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63-458: The Nashoba Regional School District ( Nashoba District or NRSD ) is a school district that is based in Bolton , Massachusetts ( USA ) and also serves the towns of Lancaster and Stow . The district is run by the superintendent and assistant superintendent, who answers to an eleven member school board, which is made up of citizens of the three towns that the district serves. Early students in

126-481: A "board of trustees," "board of education," "school committee," etc.. This body usually appoints or hires an experienced public school administrator to function as the district's superintendent of schools – a district's chief executive . The superintendent oversees daily operations, decisions and implements the policies of the board. The school board may also exercise a quasi-judicial function in serious employee or student discipline matters. School districts in

189-458: A BYOD policy must also consider how they will ensure that the devices which connect to the organisation's network infrastructure to access sensitive information will be protected from malware. Traditionally if the device was owned by the organisation, the organisation can dictate for what purposes the device may be used or what public sites may be accessed from the device. An organisation can typically expect users to use their own devices to connect to

252-413: A BYOD policy must have systems and processes to apply patches protecting systems against known vulnerabilities of the devices that users may use. Ideally, such departments should have agile systems that can quickly adopt the support necessary for new devices. Supporting a broad range of devices obviously carries a large administrative overhead. Organisations without a BYOD policy have the benefit of selecting

315-603: A BYOD policy provide a full or partial stipend to compensate employees for their mobile phone expenses. On average, these organizations paid employees $ 36 per month as a BYOD stipend. A personally owned device is any technology device that was purchased by an individual and was not issued by the agency. A personal device includes any portable technology such as cameras, USB flash drives, mobile wireless devices, tablets, laptops or personal desktop computers. As part of enterprise mobility, an alternative approach are corporate-owned, personally enabled devices (COPE). Under such policies,

378-444: A broader range of devices. Related to this, policies can be structured to prevent IT from having an unmanageable number of different device types to support. It is also important to state clearly which areas of service and support are the employees' responsibilities versus the company's responsibility. BYOD users may get help paying for their data plans with a stipend from their company. The policy may also specify whether an employee

441-399: A buzzer by the entrance, have also been implemented. In 2013, the district instituted a bring your own device program, allowing high school students to bring their personal electronic devices for use in education. In 2015, the district started a program that provided all eighth graders with Chromebooks in order to enhance the learning experience for students. School district In

504-603: A certain degree comparable to a school district. Other arrangements are possible: certain types of special schools in North Rhine-Westphalia are run by the Landschaftsverbände . There also exist private schools , mostly funded by the States, but run by private entities like churches or foundations. In Italy , school districts were established in 1974 by the " Provvedimenti Delegati sulla scuola " ("Assigned Laws [to

567-402: A critical role in business. The study also suggests that the benefits of BYOD include increased productivity, employee satisfaction, and cost savings for the company. Increased productivity comes from a user being more comfortable with their personal device; being an expert user makes navigating the device easier, increasing productivity. Additionally, personal devices are often more up-to-date, as

630-561: A decline in property tax revenues during and after the Great Recession . By 2016 there were about 13,000 school districts, and the average student population was about 5,000. Although these terms can vary slightly between various states and regions, these are typical definitions for school district constitution: These terms may not appear in a district's name, even though the condition may apply. In England and Wales , school boards were established in 1870, and abolished in 1902, with

693-411: A decrease of 38,127 or 35%. Many states had passed laws facilitating school district consolidation. In 1951 the majority of the school districts in existence were rural school districts only providing elementary education, and some school districts did not operate schools but instead provided transportation to other schools. The Midwest had a large number of rural school districts. Previously areas of

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756-483: A fraction of a town. Correspondingly, each school-house was turned into a district. These small schools only taught up to a middle school education. Shortly after 1823, Stow created an academy, aptly named Stow Academy, to teach "the languages and higher branches of English." Students came to this school from across Massachusetts, New England, as well as Louisiana, Maryland, and what would later become Canada. The academy closed down about twenty years later, likely because

819-401: A grant of authority and within geographic limits created by state law. The executive and legislative power over locally-controlled policies and operations of an independent school district are, in most cases, held by a school district's board of education. Depending on state law, members of a local board of education (often referred to informally as a school board ) may be elected, appointed by

882-472: A means to attract new hires, pointing to a survey that indicating that 44% of job seekers view an organization more positively if it supports their device. Some industries are adopting BYOD more quickly than others. A recent study by Cisco partners of BYOD practices found that the education industry has the highest percentage of people using BYOD for work, at 95.25%. A study by IBM spin-off Kyndryl says that 82% of employees think that smartphones play

945-632: A minority of secondary schools , a few primary schools, and much further education . (Most schools are neither organized geographically nor publicly managed, although the Department of Education inspects and funds them and pays teachers' salaries.) Each ETB area comprises one or more local authority areas , with city or county councilors forming the bulk of the ETB board. The ETBs was formed in 2005 by amalgamating Vocational Education Committees established in 1930, also based on local government areas. In Hong Kong ,

1008-401: A new superintendent, Michael Wood, to help the district financially recover. The district participated in a school choice program that was ended in 2015, due to a lack of space available for incoming students, especially in the high school, although already enrolled students were allowed to remain. It had been proposed and turned down in previous years, due to concerns that the district needed

1071-407: A political office holder, serve ex officio , or a combination of any of these. An independent school district is a legally separate body corporate and political . Most school districts operate as independent local governmental units with exclusive authority over K–12 public educational operations and policies. The extent of their control is set by state-level law. Litigation against school districts

1134-450: A school system that is separate but similar to a town's or a county's powers. These include the power to enter contacts, use eminent domain , and to issue binding rules and regulations affecting school policies and operations. The power of school districts to tax and spend is generally more limited. For example, many school districts in New York state require a majority of voters living in

1197-706: A single school district." Noting that most modern school districts were formed by consolidating one-room school districts in the first seven decades of the 20th century, Fischel argues that "outside the South, these consolidations were consented to by local voters" who "preferred districts whose boundaries conformed to their everyday interactions rather than formal units of government" and that "[t]he South ended up with county-based school districts because segregation imposed diseconomies of scale on district operations and required larger land-area districts." In New York , most school districts are separate governmental units with

1260-469: A small number of devices to support, while organisations with a BYOD policy could also limit the number of supported devices, though this could defeat the objective of allowing users the freedom to choose their preferred device freely. Several market and policies have emerged to address BYOD security concerns, including mobile device management (MDM), containerization and app virtualization. While MDM allows organizations to control applications and content on

1323-425: A smartphone to access the company network and then loses that phone, untrusted parties could retrieve any unsecured data on the phone. Another type of security breach occurs when an employee leaves the company; they do not have to give back the device, so company applications and other data may still be present on their device. Furthermore, people may sell their devices and forget to wipe sensitive information before

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1386-427: Is common and some law firms specialize in education law. Districts typically maintain professional liability insurance in order to pay its settlements and legal liabilities. As of 2023 in most U.S. states, public school districts may lay taxes to fund their operations. In others, such as Maine , some school districts are able to lay taxes and others are not. Independent school districts often exercise authority over

1449-521: Is commonly referred to as IT consumerization . BYOD is making significant inroads in the business world, with about 80% of employees in high-growth markets such as Brazil and Russia and 50% in developed markets already using their own technology at work. Surveys have indicated that businesses are unable to stop employees from bringing personal devices into the workplace. Research is divided on benefits. One survey shows around 95% of employees stating they use at least one personal device for work. The term

1512-489: Is confusion regarding the reimbursement for the use of a personal device. A recent court ruling in California indicates the need of reimbursement if an employee is required to use their personal device for work. In other cases, companies can have trouble navigating the tax implications of reimbursement and the best practices surrounding reimbursement for personal device use. A 2018 study found that 89 percent of organizations with

1575-488: Is not guaranteed. Although the ability of staff to work at any time from anywhere and on any device provides real business benefits, it also brings significant risks. Companies must deploy security measures to prevent information ending up in the wrong hands. According to an IDG survey, more than half of 1,600 senior IT security and technology purchase decision-makers reported serious violations of personal mobile device use. Various risks arise from BYOD, and agencies such as

1638-429: Is paid overtime for answering phone calls or checking email after hours or on weekends. Additional policy aspects may include how to authorize use, prohibited use, perform systems management, handle policy violations, and handle liability issues. For consistency and clarity, BYOD policy should be integrated with the overall security policy and the acceptable use policy. To help ensure policy compliance and understanding,

1701-539: Is used. One is in the mobile phone industry, where it refers to carriers allowing customers to activate their existing phone (or other cellular device) on the network, rather than being forced to buy a new device from the carrier. The other, and the main focus of this article, is in the workplace, where it refers to a policy of permitting employees to bring personally owned devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.) to work, and to use those devices to access privileged company information and applications. This phenomenon

1764-1024: The Education Bureau divides primary schools into 36 districts, known as school nets, for its Primary One Admission System . Of the 36 districts, districts 34 and 41 in Kowloon and districts 11 and 12 in Hong Kong Island are considered the most prestigious. In Iranian cities school kids normal registrations are limited by school districts, register is online at my.medu.ir and the parent sees schools within range online. Bring your own device Bring your own device ( BYOD / ˌ b iː w aɪ oʊ ˈ d iː / ) (also called bring your own technology ( BYOT ), bring your own phone ( BYOP ), and bring your own personal computer ( BYOPC )) refers to being allowed to use one's personally owned device, rather than being required to use an officially provided device. There are two major contexts in which this term

1827-773: The Midwest and West tend to cross municipal boundaries, while school districts in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions tend to adhere to city, township, and/or county boundaries. As of 1951 school districts were independent governmental units in 26 states, while in 17 states there were mixes of independent school districts and school districts subordinate to other local governments. In nine states there were only school districts subordinate to local governments. In most Southern states, school systems operate either as an arm of county government or at least share coextensive boundaries with

1890-671: The Unorganized Borough of Alaska were not served by school districts but instead served by schools directly operated by the Alaska Department of Education and by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) schools. The state schools were transferred to the Alaska State-Operated School System (SOS) after the Alaska Legislature created it in 1971; that agency was terminated in 1975, with its schools transferred to

1953-442: The county council and county borough councils becoming the local education authorities . In France, the system of the carte scolaire was dismantled by the beginning of the 2007 school year. More school choice has been given to French students; however, priority is given to those who meet the following criteria: In Germany , schools and teachers are predominately funded by the states of Germany , which also are in control of

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2016-546: The Government] about the school"). Each district must contain a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The national government attempted to link the local schools with local society and culture and local governments. The school districts were dissolved in 2003 by the "legge finanziaria" (law about the government budget) in an attempt to trim the national budget. In the Republic of Ireland, 16 Education and Training Boards (ETBs) administer

2079-485: The Internet from private or public locations. The users could be susceptible from attacks originating from untethered browsing or could potentially access less secure or compromised sites that may contain harmful material and compromise the security of the device. Software developers and device manufacturers constantly release security patches to counteract threats from malware. IT departments that support organisations with

2142-496: The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission adopted a BYOD policy, but many employees continued to use their government-issued BlackBerrys because of concerns about billing, and the lack of alternative devices. The proliferation of devices such as tablets and smartphones, now used by many people in their daily lives, has led to a number of companies, such as IBM , to allow employees to bring their own devices to work, due to perceived productivity gains and cost savings. The idea

2205-402: The U.S., most K–12 public schools function as units of local school districts. A school district usually operate several elementary , middle , and high schools . The largest urban and suburban districts operate hundreds of schools. While practice varies significantly by state (and in some cases, within a state), most American school districts operate as independent local governmental units under

2268-473: The UK Fraud Advisory Panel encourage organisations to consider these and adopt a BYOD policy. BYOD security relates strongly to the end node problem , whereby a device is used to access both sensitive and risky networks and services; risk-averse organizations issue devices specifically for Internet use (termed Inverse-BYOD). BYOD has resulted in data breaches. For example, if an employee uses

2331-459: The United States tend to be different from the demographics of the students. This difference is "most pronounced in majority nonwhite jurisdictions and school districts with the largest racial achievement gaps ." There were 130,000 school districts in the country in 1930, with an average student population of 150. From 1942 to 1951 the number of school districts declined from 108,579 to 70,452,

2394-499: The area that would eventually become the district were usually taught privately, often by the minister . The first record of schooling in Stow dates to December 13, 1714, when a schoolmaster was chosen. Initially teaching was done in private houses, but in 1733, three school-houses were built. By 1789, the town had grown to five school-houses, at which time the state legislature mandated the creation of small school districts that would serve

2457-480: The company and take their phone number with them. Customers calling the number will then potentially be calling competitors, which can lead to loss of business for BYOD enterprises. International research reveals that only 20% of employees have signed a BYOD policy. It is more difficult for the firm to manage and control the consumer technologies and make sure they serve the needs of the business. Firms need an efficient inventory management system that keeps track of

2520-425: The company purchases and provides devices to their employees, but the functionality of a private device is enabled to allow personal usage. The company maintains all of these devices similarly to simplify its IT management; the organization will have permission to delete all data on the device remotely without incurring penalties and without violating the privacy of its employees. A BYOD policy must be created based on

2583-431: The company's requirements. BYOD can be dangerous to organizations, as mobile devices may carry malware. If an infected device connects to the company network, data breaches may occur. If a mobile device has access to business computing systems, the company's IT administrator should have control over it. A BYOD policy helps eliminate the risk of having malware in the network, as the management team can monitor all contents of

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2646-474: The corporate network. However, it took until early 2011 before the term achieved prominence, when IT services provider Unisys and software vendor Citrix Systems started to share their perceptions of this emergent trend. BYOD has been characterized as a feature of the "consumer enterprise" in which enterprises blend with consumers. This is a role reversal in that businesses used to be the driving force behind consumer technology innovations and trends. In 2012,

2709-435: The device and erase data if any suspicious event is captured. BYOD policies may specify that the company is responsible for any devices connected to a company network. BYOD policies can vary greatly from organization to organization depending on the concerns, risks, threats, and culture, so differ in the level of flexibility given to employees to select device types. Some policies dictate a narrow range of devices; others allow

2772-489: The device, research has revealed controversy related to employee privacy and usability issues that lead to resistance in some organizations. Corporate liability issues have also emerged when businesses wipe devices after employees leave the organization. A key issue of BYOD which is often overlooked is BYOD's phone number problem, which raises the question of the ownership of the phone number. The issue becomes apparent when employees in sales or other customer-facing roles leave

2835-458: The devices employees are using, where the device is located, whether it is being used, and what software it is equipped with. If sensitive, classified, or criminal data lands on a U.S. government employee's device, the device is subject to confiscation. Another important issue with BYOD is of scalability and capability. Many organisations lack proper network infrastructure to handle the large traffic generated when employees use different devices at

2898-452: The devices may be renewed more frequently. BYOD increases employee satisfaction and job satisfaction, as the user can use the device they have selected as their own rather than one selected by the IT team. It also allows them to carry one device rather than one for work and one for personal use. The company can save money as they are not responsible for furnishing the employee with a device, though this

2961-410: The district eliminated media specialists (ie. librarians) at all the schools in the district other than the high school. After the layoffs, the libraries at the schools were run by volunteers, including retired librarians and the former librarians. In October, the next month, the state put the finances of the district under the control of the state government due to a $ 3.4 million deficit. The district got

3024-464: The district or the local government to approval their annual budget, but school districts in Virginia have no taxing authority and must depend on another local government (county, city, or town) for funding. A district's governing body, usually called a school board , is typically elected by direct popular vote but may be appointed by other governmental officials. The governing body might also be known as

3087-433: The extra funding provided by the program and that siblings of school choice students should be allowed to attend the same school. Another space saving measure has been to add portable classrooms . In 2012, the district began hiring part-time armed school resource officers to work part time in the high school to help both educate the students in safety and directly protect students from threats. Other security measures, like

3150-399: The handover. Family members may share devices such as tablets; a child could play games on a parent's tablet and accidentally share sensitive content via email or other means such as Dropbox . IT security departments wishing to monitor usage of personal devices must ensure that they monitor only activities that are work-related or access company data or information. Organizations adopting

3213-584: The highest adoption rates (about 80%) of the practice worldwide in 2012. According to research by Logicalis , high-growth markets (including Brazil , Russia , India , UAE , and Malaysia ) demonstrate a much higher propensity to use their own device at work. Almost 75% of users in these countries did so, compared to 44% in the more mature developed markets. In the UK, the CIPD Employee Outlook Survey 2013 revealed substantial variations by industry in

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3276-585: The newly created Alaska Unorganized Borough School District, which was broken apart into twenty-one school districts the following year. In the 2022 Census of Governments, the United States Census Bureau enumerated the following numbers of school systems in the United States: School districts in the US have reduced the number of their employees by 3.3%, or 270,000 between 2008 and 2012, owing to

3339-492: The other area schools had improved in quality. Stow established Hale High School in 1871 after a donation of $ 5000 from Elijah Hale. The school used the building and grounds of Stow Academy until 1903, when the building was rebuilt. As transportation became easier in the early 1900s, this early school district system was done away with completely, replacing the local primary schools with ones for entire towns – Stow opened Union School in 1902. The Nashoba Regional School District

3402-494: The other towns in the district, other than through programs like sports camps , like the Nashoba Summer Baseball Camp, which was founded in 2002. In 2010, a summer theatre camp was started at the high school to help students from the three towns get to know each other. The district also includes education programs for preschoolers. In the early 2000s, the district faced some financial issues. In September, 2002,

3465-504: The overall education policies. On the other hand, school buildings are mostly run and funded by municipal governments on different levels of the municipal system (municipalities proper, districts), depending on the size and specialization of a certain school or the population size of a certain municipality. As with other fields of government, for more specialized schools, special government bodies ("Zweckverband") can be established, where municipalities, and not voters, are members; these are to

3528-441: The power to levy taxes and incur debt, except for the five cities with a population of over 125,000 ( Buffalo , Rochester , Syracuse , Yonkers , and New York City ), where the schools are operated directly by the municipalities. The Hawaii State Department of Education functions as a single statewide school district, unique among states. According to a 2021 study, the demographics of voters who elect local school boards in

3591-399: The prevalence of BYOD. While some reports have indicated productivity gains by employees, the results have drawn skepticism. Companies such as Workspot believe that BYOD may help employees be more productive. Others say that using their own devices increases employee morale and convenience and makes the company look like a flexible and attractive employer. Many feel that BYOD can even be

3654-405: The same time. Nowadays, employees use mobile devices as their primary devices and they demand performance which they are accustomed to. Earlier smartphones used modest amounts of data that were easily handled by wireless LANs , but modern smartphones can access webpages as quickly as most PCs do and may use radio and voice at high bandwidths, increasing demand on WLAN infrastructure. Finally, there

3717-551: The state's counties. A 2010 study by economist William A. Fischel found that "two-thirds of medium-to-large American cities have boundaries that substantially overlap those of a single school district" with substantial regional and state variations in the degree of overlap, "ranging from nearly perfect congruence in New England , New Jersey, and Virginia, to hardly any in Illinois, Texas, and Florida." Older and more populous municipalities "tend to have boundaries that closely match those of

3780-489: Was established in March, 1951 and was originally planned to serve about 400 students. In March, 1953, Stow withdrew from the district, although it later rejoined. Nashoba Regional High School opened in 1961 and by 1966 had 535 students enrolled. The old Stow high school, Hale High School, began to be used for junior high school students and changed its name to Hale Junior High School. The original Hale building burned down in 1963 and

3843-481: Was initially rejected because of security concerns but more and more companies are now looking to incorporate BYOD policies. According to a 2018 study, only 17 percent of enterprises provide mobile phones to all employees, while 31 percent provide to none and instead rely entirely on BYOD. The remaining 52 percent have some kind of hybrid approach where some employees receive corporate mobile phones and others are expected to bring their own. The Middle East has one of

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3906-636: Was initially used by a VoIP service provider BroadVoice in 2004 (initially for AstriCon, but then continued as a core part of the business model) with a service allowing businesses to bring their own device for a more open service provider model. The phrase and the "BYOD" acronym is a take-off on " BYOB ", a party invitation term first recorded in the 1970s, standing for "bring your own beer/booze/bottle". The term BYOD then entered common use in 2009, courtesy of Intel , when it recognized an increasing tendency among its employees to bring their own smartphones, tablets and laptop computers to work and connect them to

3969-458: Was rebuilt in 1964. The new high school had an innovative "Curriculum Materials Center" that had a focus on electronic media, which was new at the time. In first couple of decades of the district, it only served students from grades 9 through 12, with younger students in elementary superintendency union districts. Even after the district grew to encompass students starting in kindergarten , pre-highschool students had little exposure to students from

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