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23-453: The National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (formerly National AIDS Research Institute NARI ) is a research institute , run by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research. It was founded in 1992 with the purpose to provide leadership in biomedical research on HIV/AIDS in India . It

46-445: A block of laboratories , preparation suites, and offices connected to the ring by a pedestrian bridge. The linear accelerator electron gun and smaller booster ring used to bring the beam to an operating energy of 6 GeV are constructed within the main ring. Until recently bicycles were provided for use indoors in the ring's circumferential corridor. Unfortunately they have been removed after some minor accidents. But even before this it

69-442: A factor of 100, or 10,000 billion more powerful than X-rays used in the medical field. It became the first fourth-generation high-energy synchrotron in the world. The first electron beam tests began on November 28, 2019. The facility reopened to users on August 25, 2020. The ESRF physical plant consists of two main buildings: the experiment hall, containing the 844 metre circumference ring and forty tangential beamlines ; and

92-584: A team of South African researchers scanned a complete fossilized skeleton of a small dinosaur discovered in 2005 in South Africa and more than 200 million years old. The dentition of heterodontosauridae , when scanned, revealed palate bones less than a millimeter thick. On December 6, 2017, the journal Nature unveiled the discovery at the European synchrotron of a new species of dinosaur with surprising characteristics that lived about 72 million years ago. It

115-470: Is a biped, with some features of a velociraptor , an ostrich and a swan, with a crocodile-like muzzle and penguin-like wings. With a height of about 1.2 meters (4 ft) and with killer claws, it could hunt his prey on the ground or by swimming in the water, which is a novelty for scientists in the study of dinosaurs. In November 2021, researchers demonstrated a novel X-ray imaging technique , "HiP-CT", for 3D cellular-resolution scans of whole organs, using

138-541: Is host to more than 7,000 visiting scientists each year. In 2009, the ESRF began a first major improvement in its capacities. With the creation of the new ultra-stable experimental hall of 8,000 m in 2015, its X-rays are 100 times more powerful, with a power of 100 billion times that of hospital radiography devices. The second improvement to the facilities, now named the "Extremely Brilliant Source" (ESRF-EBS), took place between 2018 and 2020. and again improved its X-ray power by

161-502: Is located in Bhosari , Pune , India . The current director of NARI is Dr Sheela Godbole. This article about an organisation in India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Research institute In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during

184-685: The Rockefeller Institute , Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study . Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation. As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States. The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities . A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to

207-600: The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 were read for the first time in the ESRF. These 1840 fragments were reduced to the status of charred cylinders. In 2015, scientists from the University of Sheffield used the ESRF's X-rays to study the blue and white feathers of the jay , and found that the birds use well-controlled changes to the nanostructure of their feathers to create the vivid colours of their plumage. This research opened new possibilities for creating non-fading, synthetic colours for paints and clothing. In July 2016,

230-470: The " Polygone Scientifique ", lying at the confluence of the rivers Drac and Isère about 1.5 km from the centre of Grenoble . It is served by Grenoble tramway system and local bus lines of Semitag (C6, 22 and 54). It is served by Grenoble–Isère Airport and Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport . The ESRF shares its site with several other institutions including the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL),

253-516: The ESRF's "Extremely Brilliant Source". The published online Human Organ Atlas includes the lungs from a donor who died with COVID-19 . In October 2024, First Light Fusion , in collaboration with the University of Oxford 's Department of Engineering Science, performed an experiment on inertial fusion on the ID19 beamline to investigate the formation and transit of shock waves through some of First Light Fusion’s amplifiers. The ESRF site forms part of

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276-538: The International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion project ITER which in addition to technical developments has a strong research focus. Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include

299-686: The Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK; and 9 associate countries: Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Israel, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, and South Africa). Some 8,000 scientists visit this particle accelerator each year, conducting upwards of 2,000 experiments and producing around 1,800 scientific publications. Inaugurated in September 1994, it has an annual budget of around 100 million euros, employs over 630 people and

322-568: The fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence . European Synchrotron Radiation Facility The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( ESRF ) is a joint research facility situated in Grenoble , France , supported by 22 countries (13 member countries: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy,

345-733: The principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in

368-451: The school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts. The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe 's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven , a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of

391-512: The seventeenth century to foster research. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg . His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within

414-458: The stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs , Xerox Parc , The Scripps Research Institute , Beckman Institute , RTI International , and SRI International . Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model. Thomas Edison , dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first inventors to apply

437-738: The structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724. At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN , the European Southern Observatory (ESO) (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), EUMETSAT , the Italian-European Sistema Trieste with, among others,

460-421: The theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science

483-500: The time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun , though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory , and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory . The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala , India . The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of

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506-485: Was not possible to cycle continuously all the way around, since some of the beamlines exit the hall. Research at the ESRF focuses, in large part, on the use of X-ray radiation in fields as diverse as protein crystallography , earth science , paleontology , materials science , chemistry and physics . Facilities such as the ESRF offer a flux, energy range and resolution unachievable with conventional (laboratory) radiation sources. In 2014, ancient books destroyed by

529-597: Was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation. This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included

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