, Radical Democracy , in spite of which failed to elect deputies and senators. By the election results the party entered the grounds for cancellation of its legal existence, but this was corrected with the merger with its coalition partners and other smaller parties. On May 7, 1990, the National Advance merged with
410-480: The 2019 California power shutoffs ). In power supply networks , the power generation and the electrical load (demand) must be very close to equal every second to avoid overloading of network components, which can severely damage them. Protective relays and fuses are used to automatically detect overloads and to disconnect circuits at risk of damage. Under certain conditions, a network component shutting down can cause current fluctuations in neighboring segments of
451-522: The California electricity crisis of 2000–2001, when government deregulation destabilized the wholesale electricity market. Blackouts are also used as a public safety measure, such as to prevent a gas leak from catching fire (for example, power was cut to several towns in response to the Merrimack Valley gas explosions ), or to prevent wildfires around poorly maintained transmission lines (such as during
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#1732916959825492-449: The OPA blackout model: In addition to the finding of each mitigation strategy having a cost-benefit relationship with regards to frequency of small and large blackouts, the total number of blackout events was not significantly reduced by any of the above-mentioned mitigation measures. A complex network-based model to control large cascading failures (blackouts) using local information only
533-504: The University of Wisconsin (PSerc), and the University of Alaska Fairbanks proposed a mathematical model for the behavior of electrical distribution systems. This model has become known as the OPA model, a reference to the names of the authors' institutions. OPA is a cascading failure model. Other cascading failure models include Manchester, Hidden failure, CASCADE, and Branching. The OPA model
574-408: The distribution system, a short circuit , cascading failure , fuse or circuit breaker operation. Power failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as hospitals , sewage treatment plants , and mines will usually have backup power sources such as standby generators , which will automatically start up when electrical power
615-550: The " disappearance " of Juan Heredia, a Popular Unity government sympathiser "disappeared" on 16 September 1973. Power outage A power outage (also called a powercut , a power out , a power failure , a power blackout , a power loss , or a blackout ) is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user . There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include faults at power stations , damage to electric transmission lines , substations or other parts of
656-480: The 1973 coup against Salvador Allende. Roberto Thieme, leader of the military operations of PyL, signed on 2 December 2004, along with other leaders José Agustín Vásquez and Arturo Hoffmann, a declaration which referred to the Valech Report and begged pardon for their responsibilities in the repression against civilians operated by Pinochet's junta. They indicated that many members of the group had been recruited by
697-568: The Agency's Track II program. According to Prof. Michael Stohl, and Prof. George A. Lopez, "After the failure to prevent Allende from taking office, efforts shifted to obtaining his removal. At least $ 7 million was authorized by the United States for CIA use in the destabilizing of Chilean society. This included financing and assisting opposition groups and right-wing paramilitary groups such as Patria y Libertad ('Fatherland and Liberty')". Although PyL
738-577: The Chilean security services and had thus collaborated to the repression, including acts of torture and of forced disappearances . Thieme also opposed the neoliberal economic policies of Pinochet's regime, and criticized Pinochet's lack of repentance following his 1998 arrest in London and subsequent judicial procedures in Chile. Juan Patricio Abarzúa Cáceres, a former member of PyL, was arrested in 2005, charged in
779-577: The Radical Democracy and the National Party to form the National Democracy of Centre , and the registry of the party was void on June 17 of the same year. National Democracy of Centre was later renamed as National Party (like one of their predecessors) on December 3, 1991. Fatherland and Liberty The Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front ( Spanish : Frente Nacionalista Patria y Libertad or simply Patria y Libertad , PyL )
820-496: The UDI and RN to a lesser extent). In addition, nationalists were considered statist, which clashed sharply with the neoliberals. On the political side there were also a number of differences; even many historians point out that if Pinochet had followed the postulates of the nationalists, they would have had more public support as the AN was representative of the political right and not economic. In
861-509: The basic operation of the grid must be changed. The Electric Power Research Institute champions the use of smart grid features such as power control devices employing advanced sensors to coordinate the grid. Others advocate greater use of electronically controlled high-voltage direct current (HVDC) firebreaks to prevent disturbances from cascading across AC lines in a wide area grid . In 2002, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Power System Engineering Research Center of
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#1732916959825902-466: The critical point the relationship between blackout frequency and size follows a power-law distribution. Cascading failure becomes much more common close to this critical point. The power-law relationship is seen in both historical data and model systems. The practice of operating these systems much closer to their maximum capacity leads to magnified effects of random, unavoidable disturbances due to aging, weather, human interaction etc. While near
943-463: The critical point will experience too many blackouts leading to system-wide upgrades moving it back below the critical point. The term critical point of the system is used here in the sense of statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics, representing the point where a system undergoes a phase transition ; in this case the transition from a steady reliable grid with few cascading failures to a very sporadic unreliable grid with common cascading failures. Near
984-467: The critical point, these failures have a greater effect on the surrounding components due to individual components carrying a larger load. This results in the larger load from the failing component having to be redistributed in larger quantities across the system, making it more likely for additional components not directly affected by the disturbance to fail, igniting costly and dangerous cascading failures. These initial disturbances causing blackouts are all
1025-412: The duration and effect of the outage: Rolling blackouts occur when demand for electricity exceeds supply, and allow some customers to receive power at the required voltage at the expense of other customers who get no power at all. They are a common occurrence in developing countries , and may be scheduled in advance or occur without warning. They have also occurred in developed countries, for example in
1066-399: The economics of running a power company, and the limits of modern engineering. While blackout frequency has been shown to be reduced by operating it further from its critical point, it generally is not economically feasible, causing providers to increase the average load over time or upgrade less often resulting in the grid moving itself closer to its critical point. Conversely, a system past
1107-535: The general secretary of the Socialist Party since 1971. The Swedish journalist Anders Leopold , in his 2008 book Det svenska trädet skall fällas , makes the case that PyL leader Roberto Thieme was the assassin in the still-unsolved 1986 murder of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme . According to Leopold, the Swedish prime minister was killed because he had freely given asylum to so many leftist Chileans following
1148-555: The military regime, including more than 70 municipalities. However, the top-level positions were occupied by representatives of the neoliberal right (next to National Renewal and the Independent Democratic Union and close to the economic right of employers), who always tried to displace the nationalist right because it was not in agreement with the neoliberal economic policies of the Chicago Boys (preferably militants in
1189-407: The more unexpected and unavoidable due to actions of the power suppliers to prevent obvious disturbances (cutting back trees, separating lines in windy areas, replacing aging components etc.). The complexity of most power grids often makes the initial cause of a blackout extremely hard to identify. Leaders are dismissive of system theories that conclude that blackouts are inevitable, but do agree that
1230-444: The network leading to a cascading failure of a larger section of the network. This may range from a building, to a block, to an entire city, to an entire electrical grid . Modern power systems are designed to be resistant to this sort of cascading failure, but it may be unavoidable (see below). Moreover, since there is no short-term economic benefit to preventing rare large-scale failures, researchers have expressed concern that there
1271-400: The persecution of those opposed to Pinochet's junta. Still others like Roberto Thieme became convinced opponents of the regime (Thieme in particular opposed the neo-liberal economic policies under Pinochet). Since the transition to democracy , some small groups have since claimed to be its successor, but are not officially linked to the original PyL. Headed by Pablo Rodríguez Grez , the group
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1312-449: The same pace that generation is restored, requiring close coordination between power stations, transmission and distribution organizations. It has been argued on the basis of historical data and computer modeling that power grids are self-organized critical systems . These systems exhibit unavoidable disturbances of all sizes, up to the size of the entire system. This phenomenon has been attributed to steadily increasing demand/load,
1353-426: The sectors opposing Allende in the military, the group assassinated on 26 July 1973 Allende's naval aide, Arturo Araya Peeters . The first sabotage was committed this same day. Others include creating a power outage while Allende was being broadcast. It was officially disbanded on 12 September 1973, following Pinochet's coup . Many members of PyL were then recruited by Chilean security services and participated in
1394-411: The use of an uninterruptible power supply or 'UPS' can provide a constant flow of electricity if a primary power supply becomes unavailable for a short period of time. To protect against surges (events where voltages increase for a few seconds), which can damage hardware when power is restored, a special device called a surge protector that absorbs the excess voltage can be used. Restoring power after
1435-584: The youth movement of the Christian Democracy , the youth of the National Party and the " Comando Rolando Matus " (CRM), the paramilitary group formed and integrated by the youth of this last political party, they participated in demonstrations against the President Salvador Allende's socialist government. The group was funded by the CIA during the first year of Allende's presidency, including via
1476-408: Was a Chilean fascist , political and paramilitary group that fought against the democratically elected Popular Unity government of Salvador Allende , in Chile. The group was formed by Pablo Rodríguez Grez in 1970 with Roberto Thieme as secretary general, and turned more and more clandestine throughout the presidency of Salvador Allende . In June 1973, the group attempted to carry out
1517-552: Was already dissolved, some of their former integrants continued collaborating with Pinochet's regime. Former head of DINA Manuel Contreras declared to Chilean justice in 2005 that the CNI, successor of DINA, handed out monthly payments between 1978 and 1990 to the persons who had worked with DINA agent Michael Townley in Chile, former members of PyL: Mariana Callejas (Townley's wife), Francisco Oyarzún , Gustavo Etchepare and Eugenio Berríos . Assassinated in 1995, Berrios, who worked as
1558-479: Was caused when overgrown trees touched high-voltage power lines. Around 55 million people in the U.S. and Canada lost power, and restoring it cost around $ 6 billion. Computer systems and other electronic devices containing logic circuitry are susceptible to data loss or hardware damage that can be caused by the sudden loss of power. These can include data networking equipment, video projectors, alarm systems as well as computers. To protect computer systems against this,
1599-573: Was quantitatively compared with a complex networks model of a cascading failure – Crucitti–Latora–Marchiori (CLM) model, showing that both models exhibit similar phase transitions in the average network damage (load shed/demand in OPA, path damage in CLM), with respect to transmission capacity. The effects of trying to mitigate cascading failures near the critical point in an economically feasible fashion are often shown to not be beneficial and often even detrimental. Four mitigation methods have been tested using
1640-400: Was revealed after the transition to democracy by Roberto Theime, leader of military operations for Fatherland and Liberty. Thieme exiled himself to Argentina after the failed Tanquetazo , but returned to Chile in mid-July 1973, two months before the military coup . Thieme also revealed that in 1973, he was pressured by the military to assassinate Senator Carlos Altamirano , who had been
1681-527: Was spawned in the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . It formally organized itself in 1970, a short time after the election of Salvador Allende . Patria y Libertad gathered mainly upper and middle-class students, united by common anti-communist beliefs, engaged in street brawls against leftist militants and sympathizers, armed with nunchakus and molotov cocktails . Patria y Libertad hoped to overthrow socialism in Chile. Along with